4-digit UNESCO Nomenclature
Encyclopedia
UNESCO Nomenclature is a system developed by UNESCO
for classification
of research papers and doctoral dissertations. There are three versions of the system, offering different levels of refinement through 2
-, 4-, and 6
-digit codes. This article describes the 4-digit nomenclature.
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
for classification
Categorization
Categorization is the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Categorization implies that objects are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. Ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge...
of research papers and doctoral dissertations. There are three versions of the system, offering different levels of refinement through 2
UNESCO Nomenclature
UNESCO Nomenclature is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations...
-, 4-, and 6
6-digit UNESCO Nomenclature
UNESCO Nomenclature is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations. There are three versions of the system, offering different levels of refinement through 2-, 4-, and 6-digit codes.-Six-digit system:The following links do not link directly to topics...
-digit codes. This article describes the 4-digit nomenclature.
4-digit nomenclature
| 11 | Logic Logic In philosophy, Logic is the formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning. Logic is used in most intellectual activities, but is studied primarily in the disciplines of philosophy, mathematics, semantics, and computer science... |
| 1101 | Application of logic |
| 1102 | Deductive logic |
| 1103 | General logic |
| 1104 | Inductive logic |
| 1105 | Methodology |
| 1199 | Other specialities relating to logic |
| 12 | Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proofs, which are arguments sufficient to convince other mathematicians of their validity... |
| 1201 | Algebra Algebra Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations, and the constructions and concepts arising from them, including terms, polynomials, equations and algebraic structures... |
| 1202 | Analysis Mathematical analysis Mathematical analysis, which mathematicians refer to simply as analysis, has its beginnings in the rigorous formulation of infinitesimal calculus. It is a branch of pure mathematics that includes the theories of differentiation, integration and measure, limits, infinite series, and analytic functions... and functional analysis Functional analysis Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure and the linear operators acting upon these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable sense... |
| 1203 | Computer Science Computer science Computer science or computing science is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems... s (see 3304) |
| 1204 | Geometry Geometry Geometry arose as the field of knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Geometry was one of the two fields of pre-modern mathematics, the other being the study of numbers .... |
| 1205 | Number theory Number theory Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers. Number theorists study prime numbers as well... |
| 1206 | Numerical analysis Numerical analysis Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation for the problems of mathematical analysis .... |
| 1207 | Operations research Operations research Operations research is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations... |
| 1208 | Probability Probability Probability is ordinarily used to describe an attitude of mind towards some proposition of whose truth we arenot certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form "Will a specific event occur?" The attitude of mind is of the form "How certain are we that the event will occur?" The... |
| 1209 | Statistics Statistics Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.... |
| 1210 | Topology Topology Topology is a major area of mathematics concerned with properties that are preserved under continuous deformations of objects, such as deformations that involve stretching, but no tearing or gluing... |
| 1299 | Other mathematical specialities |
| 21 | Astronomy Astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth... , Astrophysics Astrophysics Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior... |
| 2101 | Cosmology Physical cosmology Physical cosmology, as a branch of astronomy, is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its formation and evolution. For most of human history, it was a branch of metaphysics and religion... |
| 2102 | Interplanetary physics (see 2512, 3324) |
| 2103 | Optical astronomy (see 2209) |
| 2104 | Planetology (see 2512, 3324) |
| 2105 | Radio-astronomy Radio astronomy Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. The initial detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was made in the 1930s, when Karl Jansky observed radiation coming from the Milky Way. Subsequent observations have identified a number of... |
| 2106 | Solar system Solar System The Solar System consists of the Sun and the astronomical objects gravitationally bound in orbit around it, all of which formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun... |
| 2199 | Other astronomical specialities |
| 22 | Physics Physics Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic... |
| 2201 | Acoustics Acoustics Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics... |
| 2202 | Electro-magnetism |
| 2203 | Electronics Electronics Electronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies... (see 3307) |
| 2204 | Physics Physics Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic... |
| 2205 | Mechanics Mechanics Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment.... |
| 2206 | Molecular physics Molecular physics Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules, the chemical bonds between atoms as well as the molecular dynamics. Its most important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy... |
| 2207 | Nuclear physics Nuclear physics Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those... (see 3320) |
| 2208 | Nucleonics |
| 2209 | Optics Optics Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light... |
| 2210 | Physical chemistry Physical chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts... (see 2307) |
| 2211 | Solid state physics |
| 2212 | Theoretical physics Theoretical physics Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics to rationalize, explain and predict natural phenomena... |
