Lugii

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Lugii

For Polish place-names, see Lugi
Lugi

Lugi may refer to the following places in Poland*Lugi, Lower Silesian Voivodeship *Lugi, Sieradz County in L?dz Voivodeship *Lugi, Zgierz County in L?dz Voivodeship ...
.

The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi were a tribe of Indo-European origin. They lived in ca.

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Encyclopedia

The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi were a tribe of Indo-European origin. They lived in ca. 400 BC–300 AD in Central Europe, north of the Sudetes mountains in the basin of upper Odra

Oder River

The Oder is a river in Central Europe Europe. It begins in the Czech Republic and flows through western Poland, later forming of the border between Poland and Germany, part of the Oder-Neisse line....
and Vistula

Vistula

The Vistula , is the longest river in Poland at 1,047 km in length. It drains an area of 194,424 km? , of which 168,699 km? lies within Poland ....
rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland

Poland

Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
(regions of Silesia

Silesia

Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in present-day Poland, with parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas....
, Greater Poland

Greater Poland

Greater Poland or Great Poland, Polish Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznan. Administratively, most of the region now forms Greater Poland Voivodeship , although some parts lie in Lubusz Voivodeship, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship and L?dz Voivodeship Voivodeships of Poland....
, Mazovia and Little Poland

Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland. It forms the southeastern corner of the country. It should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers just a part of the historical region of Lesser Poland...
). Most of archaeologists identify the Lugians with the Przeworsk culture

Przeworsk culture

The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland and parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and upper Vistula Rivers into the headwaters of the Dniester and...
. The source of their power was control of the most important middle part of the Amber Road

Amber Road

The Amber Road was an ancient trade route for the transfer of amber. As one of the waterways and ancient highways, for centuries the road led from Europe to Asia and back, and from northern Europe to the Mediterranean Sea....
from Sambia

Sambia

Sambia or Samland is a peninsula in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia, on the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea....
at the Baltic Sea

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is a brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53?N to 66?N latitude and from 20?E to 26?E longitude. It is bounded by the Scandinavian Peninsula, the mainland of Europe, and the Denmark islands....
to the provinces of Roman Empire

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
: Pannonia

Pannonia

Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....
, Noricum

Noricum

Noricum, in ancient history geography, was a Celtic kingdom stretching over the area of today's Austria and Slovenia. It became a Roman province of the Roman Empire....
and Raetia

Raetia

File:REmpire Rhetia.pngRaetia was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul....
. An unrelated tribe of the same name, usually spelled as Lugi, inhabited the southern part of Sutherland

Sutherland

Sutherland is a registration county, Lieutenancy areas of Scotland and historic administrative Counties of Scotland of Scotland. It is now within the Highland Council areas of Scotland....
in Scotland

Scotland

conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
.

Tribal division

According to Tacitus

Tacitus

Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a Roman Senate and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories —examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those that reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors....
(Germania
Germania (book)

The Germania , written by Tacitus around 98, is an ethnography work on the Germanic tribes outside the Roman Empire.This work survived only in one single manuscript that was found in Hersfeld Abbey, Holy Roman Empire and brought to Italy in 1455 where Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later Pope Pius II, first examined and analyzed it, wher...
43:3) the Lugii were divided into many tribes ('civitates'), of which he mentions the five most powerful: Harii

Harii

The Harii are a Germanic peoples attested by Tacitus in his first century CE book Germania , who Tacitus describes as painting themselves and their shields black, and attacking at night as a ghostly army, much to the terror of their opponents....
, Helveconae

Helveconae

The Helveconae, or Helvaeonae, or Helvecones, or Aelvaeones, or Ailouaiones, are names possibly referring to the same ancient population, and possibly further connected to the Hilleviones of Sweden....
, Manimi, Helisii

Helisii

The Helisii are one of the tribal states of the Lugii in Tacitus . Unfortunately this brief reference is the only mention of them as such in history....
and Naharvali. Claudius Ptolemeus

Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemaeus , known in English as Ptolemy , was a Roman Greek mathematics, Greek astronomy, geographer and astrologer. He lived in History of Roman Egypt, and was probably born there in a town in the Thebaid called Ptolemais Hermiou; he died in Alexandria around 168 AD....
mentions the Lugi Omani, the Lugi Diduni and the Lugi Buri

Buri (Germanic tribe)

The Buri first appear in history as a Germanic tribe mentioned in the Germania of Tacitus, where they initially "close the back" of the Marcomanni and Quadi of Bohemia and Moravia....
located on or near the upper Vistula in Germania Magna in what is now south Poland (Book 2, Chapter 10, 4th map of Europe). The forms of the names imply that the Lugii of that time were divided into the Omani, the Diduni and the Buri. In Tacitus the Buri are a separate tribe, so it's possible that they entered the Lugian federation a bit later.

History

The Lugian federation was probably formed long before it was first recorded, in the works of Strabo

Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
(Geographica
Géographica

G?ographica is the French language magazine of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society , published under the Society's French name, the Soci?t? g?ographique royale du Canada ....
).

