Zhang Jinghui

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Zhang Jinghui

Zhang Jinghui; Simplified Chinese: or Wade-Giles

Wade-Giles

Wade-Giles , sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language used in Beijing. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Francis Wade in the mid-19th century, and reached settled form with Herbert Giles' Chinese language-English language dictionary of 1892....
: Chang Ching-hui, (Traditional Chinese: ???; 1871 – 1 November 1959) was a Chinese general and politician during the Warlord Era

Warlord era

The Warlord era is the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s, when the country was divided among Warlord, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang....
. He is noted for his role in the establishment the Japanese puppet regime of Manchukuo

Manchukuo

Liaoning

is a Northeast China political divisions of China of the People's Republic of China. Its one-Chinese character abbreviation is Liao ."Li?o" is an ancient name for this region, which was adopted by the Liao Dynasty which ruled this area between 907 and 1125....
Province. He joined the army at an early age and worked for Manchurian warlord

Warlord

A warlord is a person with power who has military dictatorship over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority....
Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zu?l?n , nicknamed the "Old Marshal" , "Rain Marshal" ....
.

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Zhang Jinghui; Simplified Chinese: or Wade-Giles

Wade-Giles

Warlord era

Manchukuo

Biography

Zhang was born in Tai'an, southwest of Mukden, Liaoning

Liaoning

Warlord

A warlord is a person with power who has military dictatorship over a subnational area due to armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority....
Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zu?l?n , nicknamed the "Old Marshal" , "Rain Marshal" ....
. He deserted Zhang Zuolin to join with Wu Peifu

Wu Peifu

Wu Peifu or Wu P'ei-fu , was a major Chinese warlord in the struggles between the warlords who dominated History of the Republic of China from 1916 to 1927....
's Zhili clique

Zhili clique

The Zhili clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Army during the Republic of China's warlord era....
. He later rejoined Zhang Zuolin and served as his Minister of War at Peking from May 1926 to June 1927. He then served as Minister of Enterprises from June 1927 to June 1928. Within the year he was appointed governor of the Harbin

Harbin

is a sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is ranked as the tenth largest city in China, serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications center of Northeastern China....
and China Eastern Railway Special District in northern Manchuria.

After the successful invasion of Manchuria by the Japanese Kwantung Army

Kwantung Army

The , also known as the Guandong Army , was an army group of the Imperial Japanese Army in the early twentieth century. It became the largest and most prestigious command in the IJA....
in 1931, Zhang called a conference in his office on 27 September 1931 to organize an "Emergency Committee of the Special District", with the goal of achieving the secession

Secession

Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. It is not to be confused with succession, the act of following in order or sequence....
of Manchuria from China. Following the expulsion of Kuomintang

Kuomintang

The Kuomintang of China , also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is the founding and the ruling party of the Republic of China ....
General Ma Zhanshan

Ma Zhanshan

Ma Zhanshan; Simplified Chinese: or Wade-Giles: Ma Chan-shan, was a Chinese general who initially opposed the Imperial Japanese Army in the invasion of Manchuria, briefly defected to Manchukuo, and then rebelled, and fought against the Japanese in Manchuria and in other parts of China....
from Qiqihar

Qiqihar

Qiqihar is a major city in the Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. It has 895,000 inhabitants. These are mainly Han Chinese and the resident minorities are, among others, Manchu, Daur, and Mongolians....
, Zhang proclaimed his territory to be self-governing, and was inaugurated as governor on 7 January 1932. Uncertain of the intentions of the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
to the north, and unable to withstand the Japanese military

Imperial Japanese Army

The Imperial Japanese Army , or literally Army of Empire of Greater Japan was the official ground based armed force of Imperial Japan from 1867 to 1945....
presence to the south, Zhang reached an agreement with Japanese, and was appointed as governor of Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang

is a political divisions of China of the People's Republic of China located in the Northeast China part of the country. "Heilongjiang" literally means Black Chinese dragon River, which is the Chinese name for the Amur river....
Province in the new Japanese-run state of Manchukuo

Manchukuo

Manchukuo was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia. The region was the Qing Dynasty's historical homeland, created by former Qing Dynasty officials with help from Imperial Japan in 1932....
. However, his refusal to leave his stronghold in Harbin to take up residence in Qiqihar, created friction with the Kwangtung Army leadership.

However, when Ma Zhanshan agreed to terms with the Japanese on 14 February 1932 in exchange for the post of Governor of Heilongjiang Province, Zhang was set aside. Ma later revolted in April 1932 and Zhang took his place as Minister of Defense of Manchukuo

Manchukuo

Zheng Xiaoxu

Zh?ng Xi?oxu . Chinese statesman, diplomat and East Asian calligraphy....
as Prime Minister of Manchukuo at the instigation of the Kwantung Army over the objections of Emperor Puyi

Puyi

Puyi , of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family, was the last Emperor of China. He ruled in two periods between 1908 and 1924, firstly as the Xuantong Emperor between 1908 and 1912, and nominally as a non-ruling puppet emperor for twelve days in 1917....
.

As Prime Minister of Manchukuo, Zhang preferred to take a passive figurehead role, allowing the Japanese advisors seconded from the Kwantung Army to handle all aspects of day-to-day administration, while he spent his days copying Buddhist sutra

Sutra

Sutra , literally means a rope or thread that holds things together, and more metaphorically refers to an aphorism , or a collection of such aphorisms in the form of a manual....
s. Reviled by modern Chinese historians for his pro-Japanese stance, and nicknamed “the Tofu

Tofu

Tofu , also , doufu , toufu, or bean curd , is a food of China origin, made by coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks....
Prime Minister” even in his lifetime, Zhang was recorded to have only once spoken out against the Japanese administration – to criticize the forced sale of lands to Japanese colonists.

Zhang held the position of Prime Minister until the collapse of Manchukuo following the Soviet

Soviet Union

Red Army

The Red Army was the armed force first organized by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War in 1918 and, in 1922, became the army of the Soviet Union....
's invasion of Manchuria in August 1945.

In 1943, a false report was published in Time magazine stated that Zhang had poisoned his family and killed his Japanese advisor and other members of the Manchukuo government before committing suicide.

Following World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
Zhang was held in custody by the Soviet Union in Siberia

Siberia

Siberia , is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of North Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the Soviet Union from its beginning, and the Russian Empire beginning in the 16th century....
and was extradited to the People's Republic of China

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the List of countries by population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a fifth of the world's population....
in 1950, where he later died in captivity at the Fushun

Fushun

Fushun is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km from Shenyang, with a population about 1.3 million and an area of 10,816 km?, including 675 km? of the city proper....
War Criminals Management Centre

Fushun War Criminals Management Centre

Fushun War Criminals Management Centre , also known as Liaodong No.3 Prison or Liaoning No.3 Prison was the site of the re-education of Manchuko, Kuomintang and Japanese prisoners of war, held by China from 1950 onwards....
.

Zhang Jinghui

Biography

External links