| 2213 | Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the effects on material bodies, and on radiation in regions of space, of transfer of heat and of work done on or by the bodies or radiation... |
| 2214 | Units Units of measurement A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of... and constants Physical constant A physical constant is a physical quantity that is generally believed to be both universal in nature and constant in time. It can be contrasted with a mathematical constant, which is a fixed numerical value but does not directly involve any physical measurement.There are many physical constants in... |
| 2299 | Other physical specialities |
| 23 | Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry is the science of matter, especially its chemical reactions, but also its composition, structure and properties. Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds.... |
| 2301 | Analytical chemistry Analytical chemistry Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of... |
| 2302 | Biochemistry Biochemistry Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes... (see 2306) |
| 2303 | Inorganic chemistry Inorganic chemistry Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds , which are the subjects of organic chemistry... (see 3303) |
| 2304 | Macromolecular chemistry |
| 2305 | Nuclear chemistry Nuclear chemistry Nuclear chemistry is the subfield of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes and nuclear properties.It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment which are designed to perform nuclear... |
| 2306 | Organic chemistry Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives... |
| 2307 | Physical chemistry Physical chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts... (see 2210) |
| 2399 | Other chemical specialities |
| 24 | Life Sciences Life sciences The life sciences comprise the fields of science that involve the scientific study of living organisms, like plants, animals, and human beings. While biology remains the centerpiece of the life sciences, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of... |
| 2401 | Animal Biology (Zoology Zoology Zoology |zoölogy]]), is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct... ) (see 3109) |
| 2402 | Anthropology (physical) Physical anthropology Biological anthropology is that branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species. It plays an important part in paleoanthropology and in forensic anthropology... (see 51) |
| 2403 | Biochemistry Biochemistry Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes... (see 2302) |
| 2404 | Biomathematics |
| 2405 | Biometrics Biometrics Biometrics As Jain & Ross point out, "the term biometric authentication is perhaps more appropriate than biometrics since the latter has been historically used in the field of statistics to refer to the analysis of biological data [36]" . consists of methods... |
| 2406 | Biophysics Biophysics Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems... |
| 2407 | Cell biology Cell biology Cell biology is a scientific discipline that studies cells – their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level... |
| 2408 | Ethology Ethology Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology.... |
| 2409 | Genetics Genetics Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.... |
| 2410 | Human biology Human biology Human Biology is an interdisciplinary area of study that examines humans through the influences and interplay of many diverse fields such as genetics, evolution, physiology, epidemiology, ecology, nutrition, population genetics and sociocultural influences. It is closely related to... (see 32) |
| 2411 | Human physiology Human physiology Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. Physiology focuses principally at the level of organs and systems... |
| 2412 | Immunology Immunology Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders ; the... |
| 2413 | Insect Biology (Entomology Entomology Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of arthropodology... ) |
| 2414 | Microbiology Microbiology Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell , cell clusters or no cell at all . This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes... |
| 2415 | Molecular biology Molecular biology Molecular biology is the branch of biology that deals with the molecular basis of biological activity. This field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry... |
| 2416 | Palaeontology |
| 2417 | Plant Biology (Botany Botany Botany, plant science, or plant biology is a branch of biology that involves the scientific study of plant life. Traditionally, botany also included the study of fungi, algae and viruses... ) (see 3103) |
| 2418 | Radiobiology Radiobiology Radiobiology , as a field of clinical and basic medical sciences, originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm... |
| 2419 | Symbiosis Symbiosis Symbiosis is close and often long-term interaction between different biological species. In 1877 Bennett used the word symbiosis to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens... |
| 2420 | Virology Virology Virology is the study of viruses and virus-like agents: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit cells for virus reproduction, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy... |
| 2499 | Other biological specialities |
| 25 | Earth Earth science Earth science is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth sciences... and Space Outer space Outer space is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles: predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, and neutrinos.... Science |
| 2501 | Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric sciences Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather... (see 2502, 2509) |
| 2502 | Climatology Climatology Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences... (see 2501, 2509) |
| 2503 | Geochemistry Geochemistry The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of rocks, water, and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the Earth's chemical components in time and space, and... |
| 2504 | Geodesy Geodesy Geodesy , also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space. Geodesists also study geodynamical phenomena such as crustal... |
| 2505 | Geography Geography Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes... (see 54) |
| 2506 | Geology Geology Geology is the science comprising the study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which it evolves. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth, as it provides the primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and past climates... |
