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The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 during the 5th century. The Goth
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 Theodoric the Great
Theodoric the Great

File:Theodoric bronze weight inlaid with silver issued by prefect Catulinus Rome 493 526.jpg'Theodoric the Great' , known in Latin as 'Flavius Theodericus' and in Greek sources, was king of the Ostrogoths , ruler of Italy , and regent of the Visigoths ....
, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians
Burgundians

File:Roman Empire 125.svgThe Burgundians were an East Germanic language Germanic tribes which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr , and from there to mainland Europe....
 and the Franks
Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
 under Clovis I
Clovis I

Clovis was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Franks under one king. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of the Frankish tribes who were then occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium, in an...
.

The Vandals are perhaps best known for their sack of Rome
Sack of Rome (455)

The second of three barbarian Sack of Rome, the sack of 455 was at the hands of the Vandals, then at war with the usurping Western Roman Emperor Petronius Maximus....
 in 455.






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Timeline

270   Vandals and Sarmatians driven out of Roman territory.

279   In the Balkans, Probus defeats the Burgundians and the Vandals.

325   Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube border by defeating the Goths, Vandals and Sarmatians.

334   The Goths protect the Roman Empire against an invasion by the Vandals in the region near the Danube.

380   Invasion of the Vandals. Gratian is forced to cede Upper Pannonia to them.

401   Roman general Stilicho leads an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia.

406   Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.

407   Invasion of Gaul by the Germans: Vandals, Alans and Suevi.

407   Gunderic becomes king of the Asding Vandals after the death of his father Godgisel.

409   The Vandals, Alans and Suevi break through Constantine III's garrisons into Hispania. They share the Iberian Peninsula by drawing lots, with the Vandals getting Hispania Baetica (modern Andalusia), the Suevi Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal) and the Alans Lusitania (the rest of modern Portugal and Spanish Extremadura).







Encyclopedia


Vandalen
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 during the 5th century. The Goth
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 Theodoric the Great
Theodoric the Great

File:Theodoric bronze weight inlaid with silver issued by prefect Catulinus Rome 493 526.jpg'Theodoric the Great' , known in Latin as 'Flavius Theodericus' and in Greek sources, was king of the Ostrogoths , ruler of Italy , and regent of the Visigoths ....
, king of the Ostrogoths and regent of the Visigoths, was allied by marriage with the Vandals as well as with the Burgundians
Burgundians

File:Roman Empire 125.svgThe Burgundians were an East Germanic language Germanic tribes which may have emigrated from mainland Scandinavia to the island of Bornholm, whose old form in Old Norse still was Burgundarholmr , and from there to mainland Europe....
 and the Franks
Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
 under Clovis I
Clovis I

Clovis was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Franks under one king. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of the Frankish tribes who were then occupying the area west of the lower Rhine, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium, in an...
.

The Vandals are perhaps best known for their sack of Rome
Sack of Rome (455)

The second of three barbarian Sack of Rome, the sack of 455 was at the hands of the Vandals, then at war with the usurping Western Roman Emperor Petronius Maximus....
 in 455. Although they were not notably more destructive than others, the high regard which later European cultures held for ancient Rome led to the association of the name of the tribe with persons who cause senseless destruction, particularly in diminution of aesthetic appeal or destruction of objects that were completed with great effort.

Origins and early history

Handsgod
Some archaeologists and historians identify the Vandals with the Przeworsk culture
Przeworsk culture

The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland and parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and upper Vistula Rivers into the headwaters of the Dniester and...
, and controversy surrounds potential connections between the Vandals and another, possibly a mixture of Slavic and Germanic tribes, the Lugii
Lugii

The Lugii, Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi were a tribe of Indo-European people origin....
 (Lygier, Lugier or Lygians), which is referred to as inhabiting the area by Roman writers. Some academics believe that either Lugii was an earlier name of the Vandals, or the Vandals were part of the Lugian federation, which was composed of Germanic and Slavic tribes. Jordanes
Jordanes

Jordanes , was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat , who turned his hand to history later in life.Though he also wrote Romana , a book about the history of Rome, his most known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551 ....
 refers to Vandals as Gothic
Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct language Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from Codex Argenteus, a 6th century copy of a 4th century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic languages with a sizable corpus....
 (East Germanic) speakers, and name etymologies support the notion of Vandalic
Vandalic language

Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. The Vandals, Hasdingi and Silingi established themselves in Gallaecia and in Southern Spain, following other Germanic and non-Germanic peoples , before moving to North Africa in AD 429....
 being near related to Gothic. The bearers of the Przeworsk culture (possibly the Lugii) had the custom of cremation
Cremation

Cremation is the process of reducing human remains to basic Chemical element in the form of bone fragments through flame, heat, and vaporization....
. Cremation is characteristic to Baltic Prussian tribes. In Prussia both cremation and inhumation burials were found, which Germanic tribes practised. The remains of the Przeworsk culture is mainly traced in the areas which were marshes, when Romans mentioned the Lugii tribe.

