Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China

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Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China

Emperor Chengzong of Yuan (Chinese

Standard Mandarin

Standard Mandarin, or Standard Chinese, is the official modern Spoken Chinese used in People's Republic of China and Republic of China, and is one of the four official languages of Languages of Singapore....
: ???, 1265-February 10, 1307), also known as Temür Öljeytü Khan, born Temür, was the second leader of the Yuan Dynasty

Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
to rule as Khagan (Emperor) between 1294 and 1307 and the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
.

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Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan

Birth and death:	1265-1307
Clan name:	Borjigin Borjigin Borjigin were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors.The clan's probably legendary ancestor was Bodonchar Mungakgh , who along with his brothers sired the entire Mongol nation....
Given name Chinese given name Chinese given names are often made up of one or two Chinese written languages. Chinese names can consist of any character and contain almost any meaning.... :	Temür (??? Tiemùér; ?????? ?????)
Khan name:	Temür Öljeytü Khân Chinese Chinese language Chinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of language mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan languages of languages.... : ????
Dates of reign:	1294-1307
Dynasty Dynasty A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations. A dynasty is also often called a "Royal House", e.g. the House of Saud or House of Habsburg.... :	Yuan Yuan Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
Temple name Temple name Temple names are commonly used when naming most Table of Chinese monarchs, List of Korean monarchs , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names.... :	Chengzong (?? Chéngzong)
Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in some cultures after the person's death. The posthumous name is commonly used when naming royalty of Table of Chinese monarchs, List of Korean monarchs, Vietnam and emperors of Japan.... : (short)	-
Posthumous name Posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in some cultures after the person's death. The posthumous name is commonly used when naming royalty of Table of Chinese monarchs, List of Korean monarchs, Vietnam and emperors of Japan.... : (full)	Qin Ming Guang Xiao Huangdi
Era names Chinese era name A Chinese *era name* is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers .... :	Yuanzhen (?? Yuánzhen) 1295-1297 Dade (?? Dádè) 1297-1307

Emperor Chengzong of Yuan (Chinese

Standard Mandarin

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol Empire

Crown Prince

A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess....
Zhenjin

Zhenjin

Zhenjin was the second son of Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan Dynasty. He was designated as the Crown Prince by Kublai Khan in 1274, and became the head of Zhongshusheng ....
and the grandson of Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan

Sorry, no overview for this topic
. During his rule, he made peace with the western khanates as well as the neighboring countries such as Dai Viet and Champa

Champa

File:Shiva Dong Duong Style.jpgFile:VietnamChampa1.gifThe kingdom of Champa was an Indianized kingdom of Malayo-Polynesian origins and controlled what is now southern and central Vietnam from approximately the 7th century through to 1832....
, which accepted his nominal supermacy.

Early career

Kublai ordered him to guard the Liao River

Liao River

File:Liaorivermap.pngThe Liao He is the principal river in southern Manchuria . The province of Liaoning and the Liaodong Peninsula derive their name from the river....
area and Liaodong in the east from Nayan

Nayan

'Nayan' or 'nayana' is the Hindi colloquial, but stylized word, derived from the Sanskrit word "nayanam" which means 'eyes'.It is sometimes used to refer to the South Indian actress better known as Nayantara....
(Naiyan) and other rival relatives in 1287. He managed to repulse them with the assistance of Kublai's generals. Prince Temür was appointed a governor of Karakorum

Karakorum

Karakorum was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century, although for only about 30 years. Its ruins lie in the northwestern corner of the ?v?rkhangai Province of Mongolia, near today's town of Kharkhorin, and adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery....
and surrounding areas in 1293. When he was surrounded by Kaidu

Kaidu

Kaidu or Qaidu, was the leader of the House of Ogedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Kaidu opposed the Great Khan Kublai until his death in 1301....
's forces, Temur was saved by Kypchak commander. Three Chagatai princes submitted to him while he was defending Eastern Mongolia (they fled to Chagatai Khanate

Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol, and later linguistically Turkic languages, khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors....
soon and returned to Yuan Dynasty again during the reign of Temür).

