• peripheral gustatory or taste organs
  • gustatory calyculi (taste-buds)
• Structure of taste bud
  Taste bud
  Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis, which are called papillae. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour,...
  
  
  • gustatory pore
  • supporting cells
  • gustatory cells

• Structure of taste bud
  Taste bud
  Taste buds contain the receptors for taste. They are located around the small structures on the upper surface of the tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus and epiglottis, which are called papillae. These structures are involved in detecting the five elements of taste perception: salty, sour,...
  
  
  • gustatory hair
• Nerves of Taste
  • chorda tympani
    Chorda tympani
    The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the Stylomastoid foramen...
    
    
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
    Glossopharyngeal nerve
    The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves . It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral to the vagus nerve...
    
    

• Organon Olfactorius; The Nose
  Human nose
  The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...
  
  
• External nose (Nasus Externus; Outer nose)
  • apex
  • base
  • nares
  • columna
  • vibrissae
    Vibrissae
    Vibrissae , or whiskers, are specialized hairs usually employed for tactile sensation. The term may also refer to the thick hairs found inside human nostrils, but these have no sensorial function and only operate as an airborne particulate barrier...
    
    
  • dorsum nasi
  • bridge
  • ala nasi
• Structure
  • bony frame-work
  • cartilaginous frame-work (cartilagines nasi)
  • cartilage of the septum
    Cartilage of the septum
    The cartilage of the septum is somewhat quadrilateral in form, thicker at its margins than at its center, and completes the separation between the nasal cavities in front....
    
     (cartilago septi nasi)

• Structure
  • sphenoidal process
  • septum mobile nasi
  • lateral cartilage (cartilago nasi lateralis; upper lateral cartilage)
  • greater alar cartilage
    Greater alar cartilage
    The greater alar cartilage is a thin, flexible plate, situated immediately below the lateral nasal cartilage, and bent upon itself in such a manner as to form the medial wall and lateral wall of the naris of its own side....
    
     (cartilago alaris major; lower lateral cartilage)
  • medial wall
    Medial wall
    Medial wall can refer to:* Nasal septum* Labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity...
    
     (crus mediale)
  • septum mobile nasi
  • lateral wall (crus laterale)
  • lesser alar cartilages
    Lesser alar cartilages
    In human anatomy the part of the nose which forms the lateral wall is curved to correspond with the ala of the nose; it is oval and flattened, narrow behind, where it is connected with the frontal process of the maxilla by a tough fibrous membrane, in which are found three or four small...
    
     (cartilagines alares minores; sesamoid cartilages)

• Nasal cavity
  Nasal cavity
  The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.- Function :The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract...
  
   (Cavum Nasi; Nasal fossa)
  • nares
  • choanae
  • vestibule
    Nostril
    A nostril is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they bifurcate to the external opening. In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbinates, whose function is to warm air on inhalation and remove moisture on exhalation...
    
    
  • olfactory region
  • respiratory region
• Lateral wall
  • nasal conchæ
    Turbinate
    In anatomy, a nasal concha is a long, narrow and curled bone shelf that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose...
    
    
  • sphenoethmoidal recess
    Sphenoethmoidal recess
    The sphenoethmoidal recessis a small space posterior and superior to the superior concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens.-External links: - "The turbinates have been cut and removed to illustrate the meatus and openings into them."...
    
    
  • superior meatus
    Superior meatus
    The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.It lies between the superior nasal conchæ and middle nasal conchæ; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front.The...
    
    
  • middle meatus
    Middle meatus
    The middle meatus is a nasal opening or canal situated between the middle and inferior conchæ, and extends from the anterior to the posterior end of the latter....
    
    

• Lateral wall
  • atrium
  • bulla ethmoidalis
  • hiatus semilunaris
    Hiatus semilunaris
    The hiatus semilunaris is a crescent-shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity just inferior to the ethmoidal bulla. It is the location of the openings for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal sinus...
    
    
  • infundibulum
    Infundibulum
    An infundibulum is a funnel-shaped cavity or organ.* Lungs: The alveolar sacs of the lungs from which the air chambers open are called infundibula...
    
    
  • ostium maxillare
    Ostium maxillare
    Below the bulla ethmoidalis, and partly hidden by the inferior end of the uncinate process, is the maxillary hiatus ; in a frontal section this opening is seen to be placed near the roof of the sinus.-External links:* *...
    
    
  • inferior meatus
    Inferior meatus
    The inferior meatus, the largest of the three meatuses of the nose, is the space between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity....
    
    
• Medial wall
  Medial wall
  Medial wall can refer to:* Nasal septum* Labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity...
  
  

• Medial wall
  Medial wall
  Medial wall can refer to:* Nasal septum* Labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity...
  
  
  • nasopalatine recess
  • vomeronasal organ of Jacobson
  • vomeronasal cartilage
    Vomeronasal cartilage
    The vomeronasal cartilage is a narrow strip of cartilage, low on the medial wall of the nasal cavity. It lies between the cartilaginous nasal septum and the vomer. The cartilage lies below, but is not connected to, the rudimentary vomeronasal organ of Jacobson.Ludwig Levin Jacobson , a Danish...
    
    
  • nasopalatine recess
• Mucous membrane
  Mucous membrane
  The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
  
   (membrana mucosa nasi)
  • respiratory region
  • olfactory region
  • supporting cells
  • olfactory cells
  • olfactory hair
  • glands of Bowman

• Nasal aperture: veins of:
• Nose
  Human nose
  The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...
  
  : nerves of:
• Nose
  Human nose
  The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils...
  
  : veins of:

• Accessory sinuses of the nose (Sinus paranasales)
  • Frontal sinuses (sinus frontales)
  • Ethmoidal air cells (cellulæ ethmoidales)
  • Sphenoidal sinuses
    Sphenoidal sinuses
    The two sphenoidal sinuses contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical....
    
     (sinus sphenoidales)

• Accessory sinuses of the nose (Sinus paranasales)
  • Maxillary sinus
    Maxillary sinus
    The pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
    
     (sinus maxillaris; antrum of Highmore)

• bulb of the eye (bulbus oculi; eyeball
  Human eye
  The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth...
  
  ), or organ of sight
• fascia bulbi

Development of eye

Human eye

The human eye is an organ which reacts to light for several purposes. As a conscious sense organ, the eye allows vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina allow conscious light perception and vision including color differentiation and the perception of depth...