Similarities of names
Toponymy

Toponymy is the scientific study of place-names , their origins, meanings, use and typology. The first part of the word is derived from the Greek language t?pos , place; followed by ?noma , meaning name....
 have led to appointing homelands for the Vandals in Norway
Norway

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
 (Hallingdal
Hallingdal

Hallingdal is a valley and Districts of Norway in Buskerud county in Norway. It consists of the municipalities of Fl?, Nes, Buskerud, Gol, Norway, Hemsedal, ?l and Hol....
), Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 (Vendel
Vendel

Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water, Vendelsj?n, near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the river Fyris....
), or Denmark
Denmark

Denmark is a Scandinavian country in northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries....
 (Vendsyssel
Vendsyssel

Vendsyssel is the northernmost traditional district of Denmark and of Jutland. Being divided from mainland Jutland by the Limfjord, it is technically a part of the Vendsyssel-Thy....
). The Vandals are assumed to have crossed the Baltic
Baltic

Baltic may refer to:...
 into what is today Poland somewhere in the 2nd century BC, and to have settled in Silesia
Silesia

Silesia is a historical region of Central Europe located mostly in present-day Poland, with parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.Silesia is rich in mineral and natural resources, and includes several important industrial areas....
 from around 120 BC. This tradition supports the identification of the Vandals with the Przeworsk culture
Przeworsk culture

The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland and parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and upper Vistula Rivers into the headwaters of the Dniester and...
, since the Gothic Wielbark culture
Wielbark Culture

Wielbark culture also known as Willenberg culture was a pre-literate culture that archaeologists have identified with the Goths; it appeared during the first half of the 1st century AD....
 seems to have replaced a branch of that culture.

Some Medieval
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
 authors used the ethnonym "Vandals" applying it to Slavic peoples
Slavic peoples

The Slavic Peoples are a linguistic branch of Indo-European peoples, living mainly in eastern Europe. From the early 6th century they spread from their original homeland to inhabit most of eastern Central Europe, Eastern Europe and the Balkans....
: Wends
Wends

The term Wends or Wendish is used in Germanic languages for Slavs living near or within Germanic peoples settlement areas after the migration period....
, Lusatians
Sorbs

Sorbs also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic peoples people settled in Lusatia, a region on the territory of Germany and Poland....
 or Poles
Poles

The Polish people, or Poles , are a West Slavs ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Poles are sometimes defined as people who share a common Polish culture and are of Polish descent....
.

Introduction into the Roman Empire

Invasions of the Roman Empire 1
The Vandals were divided in two tribal groups, the Silingi
Silingi

The Silings or Silingi were an East Germanic tribes Germanic tribe, probably part of the larger Vandals group. According to most scholars, the Silingi lived in Silesia , the term "Silesia" itself perhaps being derived from "Silingi" - the nearby river was named Silingula after the Silingi....
 and the Hasdingi
Hasdingi

The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. They lived in areas of today's southern Poland, Slovakia and Hungary....
. At the time of the Marcomannic Wars
Marcomannic Wars

The Marcomannic Wars were a series of wars lasting over a dozen years from about 166 until 180. These wars pitted the Roman Empire against the Marcomanni, Quadi and other Germanic peoples, along both sides of the upper and middle Danube....
 (166–180) the Silingi lived in an area recorded by Tacitus as Magna Germania. In the 2nd century
2nd century

The 2nd century is the period from 101 to 200 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era/Common Era. It is considered part of the Classical era, epoch, or History by period...
, the Hasdingi
Hasdingi

The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. They lived in areas of today's southern Poland, Slovakia and Hungary....
, led by the kings Raus
Raus

Raus may refer to:*Erhard Raus - German Colonel General*John Raus - US Footballer...
 and Rapt
RAPT

Reverse Address and Port Translation or RAT is a variation of Network_address_translation , also refred to as NAPT under linux and Port_address_translation by Cisco....
 (or Rhaus and Raptus) moved south, and first attacked the Romans
Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
 in the lower Danube area. In about 271 the Roman Emperor Aurelian
Aurelian

Lucius Domitius Aurelianus , known in English as Aurelian, Roman Emperor , was the second of several highly successful "soldier-emperors" who helped the Roman Empire regain its power during the latter part of the third century and the beginning of the fourth....
 was obliged to protect the middle course of the Danube against them. They made peace and settled in western Dacia
Dacia

In ancient geography, Dacia was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Greeks "Getae". Dacia was a large district of East-Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathian Mountains, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisia or Tisza, on the east by the Tyras or Dniester, now in eastern Moldova....
 and Pannonia
Pannonia

Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....
.

According to Jordanes
Jordanes

Jordanes , was a 6th century Roman bureaucrat , who turned his hand to history later in life.Though he also wrote Romana , a book about the history of Rome, his most known work is his Getica, written in Constantinople about AD 551 ....
' Getica
Getica (Jordanes)

De origine actibusque Getarum , or the Getica, written by Jordanes in 551, is a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of the origin and history of the Goths, the now lost Libri XII De Rebus Gestis Gothorum....
, the Hasdingi came into conflict with the Goths
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 around the time of Constantine the Great. At the time, the Vandals were living in lands later inhabited by the Gepids, where they were surrounded "on the east [by] the Goths, on the west [by] the Marcomanni
Marcomanni

The Marcomanni were a Germanic tribe, probably related to the Buri , Suebi or Suevi....
, on the north [by] the Hermanduri and on the south [by] the Hister (Danube
Danube

The Danube is the longest river in the European Union and Europe's second longest river after the Volga.The river originates in the Black Forest in Germany as the much smaller Brigach and Breg River rivers which join at the eponymously named German town Donaueschingen, after which it is known as the Danube and flows eastwards for a distance...
)." The Vandals were attacked by the Gothic king Geberic
Geberic

Geberic was a Monarch of the Goths of the fourth century AD. He succeeded Ariaric and conquered Dacia, which had become the territory of the Vandals, around 340 AD....
, and their king Visimar
Visimar

Visimar was a king of the Vandals during the 4th century.ReferencesGeary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History. p. 91....
 was killed. The Vandals then migrated to Pannonia
Pannonia

Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....
, where after Constantine the Great (about 330) granted them lands on the right bank of the Danube, they lived for the next sixty years.