| 2507 | Geophysics Geophysics Geophysics is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. The term geophysics sometimes refers only to the geological applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and... |
| 2508 | Hydrology Hydrology Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability... |
| 2509 | Meteorology Meteorology Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw breakthroughs occur after observing networks developed across several countries... (see 2501, 2502) |
| 2510 | Oceanography Oceanography Oceanography , also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean... |
| 2511 | Soil Soil Soil is a natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics... Science |
| 2512 | Space Outer space Outer space is the void that exists between celestial bodies, including the Earth. It is not completely empty, but consists of a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles: predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium, as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, and neutrinos.... Sciences (see 2102, 2104, 3324) |
| 2599 | Other Earth, Space or Environmental Environmental science Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems... specialities |
| 31 | Agricultural Sciences Agriculture Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the... |
| 3101 | Agricultural chemistry Agricultural chemistry Agricultural chemistry is the study of both chemistry and biochemistry which are important in agricultural production, the processing of raw products into foods and beverages, and in environmental monitoring and remediation... |
| 3102 | Agricultural engineering Agricultural engineering Agricultural engineering is the engineering discipline that applies engineering science and technology to agricultural production and processing... |
| 3103 | Agronomy Agronomy Agronomy is the science and technology of producing and using plants for food, fuel, feed, fiber, and reclamation. Agronomy encompasses work in the areas of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science. Agronomy is the application of a combination of sciences like biology,... |
| 3104 | Animal husbandry Animal husbandry Animal husbandry is the agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.- History :Animal husbandry has been practiced for thousands of years, since the first domestication of animals.... |
| 3105 | Fish and wildlife |
| 3106 | Forestry Forestry Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands... |
| 3107 | Horticulture Horticulture Horticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including the process of preparing soil for the planting of seeds, tubers, or cuttings. Horticulturists work and conduct research in the disciplines of plant propagation and cultivation, crop production, plant breeding and genetic... |
| 3108 | Phytopathology Phytopathology Plant pathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions . Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants... |
| 3109 | Veterinary sciences |
| 3199 | Other agricultural specialities |
| 32 | Medical Sciences Medicine Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.... |
| 3201 | Clinical sciences |
| 3202 | Epidemiology Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of health-event, health-characteristic, or health-determinant patterns in a population. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive... (see 2414, 2420) |
| 3203 | Forensic medicine |
| 3204 | Occupational medicine |
| 3205 | Internal medicine Internal medicine Internal medicine is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists. They are especially skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes... |
| 3206 | Nutrition Nutrition Nutrition is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary to support life. Many common health problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet.... sciences (see 3309) |
| 3207 | Pathology Pathology Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling.... |
| 3208 | Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or on microorganisms or parasites within or on the body and the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect... |
| 3209 | Pharmacology Pharmacology Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function... |
| 3210 | Preventive medicine Preventive medicine Preventive medicine or preventive care refers to measures taken to prevent diseases, rather than curing them or treating their symptoms... |
| 3211 | Psychiatry Psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities... |
| 3212 | Public health Public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals" . It is concerned with threats to health based on population health... |
| 3213 | Surgery Surgery Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical... |
| 3214 | Toxicology Toxicology Toxicology is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms... |
| 3299 | Other medical specialities |
| 33 | Technological Sciences Technology Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;... |
| 3301 | Aeronautical technology and engineering |
| 3302 | Biochemical technology (see 3309) |
| 3303 | Chemical technology and engineering Chemical engineering Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with physical science , and life sciences with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms... (see 2303, 2304, 2306) |
| 3304 | Computer technology (see 1203) |
| 3305 | Construction Construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking... technology (see 3312, 5312) |
| 3306 | Electrical technology and engineering Electrical engineering Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical... |
| 3307 | Electronic technology (see 2202, 2203, 3325) |
| 3308 | Environmental technology and engineering Environmental engineering Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment , to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites... |
| 3309 | Food technology Food technology Food technology, is a branch of food science which deals with the actual production processes to make foods.-Early history of food technology:... (see 3302, 3206) |
| 3310 | Industrial technology Industrial technology Industrial technology is the field concerned with the application of basic engineering principles and technical skills in support of industrial engineers and managers... (see 5311) |
| 3311 | Instrumentation technology |