Reign

Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty

Temür was originally not the successor named by Kublai Khan, but he did become the successor after his father, the Crown Prince

Crown Prince

A Crown Prince or Crown Princess is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The wife of a crown prince is also titled crown princess....
Zhenjin, died before Kublai Khan. Temür had obtained the seal of heir apparent and was backed by his mother Kököjin and by merited officials of Kublai, namely Üs Temür, Bayan

Bayan of the Baarin

Bayan of the Baarin , also known as "Bayan chingsang" or, to Marco Polo, as "Bayan Hundred Eyes", served as a Mongol Empire general. He commanded the army of Kublai Khan against the Song Dynasty of China, ushering in the Song collapse and the conquest by the Yuan Dynasty of Northern and southern China....
, Kankali Turk

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia, and who mostly speak languages belonging to the Turkic languages....
Bukhumu, and Öljei all experienced with the Chinese state bureaucracy and honored military leaders. These highly estimated persons could enforce the election of Temür against his competitor and brother Gamala.

Many other high posts of his empire were filled with people of different origin, including Mongols, Han Chinese, Muslims and few Christian

Christian

A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism#Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus and interpreted by Christians to have been prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament....
s. Ideologically, Temür's administration showed respect for Confucianism

Confucianism

Confucianism is a China Ethics and Philosophy developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . It focuses on human morality and right action....
and Confucian scholars. Shortly after his accession, Temür issued an edict to revere Confucius. The grand chancellor, Harghasun, was particular close to the Confucian scholars. Nevertheless, the court rejected to accept every principle of Confucianism.

He banned sales and distillation of alcohol

Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group....
s in Mongolia in 1297. French

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
historian Rene Grousset

René Grousset

Ren? Grousset was a France historian specializing in Asiatic and Oriental history....
applauded his activity in the book The Empire of Steppes. He also exempted the Mongol commoners from taxation for two years.

Temür Khan was a competent emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He kept the empire the way Kublai Khan left it though he did not make any great achievements. He continued many of Kublai Khan's economic reforms and tried to recover the economy from the highly-costed campaigns during Kublai Khan's reign. He allowed the empire to heal from the wounds of particularly the Vietnam Campaign

Mongol invasions of Vietnam

Mongol invasions of Vietnam refer to the three times that the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China invaded Vietnam during the Tran Dynasty: in 1257-1258, 1284-1285, and 1287-1288, each resulting in the Mongol failure to capture Vietnamese territory....
.

Military Campaigns

Soon after his enthronement in 1294, Temür called off all preparations for further expansions to Japan and Dai Viet whose new ruler ignored his grandfather's emissary in 1291, initiated by his grandfather. Kings of Dai Viet, Burma and Sukhotai visited Khanbalik to greet him as their overlord in 1295 and again in 1300. Temür released the emissary of Dai Viet to show his goodwill. After the compliment from the prince of Dai Viet, he left the idea of Vietnamese campaign and said all his ministers: "They are our friendly subjects. Do not attack their people". But he had to quell rebellions in the southwestern mountainous area, lead by tribal chieftains like Song Longji and female leader Shejie in 1296. It took long months for the generals Liu Shen and Liu Guojie to suppress these rebellions. By the request of Mien prince, Temür dispatched a detachment of Yuan army to Burma in 1297. They successfully repelled Shan brothers from Myanmar.

Yuan troops extinguished Naiyan's remnants under Khadan (who is a descendant of Yesugei

Yesugei

Yesugei Baghatur , literally meaning Yesugei Warrior in the Mongolian language was Genghis Khan's father. Yes?gei was the son of Bartan-Baghatur, who was the son of Qabul Khan, who was recognized as a Khagan by the Jin Dynasty ....
) in Manchuria

Manchuria

Manchuria is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria either falls entirely within People's Republic of China, or is divided between China and Russia....
and Altai during his reign.

