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Vistula
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The Vistula (; ; ; ), is the longest river in Poland at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. It drains an area of 194,424 km˛ (75,067 sq. miles), of which 168,699 km˛ (65,135 sq. miles) lies within Poland (over half the area of the country).
The Vistula has its source in the south of the country, at Barania Góra (1220 m high) in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it starts with the White Little Vistula (Biala Wiselka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wiselka).

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The Vistula (; ; ; ), is the longest river in Poland at 1,047 km (651 miles) in length. It drains an area of 194,424 km˛ (75,067 sq. miles), of which 168,699 km˛ (65,135 sq. miles) lies within Poland (over half the area of the country).
The Vistula has its source in the south of the country, at Barania Góra (1220 m high) in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains) where it starts with the White Little Vistula (Biala Wiselka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wiselka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warszawa, Plock, Wloclawek, Torun, Bydgoszcz, Swiecie, Grudziadz, Tczew and Gdansk. With a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Smiala Wisla, Martwa Wisla, Nogat and Szkarpawa) it empties into the Vistula Lagoon, or directly into the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea.
Origins of the name Vistula
It is not known whether the root of the name Vistula is Indo-European or pre-Indo-European. The diminutive endings -ila, -ula, were used in many Indo-European language groups, among them Germanic (see Attila, a "little father" in Gothic) but also in Latin (see Ursula, a "little female bear") which makes it difficult to establish its origin in the Vistula name. The name was first recorded by Pliny in AD 77 in his Natural History. He uses Vistula (4.52, 4.89) with an alternative spelling, Vistillus (3.06). The Vistula River ran into the Mare Suebicum, which is today known as the Baltic Sea.
In writing about the Vistula River and its peoples, Ptolemy uses the Greek spelling, "Ouistoula". Other ancient sources spell it "Istula". Pomponius Mela refers to the "Visula" (Book 3) and Ammianus Marcellinus to the "Bisula" (Book 22), both of which names lack the -t-. The definitive reference is probably Jordanes (Getica 5 & 17), who uses "Viscla". The Anglo-Saxon poem Widsith refers to it as the "Wistla".
For centuries, the river was well-known in Germany and surrounding countries by the German name Weichsel (in medieval German documents spelled Wissel, Wixel etc.). The most recent glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch, which ended around 10,000 BCE, is called Weichsel glaciation in regard to northern central Europe.
The Russian tsarist administration called the Kingdom of Poland the "Vistula province" after the January Uprising, from 1867 to 1917.
History
Ancient settlement
For thousands of years until 1945, the Vistula basin was split between Slavic/proto-Slavic and Germanic/proto-Germanic, with one occasionally gaining a temporary edge over the other. Generally, the Lower Vistula (closer to the Sea) was Germanic, while further inland it became Slavic.
Protoslavic tribes (Lusatia and Przeworsk Culture) occupied large parts of the Vistula Basin in the first Millennium before Christ, but were pushed out by East-Germanic tribes (most notably the Suebi and Burgundians), and the delta region itself was home to the East Germanic Goths. (see also Gothiscandza, Oksywie culture, Wielbark culture). The Vistula Basin, along with the lands of the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Oder, came to be called Magna Germania by Roman authors by the first century AD. Ptolemy, in the second century AD, would write of the Vistula as the border between Germania and Sarmatia.
Tacitus is another source regarding information on the early inhabitants of the Vistula. However, he makes no secret that many of the tribes to the east of the Vistula were somewhat shrouded in mystery. For example, when describing the Venethi, Peucini and Fenni he wrote that he was not sure if he should call them Germans, since they had settlements and they fought on foot, or rather Sarmatians since they have some similar customs to them.
The Vistula river used to be connected to the Dnieper River, and thence to the Black Sea. The Baltic-Sea–Vistula–Dnieper–Black-Sea water route was one of the most ancient trade-routes, the Amber Road, on which amber and other items were traded from Northern Europe to Greece, Asia, Egypt, and elsewhere.
World War II and Aftermath The Second World War was sparked by conflict over control of the mouth of the Vistula. The formerly-German city of Danzig (today Gdansk) lies near the mouth of the river, where the Vistula meets the Baltic. National-Socialist Germany desired to fully incorporate that city (98.5% of whose inhabitants were native-German-speakers) into Germany and thereby connect East Prussia to the rest of Germany. Poland had designs on the city to give them a seaport, which had been promised them in the aftermath of World War I by the League of Nations. Both sides refused to budge from their positions. The diplomatic stalemate finally resulted in war between the German and Polish states on September 1, 1939. Earlier that year, Britain and France had given a war guarantee to Poland, and -- in a replay of July 1914 -- both Britain and France were drawn into a territorial conflict between Germans and Slavs. The failure to avert war over the status of the Mouth of the Vistula is seen by many historians as one of the worst diplomatic blunders in European history, due to its implications (the rise of communism, the shattering of European morale which still lingers on to this day).
There is another version of this history on Wikipedia - a totally different one - see
http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowokacja_gliwicka
The Upper Vistula, after the emergence of Poland in 966, had been solidly Slavic territory; the Lower Vistula (near the delta and the Baltic Sea) had been Germanic for nearly as long as identifiably-Germanic people existed in Europe. The past three millennia saw a general push by Germanics east and south in the Vistula Basin, as Slavs pushed north and west, with neither ever attaining sustained domination over the entire river basin. This was changed after the postwar mass expulsion of Germans from the area by Stalin.