• optic vesicles
  Optic vesicles
  The eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles....
  
  
  • optic stalk
    Optic stalk
    The optic vesicles project toward the sides of the head, and the peripheral part of each expands to form a hollow bulb, while the proximal part remains narrow and constitutes the optic stalk....
    
    
  • lens vesicle
  • optic cup
    Optic cup
    During embryonic development of the eye, the outer wall of the bulb of the optic vesicles becomes thickened and invaginated, and the bulb is thus converted into a cup, the optic cup , consisting of two strata of cells)...
    
    

• optic vesicles
  Optic vesicles
  The eyes begin to develop as a pair of diverticula from the lateral aspects of the forebrain. These diverticula make their appearance before the closure of the anterior end of the neural tube; after the closure of the tube they are known as the optic vesicles....
  
  
  • choroidal fissure
  • coloboma
    Coloboma
    A coloboma is a hole in one of the structures of the eye, such as the iris, retina, choroid or optic disc...
    
    
• retina
  Retina
  The vertebrate retina is a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical...
  
  
  • pars ciliaris and pars iridica retinae
• optic nerve
  Optic nerve
  The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve 2, transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. Derived from the embryonic retinal ganglion cell, a diverticulum located in the diencephalon, the optic nerve doesn't regenerate after transection.-Anatomy:The optic nerve is the second of...
  
  
  • optic chiasma
• crystalline lens

• crystalline lens
  • capsula vasculosa lentis
  • pupillary membrane
• vitreous body

• anterior chamber
  Anterior chamber
  The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium. Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber...
  
  
• sclera
  Sclera
  The sclera , also known as the white or white of the eye, is the opaque , fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest...
  
  
• choroid
  Choroid
  The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye , while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm...
  
  
• eyelids
• lacrimal sac
  Lacrimal sac
  The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla...
  
   and nasolacrimal duct
  Nasolacrimal duct
  The nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus...
  
  
  • nasoöptic furrow
  • epithelium
    Epithelium
    Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...
    
    
  • eyelashes

• Sclera
  Sclera
  The sclera , also known as the white or white of the eye, is the opaque , fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest...
  
  
  • spatium perichorioideale
  • suprachorioidea
  • lamina cribrosa sclerae
    Lamina cribrosa sclerae
    The nerve fibers forming the optic nerve exit the eye posteriorly through a hole in the sclera that is occupied by a mesh-like structure called the lamina cribrosa. It is formed by a multilayered network of collagen fibers that insert into the scleral canal wall. The nerve fibers that comprise the...
    
    
  • venae vorticosae
  • sclero-corneal junction
  • sinus venosus sclerae (canal of Schlemm)

• Sclera
  Sclera
  The sclera , also known as the white or white of the eye, is the opaque , fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest...
  
  
  • trabecular tissue (Trabecular meshwork
    Trabecular meshwork
    The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber .The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of...
    
    )
• Cornea
  Cornea
  The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
  
  

• Cornea
  Cornea
  The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
  
  
  • sulcus circularis corneae
  • iridial angle or filtration angle
  • scleral spur
    Scleral spur
    The scleral spur is an annular structure in the human eye, a protrusion of the sclera into the anterior chamber. It is the origin of the longitudinal fibres of the ciliary muscle and is attached anteriorly to the trabecular meshwork....
    
    
  • Structure of cornea
    Cornea
    The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
    
    
    • corneal epithelium
      Corneal epithelium
      The corneal epithelium is made up of epithelial tissue and covers the front of the cornea. It acts as a barrier to protect the cornea, resisting the free flow of fluids from the tears, and prevents bacteria from entering the epithelium and corneal stroma.The corneal epithelium consists of several...
      
       (epithelium corneæ anterior layer)
    • substantia propria
      Substantia propria
      The substantia propria is fibrous, tough, unyielding, and perfectly transparent.It is composed of about 200 flattened lamellæ , superimposed one on another. They are each about 1.5-2.5 micrometres in thickness. These fibrils run at different angles between the limbi...
      
      

• Cornea
  Cornea
  The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
  
  
  • Structure of cornea
    Cornea
    The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
    
    
    • corneal spaces
    • corneal corpuscle
    • anterior elastic lamina (lamina elastica anterior; anterior limiting layer; Bowman’s membrane)
    • posterior elastic lamina (lamina elastica posterior; membrane of Descemet; membrane of Demours)

• Cornea
  Cornea
  The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
  
  
  • Structure of cornea
    Cornea
    The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power. In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is...
    
    
    • spaces of the angle of the iris (spaces of Fontana)
    • pectinate ligament of the iris
    • endothelium of the anterior chamber (endothelium cameræ anterioris; posterior layer; corneal endothelium
      Corneal endothelium
      The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the cornea. It faces the chamber formed between the cornea and the iris....
      
      )

• Choroid
  Choroid
  The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye , while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm...
  
   (chorioidea)
  • lamina suprachorioidea
  • choroid proper
    • outer layer (lamina vasculosa)
      • venae vorticosae
    • inner layer (lamina choriocapillaris)
      • stratum intermedium
        Stratum intermedium
        The stratum intermedium in a developing tooth is a layer of two or three cells between the inner enamel epithelium and the newly forming cells of the stellate reticulum. It first appears during the early bell stage of tooth development, at around the 14th week of intrauterine life. The stratum...
        
        
  • Tapetum
    Tapetum
    Tapetum can refer to:* Tapetum * Tapetum lucidum* Tapetum of corpus callosum...
    
    
• Ciliary body
  Ciliary body
  The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. It is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. This epithelium produces the aqueous humor. The inner layer is transparent and covers...
  
   (corpus ciliare)
  • orbiculus ciliaris
  • ciliary processes
    Ciliary processes
    The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e., the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.-Anatomy:...
    
     (processus ciliares)

• Ciliary body
  Ciliary body
  The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. It is triangular in horizontal section and is coated by a double layer, the ciliary epithelium. This epithelium produces the aqueous humor. The inner layer is transparent and covers...
  
   (corpus ciliare)
  • ciliary processes
    Ciliary processes
    The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e., the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.-Anatomy:...
    
     (processus ciliares)
    • pars ciliaris retinae
      Pars ciliaris retinae
      The posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes are covered by a bilaminar layer of black pigment cells, which is continued forward from the retina, and is named the pars ciliaris retinae....
      