In 400
400

Sorry, no overview for this topic
 or 401
401

Sorry, no overview for this topic
, possibly because of attacks by the Huns
Huns

The Huns were a confederation of Central Asian Eurasian nomads or semi-nomads, who had established an empire in Eurasia. The Huns may have stimulated the Migration Period, a contributing factor in the collapse of the Roman Empire....
, the Vandals, under king Godigisel
Godigisel

Godigisel was King of the Hasdingi Vandals until his death in 406. He was killed in battle of Mainz late in 406, shortly before his people forced a crossing of the Rhine River into the territory of the Roman Empire....
, along with their allies (the Sarmatia
Sarmatia

Sarmatia or Sarmatian can refer to:* the land of Sarmatians, western Scythia as described by many classical authors, such as Herodotus in the 5th century BC...
n Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
 and Germanic Suebians) moved westwards into Roman territory. Some of the Silingi joined them later. Around this time, the Hasdingi had already been christianized. During the Emperor Valens
Valens

Flamin Julius Valens was Roman Emperor , after he was given the Eastern part of the empire by his brother Valentinian I. Valens, sometimes known as the Last of the Romans, was defeated and killed in the Battle of Adrianople, which marked the beginning of the fall of the Western Roman Empire....
's reign (364–78) the Vandals accepted, much like the Goths
Goths

The Goths were East Germanic tribes who, in the 3rd and 4th centuries, invasion the Roman Empire and later adopted Arian Christianity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, they established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy....
 earlier, Arianism
Arianism

Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius , a Christian priest, who was first ruled a heresy at the First Council of Nicea, later exonerated and then pronounced a heretic again after his death....
, a belief that was in opposition to that of Nicene orthodoxy of the Roman Empire. Yet there were also some scattered orthodox Vandals, among whom was the famous magister militum
Magister militum

Magister militum was a top-level military command used in the later Roman Empire, dating from the reign of Constantine I . Used alone, the term referred to the senior military officer of the Empire....
 Stilicho
Stilicho

Flavius Stilicho was a high-ranking general , Patrician and Consul of the Western Roman Empire, notably of barbarian birth....
, the chief minister of the Emperor Honorius
Honorius (emperor)

Flavius Honorius was Roman Emperor and then Western Roman Empire from 395 until his death. He was the younger son of Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the Eastern Emperor Arcadius....
.

In Gaul

In 406 the Vandals advanced from Pannonia travelling west along the Danube without much difficulty, but when they reached the Rhine, they met resistance from the Franks
Franks

The Franks or Frankish people were a West Germanic ethnic group first identified in the 3rd century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River....
, who populated and controlled Romanized regions in northern Gaul
Gaul

Gaul is the name used for the region of Western Europe comprising part of present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the River Rhine....
. Twenty thousand Vandals, including Godigisel himself, died in the resulting battle, but then with the help of the Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
 they managed to defeat the Franks, and on December 31, 406
406

Sorry, no overview for this topic
 the Vandals crossed the frozen Rhine
Crossing of the Rhine

The date 31 December 406, is the often-repeated date of the crossing of the Rhine by a mixed group of barbarians that included Vandals, Alans and Suebi....
 to invade Gaul, which they devastated terribly. Under Godigisel's son Gunderic
Gunderic

Gunderic , King of the Vandals and Alans led the Vandals, a Germanic tribes tribe originally residing near the Oder River, to take part in the barbarian invasions of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century....
, the Vandals plundered their way westward and southward through Aquitaine
Aquitaine

Aquitaine , archaic Guyenne/Guienne , is one of the 26 regions of France, in the south-western part of metropolitan France, along the Atlantic Ocean and the Pyrenees mountain range on the border with Spain....
.

In Hispania

On October 13 409
409

Sorry, no overview for this topic
 they crossed the Pyrenees
Pyrenees

The Pyrenees are a mountain range in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extend for about from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea ....
 into the Iberian peninsula
Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France....
. There, the Hasdingi
Hasdingi

The Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe. They lived in areas of today's southern Poland, Slovakia and Hungary....
 received land from the Romans, as foederati
Foederati

Foederatus is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the end of the Western Roman Empire....
, in Gallaecia
Gallaecia

Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania ....
 (Northwest) and the Silingi
Silingi

The Silings or Silingi were an East Germanic tribes Germanic tribe, probably part of the larger Vandals group. According to most scholars, the Silingi lived in Silesia , the term "Silesia" itself perhaps being derived from "Silingi" - the nearby river was named Silingula after the Silingi....
 in Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica

Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provincesin Hispania, . Hispania Baetica was bordered to the west by Lusitania , and to the northeast by Hispania Tarraconensis....
 (South), while the Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
 got lands in Lusitania
Lusitania

Lusitania was an ancient Ancient Rome Roman province including approximately all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river, and part of modern Spain ....
 (West) and the region around Carthago Nova. The Suebi
Suebi

The Suebi or Suevi were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned by Julius Caesar in connection with Ariovistus' campaign, c....
 also controlled part of Gallaecia. The Visigoths, who invaded Iberia before receiving lands in Septimania
Septimania

Septimania was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II....
 (Southern France), crushed the Alans in 426, killing the western Alan king Attaces
Attaces

Addac or Attaces was king of the western Alans in Hispania . In 409, the Alans settled in the provinces of Lusitania and Carthaginiensis: Alani Lusitaniam et Carthaginiensem provincias, et Wandali cognomine Silingi Baeticam sortiuntur....
. The remainder of his people subsequently appealed to the Vandal king Gunderic
Gunderic

Gunderic , King of the Vandals and Alans led the Vandals, a Germanic tribes tribe originally residing near the Oder River, to take part in the barbarian invasions of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century....
 to accept the Alan crown. Later Vandal kings in North Africa styled themselves Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum ("King of the Vandals and Alans").