In 1945, the victorious Stalin changed the longstanding Germanic-Slavic balance of the Vistula Basin by means of ethnic cleansing (a tactic employed by the Soviet Union across its empire). In 1945, all Germans from the Vistula basin (along with those in East Prussia and the Oder basin) were expelled from their homes, and their property was seized. They were forced to walk westwards to the rump German state, and many died along the way. Ever since 1945, the entire Vistula basin has thus been Polish-dominated territory for the first time in history.
Today, the Vistula is part of the Polish heartland, a far cry from being "the eastern reaches of Germany/Germania" as it had been since for most of the period since Iron Age. The eastern border of Germany was shifted west by Stalin, Rosevelt and Churchil to the Odra-Nysa Luzycka Line.
Alternative versions of the history
As one can see in Polish wikipedia, there are significant differences in the history writing of Vistula basin. The major points of difference are:
- Romans never invaded the regions between the Odra-Nysa Luzycka and the Bug
- There was an unbroken genetic continuity of the inhabitants over the last 3500 years, which would suggest that Polish tribes lived here for a long time and successfully defended against invaders,
- German states got complete control of the region only in the time 1795-1812, 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 .
- Poland had sovereignty over Pomerania and Prussia for centuries http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarium_historii_Gda%C5%84ska).
- In Prussia, the and Jadzwings (both related to Lithuanians) lived for centuries until 14th century, when first Germans came to take over the land and the "trademark" (the name Prussia)
- Western Slavonic tribes lived in whole Pomerania and 1000 years ago were present also west of the Odra-Nysa Luzycka (a Luzyczan minority still left there, http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%BCyczanie) stretching to Elbe and beyond. So the Odra-Nysa Luzycka line is a kind of historical compromise.
- Hitler invaded Poland because of his racist ideology (space for life for Germans, who were "supermen", and the Slavic nations, Jews etc. were "underhumans") and intended to exterminate Polish population, which he partially succeeded to do, destroying life and property. (Twelve millions Poles died. The follow-up action against Jews, who lost six million people, was a next step, and happily Hitler failed on these and further steps, see ).
- Nearly every Polish family claimed a loss of life so that the victorious powers decided to separate the nations in order to establish a lasting peace in Europe.
Navigation
The Vistula is navigable, but large parts of its course do not meet the requirements of modern inland navigation. From the Baltic Sea to Bydgoszcz (where the Bydgoszcz Canal connects to the river), Vistula can accommodate modest river vessels of CEMT class II. Further upstream the river does not have enough depth to allow river barges to navigate.
Upstream of Warsaw, a project was undertaken to enlarge the capacity of the river by building a number of locks in Cracow area; this project was never prolonged further downstream, so that the navigability of the Vistula remains problematic. The potential of the river in the decades to come would increase considerably if a restoration of the East-West connection via the Narew–Bug–Mukhovets–Pripyat–Dnieper waterways would be considered. The shifting economic importance of parts of Europe may make this option interesting.
Towns and tributaries
Vistula | Town | Tributaries | Remarks |
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| Wisla | | river source | | Ustron | | | | Skoczów | Brennica | | | Strumien | Krajka | | | Goczalkowice-Zdrój | | | | Czechowice-Dziedzice | Biala-Wiselka | | | Brzeszcze | Vistula, Sola | | | Oswiecim | Sola | | | Zator | Skawa | | | Skawina | Skawinka | | | Kraków (Cracow) | Sanka, Rudawa, Pradnik, Dlubnia, Wilga | most are canalized streams | | Niepolomice | | | | Nowe Brzesko | | | | Nowy Korczyn | Nida | | | Opatowiec | Dunajec | | | Szczucin | | | | Polaniec | Czarna | | | Baranów Sandomierski | Babolówka | | | Tarnobrzeg | | | | Sandomierz | Koprzywianka, Trzesniówka | | | Zawichost | | | | Annopol | Sanna | | | Józefów nad Wisla | | | | Solec nad Wisla | | | | Kazimierz Dolny | Bystra | | | Pulawy | Kurówka | | | Deblin | Wieprz | | | Magnuszew | | | | Wilga | Wilga | | | Góra Kalwaria | Czarna | | | Karczew | | | | Otwock, Józefów | Swider | | | Konstancin-Jeziorna | Jeziorka | | | Warsaw | Zeran canal | several other minor streams | | Lomianki | | | | Legionowo | | | | Modlin | Narew | | | Zakroczym | | | | Czerwinsk nad Wisla | | | | Wyszogród | Bzura | | | Plock | Slupianka, Rosica, Brzeznica, Skrwa Lewa, Skrwa Prawa | | | Dobrzyn nad Wisla | | | | Wloclawek | Zglowiaczka | | | Nieszawa | Mien | | | Ciechocinek | | | | Torun | Drweca, Bacha | | | Solec Kujawski | | | | Bydgoszcz | Brda | canalized | | Chelmno | | | | Swiecie | Wda | | | Grudziadz | | | | Nowe | | | | Gniew | Wierzyca | |
Near Kwidzyn Vistula is divided onto two separate branches that constitute the river delta:
Right tributaries
List of right tributaries with a nearby city
Left tributaries
List of left tributaries with a nearby city
See also
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