      
  • Ciliaris muscle (m. ciliaris; Bowman's muscle)
    • meridional fibers and circular fibers

• Iris
  Iris (anatomy)
  The iris is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. "Eye color" is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue, or brown. In some cases it can be hazel , grey, violet, or even pink...
  
  
  • pupil
    Pupil
    The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...
    
    
  • anterior chamber
    Anterior chamber
    The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium. Aqueous humor is the fluid that fills the anterior chamber. Hyphema and glaucoma are two main pathologies in this area. In hyphema, blood fills the anterior chamber...
    
    
  • posterior chamber
    Posterior chamber
    The posterior chamber should not be confused with vitreous chamber. The posterior chamber is a narrow chink behind the peripheral part of the iris of the lens, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes. The Posterior Chamber consists of small space directly...
    
    

• Iris
  Iris (anatomy)
  The iris is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. "Eye color" is the color of the iris, which can be green, blue, or brown. In some cases it can be hazel , grey, violet, or even pink...
  
  
  • stroma
    Stroma of iris
    The stroma of the iris consists of fibers and cells.The former are made up of delicate bundles of fibrous tissue; a few fibers at the circumference of the iris have a circular direction; but the majority radiate toward the pupil, forming by their interlacement delicate meshes in which the vessels...
    
     (stroma iridis)
  • muscular fibers
    • circular fibers
    • radiating fibers
  • pars iridica retinae (uvea
    Uvea
    The uvea , also called the uveal layer, uveal coat, uveal tract, or vascular tunic, is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye. The name is possibly a reference to its reddish-blue or almost black colour, wrinkled appearance and grape-like size and shape when...
    
    )

• pars ciliaris retinae
  Pars ciliaris retinae
  The posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes are covered by a bilaminar layer of black pigment cells, which is continued forward from the retina, and is named the pars ciliaris retinae....
  
   and pars iridica retinae
• rhodopsin
  Rhodopsin
  Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a biological pigment of the retina that is responsible for both the formation of the photoreceptor cells and the first events in the perception of light. Rhodopsins belong to the G-protein coupled receptor family and are extremely sensitive to light,...
  
   or visual purple
• macula lutea
• fovea centralis
• optic disk
  Optic disc
  The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called "the blind spot" or the "physiological blind spot"...
  
  
• colliculus nervi optici
• blind spot
  Optic disc
  The optic disc or optic nerve head is the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve. There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point. This causes a break in the visual field called "the blind spot" or the "physiological blind spot"...
  
  
• Structure of retina
  Retina
  The vertebrate retina is a light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye. The optics of the eye create an image of the visual world on the retina, which serves much the same function as the film in a camera. Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical...
  
  
  • pigmented layer
    Pigmented layer
    The pigmented layer of retina or retinal pigment epithelium is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.-History:The RPE was known in the 18th and 19th...
    
    
• Retina proper
  • stratum opticum or layer of nerve fibers

• Retina proper
  • ganglionic layer
  • inner plexiform layer
    Inner plexiform layer
    The inner plexiform layer is an area of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer. Within this reticulum a few branched spongioblasts are sometimes embedded....
    
    
  • inner nuclear layer
    Inner nuclear layer
    The inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties, viz.: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.-Bipolar cells:...
    
     or layer of inner granules
    • bipolar cells

• Retina proper
  • inner nuclear layer
    Inner nuclear layer
    The inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties, viz.: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.-Bipolar cells:...
    
     or layer of inner granules
    • rod bipolars
      Rod cell
      Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Named for their cylindrical shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On...
      
      
    • cone bipolars
      Cone cell
      Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. If the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus, a negative afterimage will be...
      
      
    • horizontal cells
    • amacrine cells
  • outer plexiform layer
    Outer plexiform layer
    The outer plexiform layer is a layer of neuronal synapses in the retina of the eye. It consists of a dense network of synapses between dendrites of horizontal cells from the inner nuclear layer, and photoreceptor cell inner segments from the outer nuclear layer...
    
    
  • outer nuclear layer
    Outer nuclear layer
    The outer nuclear layer , is one of the layers of the vertebrate retina, the light-detecting portion of the eye...
    
     or layer of outer granules
    • rod granules
      Rod cell
      Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Named for their cylindrical shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On...
      
      
    • cone granules
      Cone cell
      Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. If the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus, a negative afterimage will be...
      
      
  • Layer of rods and cones
    Layer of rods and cones
    The elements composing the Layer of Rods and Cones in the retina of the eye are of two kinds, rod cells and cone cells, the former being much more numerous than the latter except in the macula lutea....
    
     (Jacob's membrane)
    • rods
      Rod cell
      Rod cells, or rods, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that can function in less intense light than can the other type of visual photoreceptor, cone cells. Named for their cylindrical shape, rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are used in peripheral vision. On...
      
      
    • cones
      Cone cell
      Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye that are responsible for color vision; they function best in relatively bright light, as opposed to rod cells that work better in dim light. If the retina is exposed to an intense visual stimulus, a negative afterimage will be...
      
      
• Supporting Frame-work of the Retina
  • sustentacular fibers of Müller
  • membrana limitans interna
  • membrana limitans externa
• Macula lutea and Fovea centralis

• Macula lutea and Fovea centralis
  • ora serrata
    Ora serrata
    The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body. This junction marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region. In animals in which the region does not have a serrated appearance, it is...
    
    
  • pars ciliaris retinae
    Pars ciliaris retinae
    The posterior surfaces of the ciliary processes are covered by a bilaminar layer of black pigment cells, which is continued forward from the retina, and is named the pars ciliaris retinae....
    
    
  • pars iridica retinae or uvea
    Uvea
    The uvea , also called the uveal layer, uveal coat, uveal tract, or vascular tunic, is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye. The name is possibly a reference to its reddish-blue or almost black colour, wrinkled appearance and grape-like size and shape when...
    
    
  • arteria centralis retinae

• Aqueous humor (humor aqueus)
• Vitreous body (corpus vitreum)
  • hyaloid fossa
    Hyaloid fossa
    The hyaloid fossa is a depression on the anterior surface of the vitreous body in which lies the lens. The name hyaloid fossa is synonymous with patellar fossa....
    
    
  • hyaloid membrane
  • hyaloid canal
    Hyaloid canal
    Hyaloid canal is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optical nerve disc to the lens; in the fetus it contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery...
    
    
  • zonula ciliaris (zonule of Zinn
    Zonule of Zinn
    The zonule of Zinn is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye....
    