The Vandals may have given their name to the region of Andalusia
Andalusia

Andalusia is a country in the Spanish State. It is the most populous and the second largest, in terms of land area, of the seventeen autonomous communities of the Spain....
, which according to one of several theories of its etymology
Etymology

Etymology is the study of the roots and history of words; and how their form and meaning have changed over time.In languages with a long detailed history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to culture over time....
 which would be the source of Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
 — the Arabic name of Iberian Peninsula), in the south of present day Spain
Spain

Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
, where they settled before pushing on to North Africa
North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
 - though this theory is increasingly disputed (see Al-Andalus: Older proposals
Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
).

The Vandal Kingdom in North Africa


Establishment

The Vandal conquest of North Africa
North Africa

North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
 is considered a strategic move. The Vandals took North Africa as a base for raiding the Mediterranean Sea, much like the Vikings. They settled mainly in the lands corresponding to modern Tunisia
Tunisia

Tunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast....
 and northeastern Algeria
Algeria

Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
. It was under the reign of king Geiseric
Geiseric

Genseric , also spelled as Gaiseric or Geiseric, was the King of the Vandals and Alans and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century....
 (Genseric, Gaiseric), Gunderic
Gunderic

Gunderic , King of the Vandals and Alans led the Vandals, a Germanic tribes tribe originally residing near the Oder River, to take part in the barbarian invasions of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century....
's half brother, when Vandals started building a fleet to plunder the Mediterranean.

In 429, political maneuvering in Rome was to change the landscape forever. Rome was ruled by the boy emperor Valentinian III
Valentinian III

Flavius Placidus Valentinianus , known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Western Roman Emperors ....
 (who rose to power at the age of 8), and his mother Galla Placidia
Galla Placidia

File:Aelia Galla Placidia.jpgAelia Galla Placidia was the Empress consort of Constantius III, Western Roman Empire....
. However, the Roman General Flavius Aëtius
Flavius Aëtius

Flavius A?tius or simply A?tius, , dux et patricius, was a Roman Empire general of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire. He was an able military commander and the most influential man of the Western Roman Empire for two decades ....
, in vying for power, convinced Galla Placidia that her General Boniface
Bonifacius

Comes Bonifacius was a Roman Empire general and governor of the Diocese of Africa. Along with his rival, Flavius A?tius, he is sometimes termed "the last of the Romans."...
 was plotting to kill her and her son to claim the throne for himself. As proof, he implored her to write him a letter asking him to come to Rome so that she would see that Boniface would refuse. At the same time Aëtius sent Boniface a letter stating that he should disregard letters from Rome asking him to return for they were plotting to kill him. When Boniface saw the letter from Rome, and believed there was a plot to kill him, he enlisted the help of the Vandal King Geiseric. He promised the Vandals land in North Africa in exchange for their help. However, when it was known that the whole thing was a plot on the part of Aëtius, and Boniface was once again in Rome's favour, it was too late to turn back the Vandal invasion
Invasion

An invasion is a Offensive consisting of all, or large parts of the armed forces of one geopolitics entity aggressively entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory, altering the established government or gaining c...
.

Geiseric crossed the Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar is the strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain from Morocco. The name comes from Gibraltar, which in turn originates from the Arabic language Jebel Tariq meaning mountain of Tariq....
 with the entire tribe of 80,000 and moved east, pillaging and looting as they drove more and more refugees toward the walled city of Hippo Regius
Hippo Regius

Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba , Algeria. Under this name, it was a major city in Roman Empire Africa, hosting several early Christian councils, and was the home of the philosopher and theologian Augustine of Hippo....
. Geiseric realized that they wouldn't be able to take the city in a direct assault, so began a months long siege on the walls of Hippo Regius. Inside Saint Augustine and his priests prayed for relief from the invaders, knowing full well that the fall of the city would spell conversion or death for many Roman Christians. On 28 August 430, three months into the siege, St. Augustine died, perhaps from hunger
Starvation

Starvation is a severe reduction in vitamin, nutrient, and energy intake, and is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation causes permanent organ damage and, eventually, death....
 or stress, as the wheat fields outside the city lay dormant and unharvested. After 14 months, hunger and the inevitable diseases
Infectious disease

An infectious disease is a clinically evident disease resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including pathogenic viruses, pathogenic bacteria, Mycosis, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions....
 were ravaging both the city inhabitants and the Vandals outside the city walls.