According to Strabo the Lugians were 'a great people' and—together with other peoples like Semnones and the otherwise unknown Zumi, Butones, Mugilones and Sibini—were part of a federation subjected to the rule of Marbod

Marbod

Marbod or Maroboduus , was king of the Marcomanni. In his novel I, Claudius Robert Graves interprets the name 'Marbod' as meaning "he who walks on the bottom of the lake"....
, ruler of the Marcomanni

Marcomanni

The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri , Suebi or Suevi....
with their centre in modern Bohemia

Bohemia

History...
9 BC–19 AD. The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor Claudius

Claudius

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I was the fourth Roman Emperor, a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24, AD 41 to his death in AD 54....
(41–54). According to the Tacitus's Annales, in 50 'a great multitude' of Lugians allied with Romans took part in the fall of the Wannius state of Quadi

Quadi

The Quadi were a smaller Germanic tribe, about which little definitive information is known. The history of non-literate peoples is written by their opponents, and we can only know the Germanic tribe the Romans called the 'Quadi' through Roman eyes....
, located in present Moravia

Moravia

Moravia is a Historical regions of Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. It takes its name from the Morava River, Central Europe which rises in the northwest of the region....
–Slovakia

Slovakia

Slovakia . It was amended in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president and again in February 2001 due to EU admission requirements....
.

The next information about the Lugians comes from Cassius Dio

Dio Cassius

Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus , known in English language as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was a noted Roman Empire historian and public servant....
's work Roman History, in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor Domitian

Domitian

Titus Flavius Domitianus , commonly known as Domitian, was a Roman Emperor who reigned from 14 September 81 until his death. Domitian was the last emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Domitian's father Vespasian , his elder brother Titus , and that of Domitian himself...
. The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against their western neighbours, the Germanic Suebi

Suebi

The Suebi or Suevi were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c....
tribe. Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what is now Polish soil.

Polish records confirm alliance with Romans.

The Buri, who according to Ptolemy were part of the Lugians, took an important role during the Marcomannic Wars

Marcomannic Wars

The Marcomannic Wars were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about 166 until 180. These wars pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic peoples, along both sides of the upper and middle Danube....
(166–180): the Romans were forced to organize a separate military campaign against them called 'Expeditio Burica' in 182-183 during the reign of emperor Commodus

Commodus

Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus , was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 . The name given here was his official name at his accession to sole rule; see 'Commodus#Changes of name' for earlier and later forms....

The later history of the Lugians is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be indentified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in Zosimus

Zosimus

Zosimus was a Byzantine Empire historian, who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I . According to Photios I of Constantinople, he was a comes, and held the office of "advocate" of the imperial treasury....
's New History (Historia Nova), as being defeated by the Emperor Probus

Probus

Marcus Aurelius Probus was a Roman Emperor .A native of Sirmium , in Pannonia, at an early age he entered the army, where he distinguished himself under the Emperors Valerian , Aurelian and Marcus Claudius Tacitus....
in year 279 in the province of Raetia

Raetia

File:REmpire Rhetia.pngRaetia was a Roman province of the Roman Empire, bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia, and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul....
near the Lygis river (usually identified with Lech river

Lech River

The Lech is a river in Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Danube and 264 km in length, with a drainage basin of 2,550 sq. miles....
in modern Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
and Bavaria

Bavaria

Bavaria , with an area of and almost 12.5 million inhabitants, is a region located in the southeast of Germany and is the largest States of Germany of Germany by area....
). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on a Latin map Tabula Peutingeriana

Tabula Peutingeriana

The Tabula Peutingeriana is an itinerarium showing the cursus publicus, the road network in the Roman Empire. The original map of which this is a unique copy was last revised in the fourth or early fifth century....
generally dated to 2nd-4th century AD.

Ethnic background

The ethnic afilition was subject of auto/allochtonic debate between German and mostly Polish historians. The word Lugi may be a spelling for Slavonic ??????, meaning people. In modern Serbian

Serbian language

name=Serbian|nativename=|pronunciation=['sr?pski?]|familycolor=Indo-European|map=|states=See below under "Official status", besides that in Croatia and as an immigrant's language spread over Central Europe and Western Europe, as well as Northern America...
, the word ??? means "small forest". Thus the word Lugii could indicate "forest people". Serbs

Serbs

Serbs are a South Slavs people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and, to a lesser extent, in Croatia....
have many versions of this word in use today, and all relate to forest, wood and swamp land.

Ancient writers associated them with Germans and the sub-tribal groups associated with them, such as the Helveconae, the Harii and the Buri, are indeed Germanic. Others claim that they were a compound tribe, or confederation of tribes of different ethnicity. Most scholars though agree that they could perhaps consist of a mixture of the two groups.

There is a possibility that the Lusatian Sorbs

Sorbs

Sorbs also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic peoples people settled in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland....
, whose land in their own language and in Polish bears the name Luzyce, adjective

Adjective

In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntax role is to grammatical modifier a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's definition....
luzycki, are among their descendants. The term Luzyce/luzycki is possibly akin to Lugii.