    )
  • suspensory ligament of the lens

• Vitreous body (corpus vitreum)
  • spatia zonularis (canal of Petit)
• Crystalline lens (lens crystallina)
  • capsule of the lens (capsula lentis)
  • lens
    Lens (anatomy)
    The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a...
    
    
  • lens
    Lens (anatomy)
    The crystalline lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a...
    
    , poles of:

• Ocular muscles (musculi oculi)
  • Recti
    • Rectus inferior
    • Rectus internus
    • Rectus lateralis
    • Rectus superior
    • Rectus medialis
  • annulus tendineus communis
    • ligament of Zinn or tendon of Zinn
    • superior tendon of Lockwood
  • Obliquus oculi superior (superior oblique)

• Ocular muscles (musculi oculi)
  • Obliquus oculi inferior (inferior oblique)

• Ocular muscles (musculi oculi)
  • Orbitalis muscle
    Orbitalis muscle
    Orbitalis muscle is a vestigial or rudimentary nonstriated muscle that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit...
    
    
• Fascia bulb (capsule of Ténon
  Capsule of Ténon
  The fascia bulbi is a thin membrane which envelops the eyeball from the optic nerve to the limbus, separating it from the orbital fat and forming a socket in which it moves....
  
  )
  • periscleral lymph space
    Periscleral lymph space
    The periscleral lymph space is the space between the outer surface of the sclera and the inner surface of the Capsule of Ténon of the eye. This lymph space is continuous with the subdural and subarachnoid spaces, and is traversed by fine bands of connective tissue.-References:*...
    
    
  • medial check ligament and lateral check ligament

• Fascia bulb (capsule of Ténon
  Capsule of Ténon
  The fascia bulbi is a thin membrane which envelops the eyeball from the optic nerve to the limbus, separating it from the orbital fat and forming a socket in which it moves....
  
  )
  • suspensory ligament of the eye
• Orbital fascia
  Orbital fascia
  The Orbital Fascia forms the periosteum of the orbit.It is loosely connected to the bones and can be readily separated from them.Behind, it is united with the dura mater by processes which pass through the optic foramen and superior orbital fissure, and with the sheath of the optic nerve.In front,...
  
  
• Eyebrows (supercilia)
• Eyelids (palpebræ)
  • palpebral fissure
    Palpebral fissure
    Palpebral fissure is the anatomic name for the separation between the upper and lower eyelids. In adults, this measures about 10mm vertically and 30mm horizontally.It can be reduced in horizontal size by fetal alcohol syndrome and in Williams Syndrome...
    
     (rima palpebrarum)
  • palpebral commissures or canthi
    • lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus)
    • medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus)
  • lacus lacrimalis
  • lacrimal papilla
    Lacrimal papilla
    At the basal angles of the lacus lacrimalis, on the margin of each eyelid, is a small conical elevation, the lacrimal papilla, the apex of which is pierced by a small orifice, the punctum lacrimale, the commencement of the lacrimal duct.-External links:*...
    
    
  • punctum lacrimale
• eyelashes (cilia)
  • ciliary glands
• Structure of the Eyelids
• integument
• subcutaneous areolar tissue
• palpebral fibers of the Orbicularis oculi
• tarsi (tarsal plates)
  • superior tarsus (tarsus superior; superior tarsal plate)
  • inferior tarsus (tarsus inferior; inferior tarsal plate)

• orbital septum
  Orbital septum
  The orbital septum is a membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends from the orbital rims to the eyelids...
  
   (septum orbitale; palpebral ligament)
• Tarsal glands (glandulæ tarsales [Meibomi]; Meibomian glands)
• conjunctiva
  Conjunctiva
  The conjunctiva covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is composed of rare stratified columnar epithelium.-Function:...
  
  

• conjunctiva
  Conjunctiva
  The conjunctiva covers the sclera and lines the inside of the eyelids. It is composed of rare stratified columnar epithelium.-Function:...
  
  
  • Palpebral portion (tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum)
    • plica semilunaris
    • superior fornix
    • inferior fornix
  • Bulbar portion (tunica conjunctiva bulbi)

• trachoma glands
• caruncula lacrimalis
  • lacus lacrimalis
  • plica semilunaris
• Lacrimal apparatus
  Lacrimal apparatus
  The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage.It consists of:* the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye;...
  
   (apparatus lacrimalis)
  • Lacrimal gland
    Lacrimal gland
    The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each orbit, in the lacrimal fossa of the orbit formed by the frontal bone. Inflammation of the lacrimal glands is called...
    
     (glandula lacrimalis)
    • superior lacrimal gland
    • inferior lacrimal gland
  • Lacrimal ducts (ductus lacrimalis; lacrimal canals)
    • puncta lacrimalia
    • papillae lacrimales
    • superior duct
    • inferior duct
    • ampullae
  • Lacrimal sac
    Lacrimal sac
    The lacrimal sac is the upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct, and is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla...
    
     (saccus lacrimalis)

• Lacrimal apparatus
  Lacrimal apparatus
  The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage.It consists of:* the lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the eye;...
  
   (apparatus lacrimalis)
  • Nasolacrimal duct
    Nasolacrimal duct
    The nasolacrimal duct carries tears from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity. Excess tears flow through nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior nasal meatus...
    
     (ductus nasolacrimalis; nasal duct)
    • plica lacrimalis (Hasneri)

• middle ear
  Middle ear
  The middle ear is the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the cochlea. The mammalian middle ear contains three ossicles, which couple vibration of the eardrum into waves in the fluid and membranes of the inner ear. The hollow space of the middle ear has...
  
  
• auditory tube
• malleus
  Malleus
  The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum...
  
  
• incus
  Incus
  The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in themiddle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillini of Bologna.The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes....
  
  
• stapes
• external acoustic meatus
• acoustic nerve
• vestibular ganglion
• spiral ganglion
  Spiral ganglion
  The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...
  
  

• external ear
• auricula
  Ear
  The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the auditory system....
  
   (pinna)
  • Helix
    Helix (ear)
    The prominent rim of the auricula is called the helix. Where the helix turns downward behind, a small tubercle is frequently seen: the auricular tubercle of Darwin....
    
    
  • auricular tubercle of Darwin
  • antihelix
    Antihelix
    On the pinna, a curved prominence of cartilage, parallel with and in front of the helix, is called the antihelix, also known as the anthelix; this divides above into two crura, the crura antihelicis, between which is a triangular depression, the fossa triangularis....
    