Peace was made between the Romans and the Vandals by means of a grant in 435 of territory in Northern Africa. In 439, the Vandals took and plundered Carthage
Carthage

Carthage refers both to an ancient city in present-day Tunisia, and a modern-day suburb of Tunis. The civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic or Carthaginian....
 without a fight, entering the city while most of the inhabitants were attending the races at the hippodrome. Geiseric made it his capital, and styled himself the King of the Vandals and Alans
Alans

The Alans or Alani were a group among the Sarmatians people, Eurasian nomads of the 1st millennium AD who spoke an Eastern Iranian language which derived from Scytho-Sarmatian language and which in turn evolved into modern Ossetian language....
, to denote the inclusion of the Alans of northern Africa into his alliance. Conquering Sicily
Sicily

Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
, Sardinia
Sardinia

Sardinia is the Mediterranean islands#By area island in the Mediterranean Sea . The area of Sardinia is . The island is surrounded by the France island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Tunisia and the Balearic Islands....
, Corsica
Corsica

Corsica is the Mediterranean islands#By area in the Mediterranean Sea . It is located west of Italy, southeast of the France mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
 and the Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands

The Balearic Islands are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera....
, he built his kingdom into a powerful state.

Sack of Rome

During the next thirty-five years, with a large fleet, Geiseric looted the coasts of the Eastern and Western Empires. After Attila the Hun
Attila the Hun

Attila , also known as Attila the Hun, was leader of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube to the Baltic Sea ....
's death, however, the Romans could afford to turn their attention back to the Vandals, who were in control of some of the richest lands of their former empire.

In an effort to bring the Vandals into the fold of the Empire, Valentinian III
Valentinian III

Flavius Placidus Valentinianus , known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Western Roman Emperors ....
 offered his daughter's hand in marriage to Geiseric's son. Before this "treaty" could be carried out, however, politics again played a crucial part in the blunders of Rome. Petronius Maximus
Petronius Maximus

Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus , was a Roman Empire aristocrat, and briefly Western Roman Emperor with the designation and name Dominus Noster Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus Augustus during part of the year 455, more exactly between March 17, 455 and May 31, 455....
, the usurper, killed Valentinian III
Valentinian III

Flavius Placidus Valentinianus , known in English as Valentinian III, was among the last Western Roman Emperors ....
 in an effort to control the Empire. Diplomacy between the two factions broke down, and in 455 with a letter from the Empress Licinia Eudoxia
Licinia Eudoxia

Licinia Eudoxia was a Roman Emperors, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Petronius Maximus....
, begging Geiseric's son to rescue her, the Vandals took Rome
Rome

Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
, along with the Empress Licinia Eudoxia
Licinia Eudoxia

Licinia Eudoxia was a Roman Emperors, daughter of Eastern Emperor Theodosius II and wife of the Western Emperors Valentinian III and Petronius Maximus....
 and her daughters Eudocia
Princess Eudocia

Eudocia, or Eudoxia was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Valentinian III and his wife, Licinia Eudoxia. She was thus the granddaughter on her mother's side of Eastern emperor Theodosius II and his wife, the poet Aelia Eudocia; and on her father's side of Western emperor Constantius III and his wife Galla Placida....
 and Placidia
Placidia

Placidia was the wife of Olybrius, Western Roman Empire. Her full name is uncertain. The "Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The reign by reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome" by Chris Scarre gives her name as Galla Placidia Valentiniana or Galla Placidia the Younger, based on Roman naming conventions for females....
.

The chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine
Prosper of Aquitaine

Saint Prosper of Aquitaine , a Christian writer and disciple of Saint Augustine of Hippo, was the first continuator of Jerome's Universal Chronicle....
 offers the only fifth-century report that on 2 June 455
455

Events...
, Pope Leo the Great received Geiseric and implored him to abstain from murder
Murder

Murder as defined in common law countries, is the unlawful killing of another human being with intent , and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide....
 and destruction by fire, and to be satisfied with pillage. Whether the pope's influence saved Rome is, however, questioned. The Vandals departed with countless valuables, including the spoils of the Temple in Jerusalem
Temple in Jerusalem

The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple , refers to a series of structures located on the Temple Mount in the old city of Jerusalem. Historically, two temples were built at this location, and a The Third Temple features in Jewish eschatology....
 booty brought to Rome by Titus
Titus

Titus Flavius Vespasianus, commonly known as Titus , was a Roman Emperor who briefly reigned from 79 until his death in 81. Titus was the second emperor of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Titus's father Vespasian , Titus himself and his younger brother Domitian ....
.

Consolidation

In 468 the Vandals destroyed an enormous East Roman
Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
 fleet sent against them. Following up the attack, the Vandals tried to invade the Peloponnese
Peloponnese

The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus is a large peninsula and Regions of Greece in southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth....
 but were driven back by the Maniots
Maniots

The Maniots are the Greeks inhabitants of the Mani Peninsula located in the southern Peloponnese in the Greek Laconia and Messinia. They were also formerly known as Mainotes in English language and the peninsula as Maina....
 at Kenipolis with heavy losses. In retaliation, the Vandals took 500 hostages at Zakynthos
Zakynthos

Zakynthos , the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of and its coastline is roughly in length. The island is named after Zakynthos , the son of a legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus....
, hacked them to pieces and threw the pieces overboard on the way to Carthage. Nevertheless, after Geiseric was able to conclude a "perpetual peace" with Constantinople in 476, relations between the two states assumed a veneer of normality.