| 3312 | Materials technology |
| 3313 | Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the... and technology |
| 3314 | Medical technology Medical technology Medical Technology encompasses a wide range of healthcare products and is used to diagnose, monitor or treat diseases or medical conditions affecting humans. Such technologies are intended to improve the quality of healthcare delivered through earlier diagnosis, less invasive treatment options and... |
| 3315 | Metallurgical technology Metallurgy Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use... |
| 3316 | Metal Metal A metal , is an element, compound, or alloy that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat. Metals are usually malleable and shiny, that is they reflect most of incident light... products technology |
| 3317 | Motor vehicle Motor vehicle A motor vehicle or road vehicle is a self-propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate on rails, such as trains or trolleys. The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine or motor, usually by an internal combustion engine, or an electric motor, or some combination of the two, such as hybrid... technology |
| 3318 | Mining Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, from an ore body, vein or seam. The term also includes the removal of soil. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, rock... technology |
| 3319 | Naval technology Shipbuilding Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both... |
| 3320 | Nuclear technology Nuclear technology Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear power, nuclear medicine, and nuclear weapons... (see 2207) |
| 3321 | Petroleum Petroleum Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling... and coal Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure... technology |
| 3322 | Power technology |
| 3323 | Railway technology |
| 3324 | Space technology Space technology Space technology is technology that is related to entering, and retrieving objects or life forms from space."Every day" technologies such as weather forecasting, remote sensing, GPS systems, satellite television, and some long distance communications systems critically rely on space infrastructure... (see 2512) |
| 3325 | Telecommunications technology (see 2202, 2203, 3307) |
| 3326 | Textile Textile A textile or cloth is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands... technology |
| 3327 | Transportation systems technology Transport engineering Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally... |
| 3328 | Unit operations technology |
| 3329 | Urban Planning Urban planning Urban planning incorporates areas such as economics, design, ecology, sociology, geography, law, political science, and statistics to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities.... |
| 3399 | Other technological specialities |
| 51 | Anthropology Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humanity. It has origins in the humanities, the natural sciences, and the social sciences. The term "anthropology" is from the Greek anthrōpos , "man", understood to mean mankind or humanity, and -logia , "discourse" or "study", and was first used in 1501 by German... |
| 5101 | Cultural anthropology Cultural anthropology Cultural anthropology is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities. Anthropologists use a variety of methods, including participant observation,... |
| 5102 | Ethnography Ethnography Ethnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group... and Ethnology Ethnology Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.-Scientific discipline:Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct... |
| 5103 | Social anthropology Social anthropology Social Anthropology is one of the four or five branches of anthropology that studies how contemporary human beings behave in social groups. Practitioners of social anthropology investigate, often through long-term, intensive field studies , the social organization of a particular person: customs,... |
| 5199 | Other anthropology specialities |
| 52 | Demography Demography Demography is the statistical study of human population. It can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic human population, that is, one that changes over time or space... |
| 5201 | Fertility Fertility Fertility is the natural capability of producing offsprings. As a measure, "fertility rate" is the number of children born per couple, person or population. Fertility differs from fecundity, which is defined as the potential for reproduction... |
| 5202 | General demography |
| 5203 | Geographical demography |
| 5204 | Historical demography Historical demography Historical demography is the quantitative study of human population in the past. It is concerned both with the three basic components of population change--fertility, mortality, and migration--and with population characteristics related to those components, such as marriage, socioeconomic status,... |
| 5205 | Mortality Mortality rate Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths in a population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit time... |
| 5206 | Population characteristics |
| 5207 | Population Population A population is all the organisms that both belong to the same group or species and live in the same geographical area. The area that is used to define a sexual population is such that inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals... size and demographic evolution |
| 5299 | Other demographic specialities |
| 53 | Economic Sciences Economics Economics is the social science that analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek from + , hence "rules of the house"... |
| 5301 | Domestic fiscal policy Fiscal policy In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy.... and public finance Public finance Public finance is the revenue and expenditure of public authoritiesThe purview of public finance is considered to be threefold: governmental effects on efficient allocation of resources, distribution of income, and macroeconomic stabilization.-Overview:The proper role of government provides a... |
| 5302 | Econometrics Econometrics Econometrics has been defined as "the application of mathematics and statistical methods to economic data" and described as the branch of economics "that aims to give empirical content to economic relations." More precisely, it is "the quantitative analysis of actual economic phenomena based on... |
| 5303 | Economic accounting |
| 5304 | Economic activity |