    

• auricula
  Ear
  The ear is the organ that detects sound. It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position. The ear is part of the auditory system....
  
   (pinna)
  • fossa triangularis
  • concha
    Concha
    Concha can refer to:* The bowl-shaped part of the pinna nearest the ear canal* Concha or Concho, a round decorative piece of metal seen on a western saddle and other horse equipment descended from the Spanish tradition....
    
    
  • crus
    Crus
    Crus is the portion of the body starting from the ankle and ending at the knee. It is sometimes known as the gaiter...
    
    
  • cymba conchae
  • cavum conchae
  • tragus
  • intertragic notch
  • antitragus
    Antitragus
    The antitragus is a feature of mammalian ear anatomy. In humans, it is a small tubercle that points anteriorly, but it may be much larger in some other species, most notably bats. It is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch.-External links:...
    
    
  • lobule
  • eminentia conchae
  • eminentia triangularis
• Structure of auricula
  • cartilage of the auricula (cartilago auriculæ; cartilage of the pinna)
    • spina helicis
      Spina helicis
      At the front part of the auricula, where the helix bends upward, is a small projection of cartilage, called the spina helicis....
      
      
    • cauda helicis
      Cauda helicis
      In the lower part of the helix the cartilage is prolonged downward as a tail-like process, the cauda helicis; this is separated from the antihelix by a fissure, the fissura antitragohelicina....
      
      
    • fissura antitragohelicina
    • sulcus antihelicis transversus
    • ponticulus
      Ponticulus
      The eminentia conchae is crossed by a vertical ridge, the ponticulus, which gives attachment to the Auricularis posterior muscle.-External links:...
      
      

• Structure of auricula
  • ligaments of the auricula (ligamenti auricularia; ligaments of the pinna)
  • Extrinsic muscles of external ear
    • Auricularis anterior (Attrahens aurem)
    • Auricularis superior (Attolens aurem)
    • Auricularis posterior (Retrahens aurem)
  • Intrinsic muscles of external ear
    Intrinsic muscles of external ear
    The intrinsic muscles of the external ear are the:* The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix...
    
    
    • Helicis major
      Helicis major
      The Helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward....
      
      
    • Helicis minor
      Helicis minor
      The Helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus, covering the crus helicis.Helicis minor muscle is a band of oblique fibers covering the crus of the helix of the auricle.Syn: Musculus helicis minor [NA] and smaller muscle of helix....
      
      
    • Tragicus
      Tragicus
      The Tragicus is a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus....
      
      
    • Antitragicus
      Antitragicus
      The Antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus, and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix....
      
      
    • Transversus auriculae
    • Obliquus auriculae

• External acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus externus; external auditory canal or meatus
  Meatus
  In anatomy, a meatus is a natural body opening or canal .Examples include:* the external acoustic meatus, the opening of the ear canal...
  
  )
  • isthmus
    Isthmus
    An isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas usually with waterforms on either side.Canals are often built through isthmuses where they may be particularly advantageous to create a shortcut for marine transportation...
    
    
  • cartilaginous portion (meatus acusticus externus cartilagineus)
  • osseous portion (meatus acusticus externus osseus)

• External acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus externus; external auditory canal or meatus
  Meatus
  In anatomy, a meatus is a natural body opening or canal .Examples include:* the external acoustic meatus, the opening of the ear canal...
  
  )
  • tympanic sulcus
  • annulus tympanicus
  • ceruminous glands
    Ceruminous glands
    Ceruminous glands are specialized sudoriferous glands located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. They produce cerumen or earwax which lubricates and cleans the auditory canal, and serves as a barrier to trap foreign particles...
    
    

• tympanic cavity proper
• epitympanic recess
  Epitympanic recess
  The epitympanic recess is a hollow located on the superior/roof aspect of the middle ear.-Clinical significance:This recess is a possible route of spread of infection to the mastoid air cells located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. Inflammation which has spread to the...
  
  
• Tegmental wall or Roof (paries tegmentalis)
  • tegmen tympani
• Jugular wall or Floor (paries jugularis)
  • fundus tympani
• Membranous or Lateral wall (paries membranacea; outer wall)
  • notch of Rivinus
  • iter chordae posterius (apertura tympanica canaliculi chordae)
  • petrotympanic fissure
    Petrotympanic fissure
    The petrotympanic fissure is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity....
    
     (fissura petrotympanica; Glaserian fissure)

• Membranous or Lateral wall (paries membranacea; outer wall)
  • iter chordae anterius (canal of Huguier)
• Tympanic membrane (membrana tympani)
  • fibrocartilaginous ring
  • tympanic sulcus
  • malleolar folds
  • pars flaccida
  • umbo
    Umbo of tympanic membrane
    The umbo is the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane.-Depression:The manubrium of the malleus is firmly attached to the medial surface of the membrane as far as its center, which it draws toward the tympanic cavity; the lateral surface of the membrane is thus concave, and the most depressed...
    
    
• Structure
  • cutaneous stratum
  • fibrous stratum

• Labyrinthic or Medial wall
  Labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity
  The Labyrinthic or Medial Wall is vertical in direction, and presents for examination the oval window and round window, the promontory, and the prominence of the facial canal....
  
   (paries labyrinthica; inner wall)
  • fenestra vestibuli (fenestra ovalis)
  • fenestra cochleæ (fenestra rotunda)
  • secondary tympanic membrane
    Secondary tympanic membrane
    The secondary tympanic membrane covers the round window, sealing off one of two openings into the inner ear. It separates the scala tympani of the cochlea from the middle ear. It vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window as the fluid in the cochlea is...
    
    

• Labyrinthic or Medial wall
  Labyrinthine wall of tympanic cavity
  The Labyrinthic or Medial Wall is vertical in direction, and presents for examination the oval window and round window, the promontory, and the prominence of the facial canal....
  
   (paries labyrinthica; inner wall)
  • promontory
    Promontory of the tympanic cavity
    The promontory of the tympanic cavity, better known as the cochlear promontory is a rounded hollow prominence, formed by the projection outward of the first turn of the cochlea....
    
     (promontorium)
  • prominence of the facial canal
    Prominence of the facial canal
    The prominence of the facial canal indicates the position of the bony canal in which the facial nerve is contained; this canal traverses the labyrinthic wall of the tympanic cavity above the fenestra vestibuli, and behind that opening curves nearly vertically downward along the mastoid wall....
    