Domestic religious tensions

Differences between the Arian
Arianism

Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius , a Christian priest, who was first ruled a heresy at the First Council of Nicea, later exonerated and then pronounced a heretic again after his death....
 Vandals and their Trinitarian
Trinity

In Christianity doctrine, the Trinity is the unity of God the Father, God the Son, and Holy Spirit as three persons in monotheism. The doctrine states that God is the Triune God, existing as three persons, or in the Greek hypostasis , but one being....
 subjects (including both Catholics and Donatist
Donatist

The Donatists were followers of a belief considered a schism by the broader churches of the One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church tradition, and most particularly within the context of the religious milieu of the provinces of Roman North Africa in Late Antiquity....
s) were a constant source of tension in their African state. Catholic bishops were exiled or killed by Geiseric and laymen were excluded from office and frequently suffered confiscation of their property. He protected his Catholic subjects when his relations with Rome and Constantinople were friendly, as during the years 454–57, when the Catholic community at Carthage, being without a head, elected Deogratias bishop. The same was also the case during the years 476–477 when Bishop Victor of Cartenna sent him, during a period of peace, a sharp refutation of Arianism and suffered no punishment. Generally most Vandal kings, except Hilderic
Hilderic

Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans was the pentultimate ruler of the North Africa during the Classical Period Kingdom of the Vandals. Although dead by the time the Vandal Kingdom was overthrown in 534, he nevertheless played a key role in that event....
, persecuted Trinitarian Christians to a greater or lesser extent, banning conversion for Vandals, exiling bishops and generally making life difficult for Trinitarians.

Decline

Geiseric, one of the most powerful personalities of the "era of the Migrations," died at a great age on 25 January 477. According to the law of succession which he had promulgated, the oldest male member of the royal house was to succeed. Thus he was succeeded by his son Huneric
Huneric

Huneric or Honeric was King of the Vandals and the oldest son of Geiseric. He dropped the imperial politics of his father and concentrated mainly on internal affairs....
 (477–484), who at first tolerated Catholics, owing to his fear of Constantinople, but after 482 began to persecute Manichaeans
Manichaeism

Manichaeism was one of the major Iranian Gnosticism religions, originating in Sassanid Persia. Although most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani have been lost, numerous translations and fragmentary texts have survived....
 and Catholics in the most terrible manner.

Gunthamund
Gunthamund

Gunthamund , King of the Vandals and Alans was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals. He succeeded his unpopular uncle Huneric, and for that reason alone, enjoyed a rather successful reign....
 (484 – 496), his cousin and successor, sought internal peace with the Catholics and ceased persecution once more. Externally, the Vandal power had been declining since Geiseric's death, and Gunthamund lost large parts of Sicily to the Ostrogoth
Ostrogoth

The Ostrogoths were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribes that played a major role in the political events of the late Roman Empire. The other branch was the Visigoths....
s and had to withstand increasing pressure from the autochthonous Moors
Moors

In the Spanish language, the term for Moors is Moro; in Portuguese language the word is mouro. There seems to have been some confusion about the relationship of the word moro/mouro to the word moreno , both from Greek language ma?ros, i.e....
.

While Thrasamund
Thrasamund

Thrasamund , King of the Vandals and Alans , was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals, and reigned longer than any other Vandal king in Africa other than his grandfather, Geiseric....
 (496–523), owing to his religious fanaticism, was hostile to Catholics, he contented himself with bloodless persecutions.

The turbulent end

Hilderic
Hilderic

Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans was the pentultimate ruler of the North Africa during the Classical Period Kingdom of the Vandals. Although dead by the time the Vandal Kingdom was overthrown in 534, he nevertheless played a key role in that event....
 (523 – 530) was the Vandal king most tolerant towards the Catholic church. He granted it religious freedom; consequently Catholic synods were once more held in North Africa. However, he had little interest in war, and left it to a family member, Hoamer. When Hoamer suffered a defeat against the Moors
Moors

In the Spanish language, the term for Moors is Moro; in Portuguese language the word is mouro. There seems to have been some confusion about the relationship of the word moro/mouro to the word moreno , both from Greek language ma?ros, i.e....
, the Arian
Arianism

Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius , a Christian priest, who was first ruled a heresy at the First Council of Nicea, later exonerated and then pronounced a heretic again after his death....
 faction within the royal family led a revolt, raising the banner of national Arianism, and his cousin Gelimer
Gelimer

Gelimer , King of the Vandals and Alans from 530 to 534, was the last ruler of the North Africa during the Classical Period Kingdom of the Vandals....
 (530 – 533) became king. Hilderic, Hoamer and their relatives were thrown into prison. Hilderic was deposed and murdered in 533.

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I
Justinian I

Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus , AD 482 or 483 ? 13 or 14 November 565, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty and List of Roman Emperors from 527 until his death....
 reacted to this by declaring war on the Vandals. The armies of the Eastern Empire were commanded by Belisarius
Belisarius

Flavius Belisarius is often described as one of the greatest generals of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Byzantine Emperor Justinian I's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Western Roman Empire, which had been lost just under a century previously....
, who, having heard that the greatest part of the Vandal fleet was fighting an uprising in Sardinia, decided to act quickly, and landed on Tunisian soil, then marched on to Carthage. In the late summer of 533, King Gelimer met Belisarius ten miles (16 km) south of Carthage at the Battle of Ad Decimum
Battle of Ad Decimum

The Battle of Ad Decimum took place on September 13, 533 between the armies of the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, and the Eastern Roman Empire , under the command of general Belisarius....
; the Vandals were winning the battle until Gelimer's brother Ammatas and nephew Gibamund fell in battle. Gelimer then lost heart and fled. Belisarius quickly took Carthage while the surviving Vandals fought on.