| 5305 | Economic system Economic system An economic system is the combination of the various agencies, entities that provide the economic structure that defines the social community. These agencies are joined by lines of trade and exchange along which goods, money etc. are continuously flowing. An example of such a system for a closed... s |
| 5306 | Economics of technological change Technological change Technological change is a term that is used to describe the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes. The term is synonymous with technological development, technological achievement, and technological progress... |
| 5307 | Economic theory |
| 5308 | General economics |
| 5309 | Industrial organization Industrial organization Industrial organization is the field of economics that builds on the theory of the firm in examining the structure of, and boundaries between, firms and markets.... and public policy Industrial policy The Industrial Policy plan of a nation, sometimes shortened IP, "denotes a nation's declared, official, total strategic effort to influence sectoral development and, thus, national industry portfolio." These interventionist measures comprise "policies that stimulate specific activities and promote... |
| 5310 | International economics International economics International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity of international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the institutions that affect them... |
| 5311 | Organization and management Management Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively... of enterprises (see 3310) |
| 5312 | Sectorial economics |
| 5399 | Other economic specialities |
| 54 | Geography Geography Geography is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes... |
| 5401 | Economic geography Economic geography Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. The subject matter investigated is strongly influenced by the researcher's methodological approach. Neoclassical location theorists, following in the tradition of Alfred... |
| 5402 | Historical geography Historical geography Historical geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past. Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past and how a place or region changes through time... |
| 5403 | Human geography Human geography Human geography is one of the two major sub-fields of the discipline of geography. Human geography is the study of the world, its people, communities, and cultures. Human geography differs from physical geography mainly in that it has a greater focus on studying human activities and is more... |
| 5404 | Regional geography Regional geography Regional geography is the study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions.... |
| 5499 | Other geographical specialities |
| 55 | History History History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians... |
| 5501 | Biographies Biography A biography is a detailed description or account of someone's life. More than a list of basic facts , biography also portrays the subject's experience of those events... |
| 5502 | General history |
| 5503 | History of countries |
| 5504 | History by epochs |
| 5505 | Sciences auxiliary to history |
| 5506 | Specialized histories |
| 5599 | Other historical specialities |
| 56 | Juridical Science and Law Law Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior, wherever possible. It shapes politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people. Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus... |
| 5601 | Canon law Canon law Canon law is the body of laws & regulations made or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, for the government of the Christian organization and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church , the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion of... |
| 5602 | General theory and method |
| 5603 | International law International law Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of sovereign states; analogous entities, such as the Holy See; and intergovernmental organizations. To a lesser degree, international law also may affect multinational corporations and individuals, an impact increasingly evolving beyond... |
| 5604 | Legal organization |
| 5605 | National law and legislation Legislation Legislation is law which has been promulgated by a legislature or other governing body, or the process of making it... |
| 5699 | Other juridical specialities |
| 57 | Linguistics Linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.... |
| 5701 | Applied linguistics Applied linguistics Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems... |
| 5702 | Diachronic linguistics |
| 5703 | Linguistic geography |
| 5704 | Linguistic theory |
| 5705 | Synchronic linguistics |
| 5799 | Other linguistic specialities |
| 58 | Pedagogy Pedagogy Pedagogy is the study of being a teacher or the process of teaching. The term generally refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction.... |
| 5801 | Educational theory and methods |
| 5802 | Organization and planning of education Education Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts... |
| 5803 | Teacher training and employment |
| 5899 | Other pedagogical specialities |
| 59 | Political Science Political science Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior... |
| 5901 | International relations International relations International relations is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations , international nongovernmental organizations , non-governmental organizations and multinational corporations... |
| 5902 | Policy Foreign Policy Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P. Huntington and Warren Demian Manshel.Originally, the magazine was a quarterly... sciences |
| 5903 | Political ideologies |
| 5904 | Political institution Institution An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given human community... s |
| 5905 | Political life |
| 5906 | Political sociology Political sociology Contemporary political sociology involves much more than the study of the relations between state and society . Where a typical research question in political sociology might have been: "Why do so few American citizens choose to vote?" or even, "What difference does it make if women get elected?" ... |
| 5907 | Political system Political system A political system is a system of politics and government. It is usually compared to the legal system, economic system, cultural system, and other social systems... s |