     (prominentia canalis facialis; prominence of aqueduct of Fallopius)
• mastoid or posterior wall
  Mastoid wall of tympanic cavity
  The mastoid or posterior wall is wider above than below, and presents for examination the entrance to the tympanic antrum, the pyramidal eminence, and the fossa incudis.-External links:...
  
   (paries mastoidea)
  • entrance to the antrum
    Entrance to the antrum
    The aditus to mastoid antrum , also known as the otomastoid foramen, is a large irregular aperture, which leads backward from the epitympanic recess into a considerable air space, named the tympanic or mastoid antrum....
    
    
  • tympanic or mastoid antrum
    Mastoid antrum
    The mastoid antrum is a cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aditus to mastoid antrum .-External links: - "Illustration of the continuity of the...
    
    
  • mastoid air cells
  • pyramidal eminence
    Pyramidal eminence
    The pyramidal eminence is situated immediately behind the fenestra vestibuli, and in front of the vertical portion of the facial canal; it is hollow, and contains the Stapedius muscle; its summit projects forward toward the fenestra vestibuli, and is pierced by a small aperture which transmits the...
    
     (eminentia pyramidalis; pyramid)
  • fossa incudis
• Carotid or Anterior wall (paries carotica)
  • septum canalis musculotubarii
  • semicanal for the Tensor tympani (semicanalis m. tensoris tympani)
  • septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
• auditory tube (tuba auditiva; Eustachian tube
  Eustachian tube
  The Eustachian tube is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm long. It is named after the sixteenth-century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi...
  
  )

• auditory tube (tuba auditiva; Eustachian tube
  Eustachian tube
  The Eustachian tube is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear. It is a part of the middle ear. In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm long. It is named after the sixteenth-century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi...
  
  )
  • osseous portion (pars osseo tubae auditivae)
  • cartilaginous portion (pars cartilaginea tubae auditivae)
    • torus tubarius
      Torus tubarius
      The base of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx, where it forms an elevation, the torus tubarius, the torus of the auditory tube, or cushion, behind the pharyngeal orifice of the tube...
      
      
    • tube tonsil

• Malleus
  Malleus
  The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum...
  
  
  • head (capitulum mallei)
  • cog-tooth (spur of the malleus)
  • neck (collum mallei)
  • manubrium mallei (handle)
  • anterior process (processus anterior; processus gracilis)
  • lateral process (processus lateralis; processus brevis)

• Incus
  Incus
  The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in themiddle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillini of Bologna.The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes....
  
  
  • body (corpus incudis)
  • short crus (crus breve; short process)

• Incus
  Incus
  The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in themiddle ear. It connects the malleus to the stapes. It was first described by Alessandro Achillini of Bologna.The incus transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes....
  
  
  • fossa incudis
  • long crus (crus longum; long process)
  • lenticular process

• Stapes
  • head (capitulum stapedis)
  • crura (crus anterius and crus posterius)
  • base (basis stapedis)

• Ligaments of the Ossicles (ligamenta ossiculorum auditus)
  • anterior ligament of the malleus (lig. mallei anterius)
  • superior ligament of the malleus (lig. mallei superius)
  • lateral ligament of the malleus (lig. mallei laterale; external ligament of the malleus)
  • axis ligament
  • posterior ligament of the incus (lig. incudis posterius)

• Ligaments of the Ossicles
  • superior ligament of the incus (lig. incudis superius)
  • annular ligament of the base of the stapes (lig. annulare baseos stapedis)

• Muscles of the Tympanic Cavity (musculi ossiculorum auditus)
  • Tensor tympani
    Tensor tympani
    The tensor tympani, the larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube...
    
    
  • Stapedius
    Stapedius
    The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes....
    
    

• Mucous membrane
  Mucous membrane
  The mucous membranes are linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs...
  
   of the Tympanic cavity
  Tympanic cavity
  The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear.It is formed from the tubotympanic recess, an expansion of the first pharyngeal pouch....
  
  
• pouch of Prussak
• recesses of Troltsch

• tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal (Jacobson's nerve)
• superior and inferior caroticotympanic nerves
  Caroticotympanic nerves
  The caroticotympanic nerves are nerves which supply the eardrum and carotid canal....
  
  
• smaller superficial petrosal nerve
• chorda tympani nerve

• internal ear (labyrinth
  Labyrinth
  In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos...
  
  )
• Osseous labyrinth (labyrinthus osseus)
• Vestibule
  Vestibule of the ear
  -Definition:The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals.The etymology comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall....
  
   (vestibulum)

• Vestibule
  Vestibule of the ear
  -Definition:The vestibule is the central part of the osseous labyrinth, and is situated medial to the tympanic cavity, behind the cochlea, and in front of the semicircular canals.The etymology comes from the Latin vestibulum, literally an entrance hall....
  
   (vestibulum)
  • pyramid of the vestibule
  • fossa cochlearis
  • aquæductus vestibuli
  • ductus endolymphaticus
  • recessus ellipticus
  • macula cribrosa superior

• Bony semicircular canals (canales semicirculares ossei)
  • ampulla
    Ampulla
    An ampulla was, in Ancient Rome, a "small nearly globular flask or bottle, with two handles" . The word is used of these in archaeology, and of later flasks, often handle-less and much flatter, for holy water or holy oil in the Middle Ages....
    
    
  • superior semicircular canal
    Superior semicircular canal
    The superior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system and detects rotation of the head around a rostral-caudal axis.-Structure:...
    
     (canalis semicircularis superior)
  • crus commune
  • posterior semicircular canal
    Posterior semicircular canal
    The posterior semicircular canal is a part of the vestibular system and detects rotations of the head in the sagittal plane.-Structure:It is directed superiorly, as per its nomenclature, and posteriorly, nearly parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone...
    
     (canalis semicircularis posterior)
  • lateral or horizontal canal (canalis semicircularis lateralis; external semicircular canal)

• Cochlea
  Cochlea
  The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis, the modiolus....
  
  
  • apex of cochlea (cupula
    Cupula
    The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, providing proprioception.The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals...
    
    )
  • osseous spiral lamina
    Osseous spiral lamina
    The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus....
    
    
  • basilar membrane
    Basilar membrane
    The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani .-Function:...
    
    
  • helicotrema
    Helicotrema
    The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds.-External links:* at Allegheny University of the Health Sciences* at IUPUI...
    