On December 15, 533
533

Events...
, Gelimer and Belisarius clashed again at Tricamarum, some from Carthage. Again, the Vandals fought well but broke, this time when Gelimer's brother Tzazo
Tzazo

Tzazo was the brother to King Gelimer , the last Vandal ruler of the North Africa. Tzazo died on 15 December 533 during the Battle of Tricamarum, which finally brought to an end the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa....
 fell in battle. Belisarius quickly advanced to Hippo
Hippo Regius

Hippo Regius is the ancient name of the modern city of Annaba , Algeria. Under this name, it was a major city in Roman Empire Africa, hosting several early Christian councils, and was the home of the philosopher and theologian Augustine of Hippo....
, second city of the Vandal Kingdom, and in 534 Gelimer surrendered to the Roman conqueror, ending the Kingdom of the Vandals.

North Africa became a Roman province, from which the Vandals were expelled
Deportation

Deportation generally means the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. The expulsion of natives is also called banishment, exile, or penal transportation....
. The surviving Vandal men were enslaved
History of slavery

The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to a situation where one human being is considered to be the property of another, and is therefore obligated to perform tasks for their owner without any choice involved....
, put into imperial service or fled to the two Gothic kingdoms (Ostrogothic Kingdom
Ostrogothic Kingdom

The Ostrogothic Kingdom established by the Ostrogoths in Italian peninsula and neighbouring areas lasted from 493 to 553. In Italy the Ostrogoths replaced Odoacer, the de facto ruler of Italy who had deposed the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 476....
 and Visigothic kingdom
Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century, one of the successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally created by the settlement of the Visigoths under their own king in Aquitaine by the Roman government and then extended by conquest over all of the Iberian peninsula....
), while the captured Vandal women married Byzantine soldiers. The choicest Vandal warrior
Warrior

According to the Random House Dictionary, the term warrior has two meanings. The first Literal and figurative language use refers to "a person engaged or experienced in warfare." The second Literal and figurative language use refers to "a person who shows or has shown great vigor, courage, or aggressiveness, as in politics or athletics...
s were formed into five cavalry regiments, known as Vandali Iustiniani, and stationed on the Persian
Roman-Persian Wars

The Roman–Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greco-Roman world and two successive List of Iranic states and empires. Contact between Parthia and the Roman Republic began in 92 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the Roman Empire and Sassanid Empires....
 frontier. Some entered the private service of Belisarius. Gelimer was honourably treated and received large estates in Galatia
Galatia

Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor, was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace , who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC....
. He was also offered the rank of a patrician but had to refuse it because he was not willing to change his Arian faith
Arianism

Arianism is the theological teaching of Arius , a Christian priest, who was first ruled a heresy at the First Council of Nicea, later exonerated and then pronounced a heretic again after his death....
.

List of kings

  1. Wisimar (d.335)
  2. Godigisel
    Godigisel

    Godigisel was King of the Hasdingi Vandals until his death in 406. He was killed in battle of Mainz late in 406, shortly before his people forced a crossing of the Rhine River into the territory of the Roman Empire....
     (359–406)
  3. Gunderic
    Gunderic

    Gunderic , King of the Vandals and Alans led the Vandals, a Germanic tribes tribe originally residing near the Oder River, to take part in the barbarian invasions of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century....
     (407–428)
  4. Geiseric
    Geiseric

    Genseric , also spelled as Gaiseric or Geiseric, was the King of the Vandals and Alans and was one of the key players in the troubles of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century....
     (428–477)
  5. Huneric
    Huneric

    Huneric or Honeric was King of the Vandals and the oldest son of Geiseric. He dropped the imperial politics of his father and concentrated mainly on internal affairs....
     (477–484)
  6. Gunthamund
    Gunthamund

    Gunthamund , King of the Vandals and Alans was the third king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals. He succeeded his unpopular uncle Huneric, and for that reason alone, enjoyed a rather successful reign....
     (484–496)
  7. Thrasamund
    Thrasamund

    Thrasamund , King of the Vandals and Alans , was the fourth king of the north African Kingdom of the Vandals, and reigned longer than any other Vandal king in Africa other than his grandfather, Geiseric....
     (496–523)
  8. Hilderic
    Hilderic

    Hilderic, King of the Vandals and Alans was the pentultimate ruler of the North Africa during the Classical Period Kingdom of the Vandals. Although dead by the time the Vandal Kingdom was overthrown in 534, he nevertheless played a key role in that event....
     (523–530)
  9. Gelimer
    Gelimer

    Gelimer , King of the Vandals and Alans from 530 to 534, was the last ruler of the North Africa during the Classical Period Kingdom of the Vandals....
     (530–534)


Vandalic language

Very little is known about the Vandalic language
Vandalic language

Vandalic was a Germanic language probably closely related to the Gothic language. The Vandals, Hasdingi and Silingi established themselves in Gallaecia and in Southern Spain, following other Germanic and non-Germanic peoples , before moving to North Africa in AD 429....
 which was of the East Germanic linguistic branch, closely related to Gothic
Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct language Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from Codex Argenteus, a 6th century copy of a 4th century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic languages with a sizable corpus....
 (known from Ulfilas
Ulfilas

Ulfilas, or Gothic language Wulfila , bishop, missionary, and bible translator, was a Goths or half-Goth who had spent time inside the Roman Empire at the peak of the Arian controversy....
's Bible translation), both completely extinct.