| 5908 | Political theory |
| 5909 | Public administration Public administration Public Administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal..... |
| 5910 | Public opinion Public opinion Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Public opinion can also be defined as the complex collection of opinions of many different people and the sum of all their views.... |
| 5999 | Other political science specialities |
| 61 | Psychology Psychology Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society... |
| 6101 | Abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder... (see 3211) |
| 6102 | Adolescent and child psychology |
| 6103 | Counselling Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is a general term referring to any form of therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client or patient; family, couple or group... and guidance (see 3211) |
| 6104 | Educational psychology Educational psychology Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing... |
| 6105 | Evaluation Psychological evaluation A psychological evaluation or mental examination is an examination into a person's mental health by a mental health professional such as a psychologist. A psychological evaluation may result in a diagnosis of a mental illness... and measurement in psychology |
| 6106 | Experimental psychology Experimental psychology Experimental psychology is a methodological approach, rather than a subject, and encompasses varied fields within psychology. Experimental psychologists have traditionally conducted research, published articles, and taught classes on neuroscience, developmental psychology, sensation, perception,... |
| 6107 | General psychology |
| 6108 | Geriatric psychology |
| 6109 | Occupational Industrial and organizational psychology Industrial and organizational psychology is the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations. Industrial and organizational psychologists contribute to an organization's success by improving the performance and well-being of its people... and personnel psychology |
| 6110 | Parapsychology Parapsychology The term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir, and originates from para meaning "alongside", and psychology. The term was adopted by J.B. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the term psychical research... |
| 6111 | Personality Personality psychology Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences. Its areas of focus include:* Constructing a coherent picture of the individual and his or her major psychological processes... |
| 6112 | Psychological study of social issues |
| 6113 | Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology is the scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on mood, sensation, thinking, and behavior... |
| 6114 | Social psychology Social psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. By this definition, scientific refers to the empirical method of investigation. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behaviors include all... |
| 6199 | Other psychological specialities |
| 62 | Sciences of Arts ARts aRts, which stands for analog Real time synthesizer, is an audio framework that is no longer under development. It is best known for previously being used in KDE to simulate an analog synthesizer.... and Letters Literature Literature is the art of written works, and is not bound to published sources... |
| 6201 | Architecture Architecture Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art... |
| 6202 | Literary theory Literary theory Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature. However, literary scholarship since the 19th century often includes—in addition to, or even instead of literary theory in the strict sense—considerations of... , analysis and criticism Literary criticism Literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals... |
| 6203 | Fine arts theory, analysis and criticism |
| 6299 | Other artistic specialities |
| 63 | Sociology Sociology Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity... |
| 6301 | Cultural sociology |
| 6302 | Experimental sociology |
| 6303 | General sociology |
| 6304 | International disorder |
| 6305 | Mathematical sociology Mathematical sociology Mathematical sociology is the usage of mathematics to construct social theories. Mathematical sociology aims to take sociological theory, which is strong in intuitive content but weak from a formal point of view, and to express it in formal terms... |
| 6306 | Occupational sociology |
| 6307 | Social change Social change Social change refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. It may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution, the philosophical idea that society moves forward by dialectical or evolutionary means. It may refer to a paradigmatic change in the socio-economic... and development |
| 6308 | Social communications |
| 6309 | Social groups |
| 6310 | Social problems - Social disorder |
| 6311 | Sociology of human settlements |
| 6399 | Other sociological specialities |
| 71 | Ethics Ethics Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime, etc.Major branches of ethics include:... |
| 7101 | Classical ethics |
| 7102 | Ethics of individuals |
| 7103 | Group ethics |
| 7104 | Prospective ethics |
| 7199 | Other specialities relating to ethics |
| 72 | Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational... |
| 7201 | Philosophy of knowledge |
| 7202 | Philosophical anthropology Philosophical anthropology Philosophical anthropology is a discipline dealing with questions of metaphysics and phenomenology of the human person, and interpersonal relationships. It is the attempt to unify disparate ways of understanding behaviour of humans as both creatures of their social environments and creators of... |
| 7203 | General philosophy |
| 7204 | Philosophical systems |
| 7205 | Philosophy of science Philosophy of science The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. It is also concerned with the use and merit of science and sometimes overlaps metaphysics and epistemology by exploring whether scientific results are actually a study of truth... |
| 7206 | Philosophy of nature |
| 7207 | Social philosophy Social philosophy Social philosophy is the philosophical study of questions about social behavior . Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria for revolution, from the functions of everyday actions to the effects of... |
| 7208 | Philosophical doctrines |
| 7209 | Other philosophical specialities |