    
  • modiolus
    Modiolus (cochlea)
    The modiolus is a conical shaped central axis in the cochlea. It consists of spongy bone and the cochlea turns approximately 2.5 times around it. The spiral ganglion is situated inside it.-External links:...
    
    

• Cochlea
  Cochlea
  The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis, the modiolus....
  
  
  • spiral canal of the modiolus
  • spiral ganglion
    Spiral ganglion
    The spiral ganglion is the group of nerve cells that serve the sense of hearing by sending a representation of sound from the cochlea to the brain...
    
     (ganglion of Corti)
  • cupula
    Cupula
    The cupula is a structure in the vestibular system, providing proprioception.The cupula is located within the ampullae of each of the three semicircular canals...
    
    
  • fenestra cochleae
  • secondary tympanic membrane
    Secondary tympanic membrane
    The secondary tympanic membrane covers the round window, sealing off one of two openings into the inner ear. It separates the scala tympani of the cochlea from the middle ear. It vibrates with opposite phase to vibrations entering the cochlea through the oval window as the fluid in the cochlea is...
    
    
  • osseous spiral lamina
    Osseous spiral lamina
    The osseous spiral lamina is a bony shelf or ledge which projects from the modiolus into the interior of the canal, and, like the canal, takes two-and-three-quarter turns around the modiolus....
    
     (lamina spiralis ossea)
  • scala vestibuli
    Scala vestibuli
    Scala vestibuli is a perilymph-filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear that conducts sound vibrations to the scala media.It is separated from the scala media by Reissner's membrane and extends from the vestibule of the ear to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani.-External links:* ...
    
    
  • scala tympani
    Scala tympani
    Scala tympani is one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth of the human ear. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli....
    
    
  • hamulus laminæ spiralis
  • helicotrema
    Helicotrema
    The helicotrema is the part of the cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet. It is the main component of the cochlear apex. The hair cells in this area best detect low frequency sounds.-External links:* at Allegheny University of the Health Sciences* at IUPUI...
    
    
  • secondary spiral lamina
  • vestibule fissure
  • perilymph
    Perilymph
    Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two of its three compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid...
    
    
• Membranous labyrinth
  Membranous labyrinth
  The receptors for the senses of equilibrium and hearing are housed within a collection of fluid filled tubes and chambers known as the membranous labyrinth...
  
   (labyrinthus membranaceus)
  • perilymph
    Perilymph
    Perilymph is an extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two of its three compartments: the scala tympani and scala vestibuli. The ionic composition of perilymph is comparable to that of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid...
    
    
  • endolymph
    Endolymph
    Endolymph is the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. It is also called Scarpa's fluid, after Antonio Scarpa.-Composition:...
    
    
• utricle (utriculus)
  • macula acustica utriculi

• utricle (utriculus)
  • ductus utriculosaccularis
• Saccule
  Saccule
  The saccule is a bed of sensory cells situated in the inner ear. The saccule translates head movements into neural impulses which the brain can interpret. The saccule is sensitive to linear translations of the head, specifically movements up and down...
  
   (sacculus)
  • macula acustica sacculi
  • ductus endolymphaticus
  • saccus endolymphaticus
  • canalis reuniens of Hensen
    Canalis reuniens of Hensen
    The canalis reuniens of Hansen is part of the human inner ear. It connects the lower part of the saccule to the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity....
    
    
• Semicircular ducts (ductus semicirculares; membranous semicircular canals)
  • septum transversum
    Septum transversum
    The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being.- Origins :...
    
    
• Structure
  • supporting cells
  • hair cells

• Structure
  • otoconia
• Ductus cochlearis (membranous cochlea; scala media)
• basilar membrane
  Basilar membrane
  The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani .-Function:...
  
  
• vestibular membrane
• ductus cochlearis (scala media)
• lagena
  Lagena
  The extremities of the ductus cochlearis are closed; the upper is termed the lagena and is attached to the cupula at the upper part of the helicotrema; the lower is lodged in the recessus cochlearis of the vestibule.- In fish and amphibians :...
  
  
• canalis reuniens of Hensen
  Canalis reuniens of Hensen
  The canalis reuniens of Hansen is part of the human inner ear. It connects the lower part of the saccule to the ductus cochlearis near its vestibular extremity....
  
  
• spiral ligament
  Spiral ligament
  The periosteum, forming the outer wall of the ductus cochlearis, is greatly thickened and altered in character, and is called the spiral ligament.-External links:* * at IUPUI...
  
  
• basilar crest
  Basilar crest
  The spiral ligament projects inward below as a triangular prominence, the basilar crest, which gives attachment to the outer edge of the basilar membrane....
  
  

• sulcus spiralis externus
  Sulcus spiralis externus
  The basilar crest gives attachment to the outer edge of the basilar membrane; immediately above the crest is a concavity, the sulcus spiralis externus....
  
  
• stria vascularis
  Stria vascularis
  The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea...
  
  
• limbus laminæ spiralis
• sulcus spiralis internus
  Sulcus spiralis internus
  On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus laminæ spiralis, this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C.-External links:*...
  
  
• vestibular lip
• tympanic lip
• auditory teeth

• Basilar membrane
  Basilar membrane
  The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani .-Function:...
  
  
  • zona arcuata
  • zona pectinata
  • vas spirale
• spiral organ of Corti
  • pillars of Corti

• spiral organ of Corti
  • tunnel of Corti
  • reticular membrane
• rods of Corti
  • phalangeal processes
• Hair cells

• Hair cells
  • cells of Deiters
  • phalangeal process
  • supporting cells of Hensen
  • cells of Claudius
  • space of Nuel
  • reticular lamina
  • phalanges
  • tectorial membrane
    Tectorial membrane (cochlea)
    Covering the sulcus spiralis internus and the spiral organ of Corti in the cochlea is the tectorial membrane, which is attached to the limbus laminae spiralis close to the inner edge of the vestibular membrane. The tectorial membrane covers the hair cells in Organ of Corti, with the longer hairs...
    
    
  • Hensen's stripe
  • acoustic nerve (n. acusticus; auditory nerve or nerve of hearing)
  • vestibular nerve
    Vestibular nerve
    The vestibular nerve is one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve . It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion...
    
     (n. vestibularis)
  • vestibular ganglion (ganglion of Scarpa)

• special end-organs
  • end-bulbs of Krause
  • genital corpuscles
    Genital corpuscles
    End-bulbs found in the penis and the clitoris have received the name of genital corpuscles; in these situations they have a mulberry-like appearance, being constricted by connective-tissue septa into from two to six knob-like masses.-External links:*...
    