Temür sent his messengers to Japan

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
and Champa

Champa

Kamakura shogunate

The Kamakura shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 1333. It was based in Kamakura, Kanagawa....
did not. In 1300, a detachment of Yuan army invaded Burma

Mongol invasion of Burma

After the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan invaded the kingdom of Mien. However, the Yuan later again invaded Burma several times in order to assert supremacy over the territory....
to protect his vassals from Thai

Thai people

The Thai are the main ethnic group of Thailand and are part of the larger Tai ethnic group found in Thailand and adjacent countries in Southeast Asia as well as southern China....
warlords without success. That year, Temür launched a large offensive against Kaidu's raid. Buyan

Buyan (khan)

Bayan was one of most famous khans of White Horde.When he became a khan, his cousin and relatives revolted against him. And they were supported by Kaidu and Duwa....
of White Horde

White Horde

The White Horde was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1226, after the death of Genghis Khan and subsequent division of his empire....
also asked help from Temür against Kaidu and his rebel cousin. But the emperor's mother admonished him not to lead army for pursuing enemies. Kaidu and his number two Duwa

Duwa

Duwa was khan of the Chagatai Khanate . He was the second son of Baraq ....
were defeated by the Yuan army and Kaidu died following year. Shortly afterward, the political situation in Central Asia

Central Asia

Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south....
changed.

Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....

Ghazan Khan of the Ilkhanate

Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate , was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire....
converted to Islam

Islam

Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
after his enthronement in 1295. He actively supported the expansion of Islam in his empire and renounced all relationship with the "paganish" Yuan Dynasty. Three years later though, he changed this policy and sent his envoys with precious gifts such as cloths, jewels and gold to greet Temür who was the most respected person of the House of Tolui

Tolui

Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan , was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by B?rte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm ?gedei Khan as second khan....
at time. In response, Temür said "Descendants of Chingis Khan shall be friendly to each other forever" and sent Ghazan a seal reading "????????" in Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people as a prince below Khagan". Ghazan also received his shares from the appanages in Yuan Dynasty granted to his great-grandfather Hulegu. His envoys stayed with Temur Khagan in the Yuan for 4 years.

In 1304, Duwa

Duwa

Duwa was khan of the Chagatai Khanate . He was the second son of Baraq ....
of Chagatai Khanate

Chagatai Khanate

Kaidu

Kaidu or Qaidu, was the leader of the House of Ogedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Kaidu opposed the Great Khan Kublai until his death in 1301....
's son Chapar, Tokhta of Golden Horde

Golden Horde

The Golden Horde is a East-Slavic designation for the Mongol?later Turkic languages?Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus....
and Ilkhan Oljeitu negotiated peace with Temür Khan, in order to maintain trade and diplomatic relations, and agreed him to be their nominal overlord. According to the ancient custom which was inherited from the time of Hulegu, Temür thus deigned Oljeitu as the new khan of the Ilkhanate

Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate , was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire....
, and sent him a seal reading "??????????" in Chinese script, meaning "Seal of Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven

The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese philosophy concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers. Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but would be displeased with a despotic ruler and would withdraw their mandate....
Emperor [i.e. Emperor of China

Emperor of China

The Emperor of China refers to any monarch of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912....
] who made peace with all foreigners/barbarians", which was later used by Oljeitu in his letter to French king Philip IV of France

Philip IV of France

Philip IV , called the Fair , son and successor of Philip III of France, reigned as List of French monarchs from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre, by virtue of which he was List of Navarrese royal consorts and Counts of Champagne from 1284 to 1305....
in 1305. Soon after that the fighting between Duwa and Chapar soon broke out. Temür decided to help Duwa by sending a large army, and Chapar finally surrendered. Tokhta Khan of the Golden Horde sent his overlord Temur two tumen

Tumen

Tumen or T?men was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic peoples, and Mongols peoples to organize their armies. Tumen is an army unit of 10,000 soldiers....
s to buttress the Yuan frontier.

One problem was that corrupt officials of the Yuan started to show up during his reign, but overall, the Mongol Empire was still in a good shape. The Khagan died in Khanbaliq

Khanbaliq

Khanbaliq or Dadu refers to a city which is now Beijing, the current Capital of the People's Republic of China. The city was called Dadu or Tatu , meaning "great capital" or "grand capital" in Chinese language, the name for the capital of the Yuan Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan in China, and was called Daidu by the Mo...
in 1307.