Vandals in present day etymology


From c. 1540, the Swedish
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
 king
King

King is a title for a head of state.King may also refer to:...
 had been styled, Suecorum, Gothorum et Vandalorum Rex: King of the Swedes, the Goths and the Vendes. The fact that the Latin word for the Vendes is similar to the English Vandal has caused some confusion regarding the word's meaning. The present king, Carl XVI Gustaf, dropped the title in 1973 and now styles himself simply as King of Sweden.

See also


  • Przeworsk culture
    Przeworsk culture

    The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland and parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and upper Vistula Rivers into the headwaters of the Dniester and...
  • Migrations period
  • Auriwandalo
  • Timeline of Germanic kingdoms
  • Vendel
    Vendel

    Vendel is a parish in the Swedish province of Uppland.The village overlooks a long inland stretch of water, Vendelsj?n, near which the Vendel river has its confluence with the river Fyris....
  • Vistula Veneti
  • Wanda
    Wanda

    Wanda is a Poland female forename, probably created by Wincenty Kadlubek. The name was introduced to the English-speaking world by Ouida , who used it for the heroine of her novel Wanda ....
  • Wendel
    Wendel

    Wendel is the name of* Elmarie Wendel , an American actress* Johnathan Wendel , professional gamer also known as Fatal1ty* Joseph Wendel , archbishop of the diocese of Munich and Freising...
  • Wends
    Wends

    The term Wends or Wendish is used in Germanic languages for Slavs living near or within Germanic peoples settlement areas after the migration period....


Further reading

  • [Stefan Donecker; Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum - The Debates on Wends and Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic Perception, in: ed. Robert Nedoma, Der Norden im Ausland - das Ausland im Norden. Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis heute (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242-252. http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c61705/Donecker-Steinacher.pdf]
  • John Julius Norwich
    John Julius Norwich

    John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich Royal Victorian Order is an England historian, travel writer and television personality. He is commonly known as John Julius Norwich....
    , Byzantium: The Early Centuries
  • Westermann, Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
  • Pauly-Wissowa
    Pauly-Wissowa

    The Realencyclop?die der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, commonly called the Pauly-Wissowa or simply RE, is a German language encyclopedia of classical antiquity scholarship....
  • Lord Mahon Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, The Life of Belisarius, 1848. Reprinted 2006 (unabridged with editorial comments) Evolution Publishing, ISBN 1-889758-67-1.
  • Ivor J. Davidson, A Public Faith, Chapter 11, Christians and Barbarians, Volume 2 of Baker History of the Church, 2005, ISBN 0-8010-1275-9
  • Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution ISBN 0-85323-127-3. Written 484, non-NPOV primary source.
  • F. Papencordt’s Geschichte der vandalischen Herrschaft in Afrika
  • Guido M. Berndt, Konflikt und Anpassung: Studien zu Migration und Ethnogenese der Vandalen (Historische Studien 489, Husum 2007), ISBN 978-3-7868-1489-4.
  • Helmut Castritius: Die Vandalen. Etappen einer Spurensuche. Stuttgart u.a. 2007.
  • Christian Courtois: Les Vandales et l'Afrique. Paris 1955
  • Pierre Courcelle: Histoire littéraire des grandes invasions germaniques. 3rd edition Paris 1964 (Collection des études Augustiniennes: Série antiquité, 19).
  • Hans-Joachim Diesner: Vandalen. In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der class. Altertumswissenschaft (RE Suppl. X, 1965), S. 957-992.
  • Hans-Joachim Diesner: Das Vandalenreich. Aufstieg und Untergang. Stuttgart 1966.
  • Frank M. Clover: The Late Roman West and the Vandals. Aldershot 1993 (Collected studies series 401), ISBN 0-86078-354-5.
  • L’Afrique vandale et byzantine. Teil 1. Turnhout 2002 (Antiquité Tardive 10), ISBN 2-503-51275-5.
  • L’Afrique vandale et byzantine. Teil 2, Turnhout 2003 (Antiquité Tardive 11), ISBN 2-503-52262-9.
  • Walter Pohl: Die Völkerwanderung. Eroberung und Integration. Stuttgart 2002, S. 70-86, ISBN 3-17-015566-0.
  • Roland Steinacher: Vandalen - Rezeptions- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. In: Hubert Cancik (Hrsg.): Der Neue Pauly, Stuttgart 2003, Band 15/3, S. 942-946, ISBN 3-476-01489-4.
  • Yves Modéran: Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine. 4e.-7e. siècle. Rom 2003 (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome
    Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome

    Biblioth?que des ?coles fran?aises d'Ath?nes et de Rome is the name of two series of historical documents, such as the letters of 13th century Popes during the Crusades....
    , 314), ISBN 2-7283-0640-0.
  • Die Vandalen: die Könige, die Eliten, die Krieger, die Handwerker. [Publikation zur Ausstellung "Die Vandalen"; eine Ausstellung der Maria-Curie-Sklodowska-Universität Lublin und des Landesmuseums Zamosc ... ; Ausstellung im Weserrenaissance-Schloss Bevern .... Nordstemmen 2003. ISBN 3-9805898-6-2
  • Ludwig Schmidt: Geschichte der Wandalen. 2. Auflage, München 1942.


External links

  • Maps to be combined and compared
  • Blume, Mary. , , August 25, 2001.