    
  • articular end-bulbs
  • tactile corpuscles of Grandry
    Tactile corpuscles of Grandry
    The tactile corpuscles of Grandry occur in the papillæ of the beak and tongue of birds. Each consists of a capsule composed of a very delicate, nucleated membrane, and contains two or more granular, somewhat flattened cells; between these cells the axis-cylinder ends in flattened disks....
    
    
  • Pacinian corpuscles

• special end-organs
  • corpuscles of Herbst
    Corpuscles of Herbst
    The Corpuscles of Herbst or Herbst corpuscles are a nerve-ending similar to the Pacinian corpuscle, in the mucous membrane of the tongue, in pits on the beak and in other parts of the bodies of birds...
    
    
  • corpuscles of Golgi and Mazzoni
  • tactile corpuscles of Wagner and Meissner
  • Corpuscles of Ruffini
  • neurotendinous spindles (organs of Golgi)
  • neuromuscular spindles

• Integumentum Commune; Skin
  Skin
  -Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...
  
  , integument
• epidermis, cuticle
  Eponychium
  In human anatomy, the eponychium [Greek epi + onychion ], also known as the cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis...
  
   or scarf skin

• four layers
  • stratum mucosum (mucous layer)
    • stratum germinativum
      Stratum germinativum
      The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, which is the outer covering of skin in mammals. The stratum basale is a continuous layer of cells...
      
      

• four layers
  • stratum granulosum
    Stratum granulosum
    The stratum granulosum is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis. Keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer...
    
    
  • stratum lucidum
    Stratum lucidum
    The stratum lucidum is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope...
    
    
  • stratum corneum
    Stratum corneum
    The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead cells that lack nuclei and organelles. The purpose of the stratum corneum is to form a barrier to protect underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and mechanical stress...
    
     (horny layer)
    • keratin
      Keratin
      Keratin refers to a family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the key of structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. It is also the key structural component of hair and nails...
      
      
• melanin
  Melanin
  Melanin is a pigment that is ubiquitous in nature, being found in most organisms . In animals melanin pigments are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. The most common form of biological melanin is eumelanin, a brown-black polymer of dihydroxyindole carboxylic acids, and their reduced forms...
  
  

• Corium
  Corium
  Corium may refer to:* Corium , the lava-like result of meltdown* Corium , an insect genus...
  
  , Cutis vera, Dermis
  Dermis
  The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis...
  
  , or True skin
  • reticular layer (stratum reticulare; deep layer)
  • papillary layer (stratum papillare; superficial layer; corpus papillare of the corium)
    • papillæ

• Development
  • vernix caseosa
    Vernix caseosa
    Vernix caseosa, also known as vernix, is the waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human babies.-Composition:...
    
    
  • lanugo
    Lanugo
    Lanugo is fine, downy hair as a type of fur. It is often found in teratomas .-Fetal development:Lanugo grows on fetuses as a normal part of gestation, but is usually shed and replaced by vellus hair at about 33 to 36 weeks of gestational age...
    
    
• Appendages of the Skin
  • nails
    Nail (anatomy)
    A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws, which are found on numerous other animals....
    
     (ungues)
    • free edge
    • nail matrix
    • lunula
      Lunula (anatomy)
      The lunula, or lunulae , is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the visible part of the nail matrix The lunula, or lunulae (pl.) (little moon in Latin), is the crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the...
      
       of nails

• Appendages of the Skin
  • nails
    Nail (anatomy)
    A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws, which are found on numerous other animals....
    
     (ungues)
    • eponychium
      Eponychium
      In human anatomy, the eponychium [Greek epi + onychion ], also known as the cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium. The function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis...
      
      
  • Hairs (pili)
    • shaft of the hair or scapus
    • root of the hair
      Root of the hair
      The root of the hair ends in an enlargement, the hair bulb, which is whiter in color and softer in texture than the shaft, and is lodged in a follicular involution of the epidermis called the hair follicle....
      
       (radix pili)
    • hair bulb
    • hair follicle
      Hair follicle
      A hair follicle is a skin organ that produces hair. Hair production occurs in phases, including a growth phase , and cessation phase , and a rest phase . Stem cells are principally responsible for the production of hair....
      
      
    • outer coat
      Outer coat
      Outer coat can refer to:* Guard hair - the longest, most coarse hairs in a mammal's coat* Tunica adventitia - the outermost layer of a blood vessel...
      
       or dermic coat

• Appendages of the Skin
  • Hairs (pili)
    • inner coat or epidermic coat
      • outer root sheath
        Outer root sheath
        The outer root sheath of the hair follicle encloses the inner root sheath and hair shaft.It is continuous with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis ....
        
         and inner root sheath
        Inner root sheath
        The inner root sheath of the hair follicle is located between the outer root sheath and the hair shaft. It is made of three layers: Henle's layer, Huxley's layer, and the cuticle....
        
        
      • Huxley's layer
        Huxley's layer
        The second layer of the inner root sheath of the hair consists of one or two layers of horny, flattened, nucleated cells, known as Huxley's layer....
        
        
      • Henle's layer
        Henle's layer
        Henle's layer is the third layer of the inner root sheath of the hair, consisting of a single layer of cubical cells with clear flattened nuclei....
        
        

• Appendages of the Skin
  • Hairs (pili)
    • shaft of the hair (scapus pili)
    • cortex
      Cortex (anatomy)
      In anatomy and zoology the cortex is the outermost layer of an organ. Organs with well-defined cortical layers include kidneys, adrenal glands, ovaries, the thymus, and portions of the brain, including the cerebral cortex, the most well-known of all cortices.The cerebellar cortex is the thin gray...
      
      
    • cuticle
      Cuticle
      A cuticle , or cuticula, is a term used for any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticles" are non-homologous; differing in their origin, structure, function, and chemical composition...
      
      
    • Arrectores pilorum
      Arrectores pilorum
      The arrectores pilorum are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end - known colloquially as goose bumps....
      
      
  • Sebaceous glands (glandulæ sebaceæ)
    • sebum cutaneum

• Appendages of the Skin
  • Sudoriferous glands or Sweat glands (glandulæ sudoriferæ)
    • areolar tissue
    • epithelium
      Epithelium
      Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands. Functions of epithelial cells include secretion, selective...
      
      

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy
• List of images in Gray's Anatomy: X. The Organs of the senses and the Common integument