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The Zhili clique was one of several mutually hostile clique
Clique

A clique is an exclusive group of people who share interests, views, purposes, patterns of behavior, or ethnicity. A clique as a reference group can be either normative or comparative....
s or factions that split from the Beiyang clique
Beiyang Army

The Beiyang Army was a powerful, Western-style China armed force created by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of China's military system....
 during the Republic of China
Republic of China

The Republic of China , also known as Nationalist China is a country in East Asia that has evolved from a single-party state with full global recognition into a multi-party democratic state with Political status of Taiwan....
's warlord era
Warlord era

The Warlord era is the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s, when the country was divided among Warlord, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang....
. This fragmentation followed the death of Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese people general and politician famous for his influence during the Qing Dynasty#Rule of Empress Dowager Cixi, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the Pu Yi of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attem...
, who was the only person capable of keeping the Beiyang Army together. It was named for the general region of the clique's base of power, Zhili Province, now Hebei
Hebei

For the people of Hebei, see Hebei people is a North China province of China of the People's Republic of China. Its one-Chinese character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province , a Han Dynasty province that included southern Hebei....
.

Unlike other cliques, this one was formed by officers who felt discriminated against by Premier Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui was a China warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army, and the president of the Republic of China from November 24, 1924 to April 20, 1926....
 in matters of appointment and promotions.






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The Zhili clique was one of several mutually hostile clique
Clique

A clique is an exclusive group of people who share interests, views, purposes, patterns of behavior, or ethnicity. A clique as a reference group can be either normative or comparative....
s or factions that split from the Beiyang clique
Beiyang Army

The Beiyang Army was a powerful, Western-style China armed force created by the Qing Dynasty government in the late 19th century. It was the centerpiece of a general reconstruction of China's military system....
 during the Republic of China
Republic of China

The Republic of China , also known as Nationalist China is a country in East Asia that has evolved from a single-party state with full global recognition into a multi-party democratic state with Political status of Taiwan....
's warlord era
Warlord era

The Warlord era is the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s, when the country was divided among Warlord, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang....
. This fragmentation followed the death of Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai

Yuan Shikai was an important Chinese people general and politician famous for his influence during the Qing Dynasty#Rule of Empress Dowager Cixi, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the Pu Yi of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attem...
, who was the only person capable of keeping the Beiyang Army together. It was named for the general region of the clique's base of power, Zhili Province, now Hebei
Hebei

For the people of Hebei, see Hebei people is a North China province of China of the People's Republic of China. Its one-Chinese character abbreviation is "" , named after Ji Province , a Han Dynasty province that included southern Hebei....
.

Unlike other cliques, this one was formed by officers who felt discriminated against by Premier Duan Qirui
Duan Qirui

Duan Qirui was a China warlord and politician, commander in the Beiyang Army, and the president of the Republic of China from November 24, 1924 to April 20, 1926....
 in matters of appointment and promotions. They rallied around President Feng Guozhang
Feng Guozhang

F?ng Gu?zhang, a native of Hejian, Hebei. He was a Beiyang Army general and politician in early History of the Republic of China. He founded the Zhili clique of warlords....
 who had to share power with Duan's dominant Anhui clique
Anhui clique

The Anhui clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Clique in the Republic of China's Warlord era....
 in the Beiyang government
Beiyang Government

The Beiyang government or warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai....
. Lacking strong bonds, they were more willing to abandon or betray one another.

They advocated a softer line during the Constitutional Protection War. After Feng's natural death, leadership passed to Cao Kun
Cao Kun

Cao Kun was a military leader of the Zhili clique in the Beiyang Army....
. Cao was victorious in the Zhili-Anhui War
Zhili-Anhui War

The Zhili-Anhui War was a 1920 conflict in the Republic of China's Warlord Era between the Zhili clique and Anhui cliques for control of the Beiyang government....
 (1920) though the credit belongs to his chief lieutenant, Wu Peifu
Wu Peifu

Wu Peifu or Wu P'ei-fu , was a major Chinese warlord in the struggles between the warlords who dominated History of the Republic of China from 1916 to 1927....
, the greatest strategist in China at the time. Relations with the Fengtian clique
Fengtian clique

The Fengtian Clique was one of several mutually hostile cliques or factions that split from the Beiyang Army in the Republic of China's warlord era....
, which gave nominal assistance against Anhui, deteriorated and Wu again brought victory during the First Zhili-Fengtian War
First Zhili-Fengtian War

The First Zhili-Fengtian War was a 1922 conflict in the Republic of China's Warlord Era between the Zhili clique and Fengtian cliques for control of Beijing....
 (1922). In the next two years, the Zhili clique scored successive victories which led to Cao Kun's ascendency to the presidency
President of the Republic of China

The President of the Republic of China is the head of state of the Republic of China . The Republic of China was founded in 1911 governing the whole of China....
 via bribery. Cao's ambition brought all of his enemies against him and created dissension within the clique. Zhili would have won the Second Zhili-Fengtian War
Second Zhili-Fengtian War

The Second Zhili-Fengtian War was a 1924 conflict in the Republic of China's Warlord era between the Zhili clique and Fengtian cliques for control of Beijing....
 (1924) and eventually reunite all of China had it not been for Feng Yuxiang
Feng Yuxiang

Feng Yuxiang was a warlord during history of the Republic of China.As the son of an officer in the Qing Dynasty Qing_Dynasty#Transition_and_modernization, Feng spent his youth immersed in the military life....
's betrayal with the Beijing coup
Beijing coup

The Beijing coup refers to the 1924 coup d'etat by Feng Yuxiang against the Beiyang government of President of the Republic of China Cao Kun. Although there have been several coups in Beijing before and after, the 1924 coup remains the most significant and dramatic....
. Cao was imprisoned and leadership passed to Wu who along with Sun Chuanfang
Sun Chuanfang

Sun Chuanfang aka the "Nanking Warlord" or leader of the "League of Five Provinces" was a Zhili clique warlord and protege of the "Jade Marshal" Wu Peifu ....
 managed to hold central China for the next two years. During the Kuomintang
Kuomintang

The Kuomintang of China , also often translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is the founding and the ruling party of the Republic of China ....
's Northern Expedition, they created a desperate alliance with their former Fengtian enemies but were defeated entirely.

They were also strongly anti-Japanese. Western powers were sympathetic but provided no support with the exception of foreign private businesses who appreciated their adoption of an anti-communist and anti-union stance in 1923. Wu Peifu had initially invited the Communists
Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and the ruling party of the People's Republic of China and the world's largest political party....
 to end the Communications Clique
Communications Clique

The Communications Clique was a powerful interest group of politicians, bureaucrats, technocrats, businessmen, engineers, and labour unionists in China's Beiyang government ....
's stranglehold over the railways but found the Communists to be a greater threat and put them down with violence.

See also

  • Warlord era
    Warlord era

    The Warlord era is the period in the history of the Republic of China, from 1916 to the late-1930s, when the country was divided among Warlord, a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Xinjiang....