Pehr Hörberg
Encyclopedia
Pehr Hörberg was born January 31, 1746 in Virestad parish in Småland
, Sweden
and died January 24, 1816 in Risinge in Östergötland
, Sweden
, was a Swedish
artist
, painter
and musician
. In 1769 he married the maid Maria Eriksdotter and they had three sons.
Municipality in Kronoberg County
, in Småland
, Sweden. It was formerly the central area of the old Virestad parish. The church in Virestad was built of stone 1799-1800 on the site of a former medieval church. Some of its treasures include a pulpit from the 1600s and an altarpiece
by Pehr Hörberg. He died in Falla in Hällestad Bergslag, where he owned 1/4 of the homestead, and part of the village Olstorp, in Risinge parish, where he also owned 1/4 of the homestead. Both the fourth in Falla in Hällestad and the fourth in Olstorp in Risinge were mining districts estates, located in Finspång Municipality in Östergötland County. Hörberg got his "huts in an aiding position", so to his own satisfaction that he 25 years later wrote about Olstorp and the farm in Falla, that he had later acquired, that the estates were very importat for him.
. Then he started as a professional painter
in the rural
areas in the Swedish countryside and then he became a county painter in Småland
.
He early showed a passion for painting. His works, which he brought forth with primitive colors and materials, caused a sensation and wonder in the district. After a few summers as a shepherd boy, he was apprenticed to a decorative painter in Växjö. He completed his apprentice training and served as crafts- and Church painter in the area of Sävsjö and Eksjö.
In 1769 he married the maid Maria Eriksdotter and together they had three sons. The family lived in poverty in a cottage, but later the family had access to a crofting. In 1783 a long-awaited dream fior him came true. He came to Stockholm and studied for three periods during the years 1783-1787 at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
in Stockholm
.
(Konstakademien) in Stockholm
, on and off, between the years 1783-1786 for the famous Swedish painter Carl Gustaf Pilo
(1711–1793), a Swedish-born artist
and painter
. Carl Gustaf Pilo
was named Director of the Swedish Academy
in 1777, but first took office in 1780 when he also received an apartment in Stockholm as part of his directorship at the Academy
. Carl Gustaf Pilo
lived out his days at the Academy, both engaged in the Academy’s business and in painting his masterpiece, the painting of Gustaf III's
coronation in Storkyrkan
in Stockholm, which he worked on until the very end of his life.
He copied paintings from old masters for the purposes of studying the paintings and the antique plaster sculptures which made a deep impression on him, such as the statue of Laocoön and His Sons
(50 B.C.) (Swedish: Laokoongruppen) http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laokoongruppen|Laokoongruppen, at that time it was in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
in Stockholm
, and Rembrandt's The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
or Bataverna’s allegiance (Swedish: Batavernas trohetsed (1662)). Rembrandt’s oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
has been in the ownership of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
since 1798 and it has been deposited in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm
since 1864.
So, when Pehr Hörberg studied these works of art, the statue Laocoön and His Sons
and Rembrandt's oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
, he could see them in his own art school, the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
, (Konstakademien) in Stockholm
, where he studied between the years 1783-1786.
The story about the ancient statue Laocoön and His Sons
at Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
in Stockholm
, see the References.
The story about Rembrandt's oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
in Nationalmuseum in Stockholm
, see the References.
Hörberg also got permission to study the collection of paintings in Drottningholm
and took part of some of the Swedish nobleman, portrait painter and royal court painter Ehrenstrahl's
works at the Storkyrkan
in Stockholm
, Sankt Nikolai kyrka (Church of St. Nicholas), in Gamla Stan
in Stockholm. But already during the time in Växjö
Hörberg had seen the graphic works of Raphael
(Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, 1483–1520), the Italian master painter and architect in High Renaissance
, and Wierix
renaissance works with its numerous figurative scenes in classicism
surroundings. The Wierix family
(or "Wierix" and other variants) were a Flemish
dynasty of printmakers in engraving
printmakers in the 16th and early 17th centuries, active in Antwerp and Brussels
.
A painting, which he admired particularly strong and often returned to, was the altarpiece in Växjö Cathedral with the motif The Ordain of the Communion, painted in 1733 by the Swedish painter Georg Engelhard Schröder
.
In March 1790, Pehr Hörberg moved to Rising in Östergötland, where he had bought his new homestead Olstorp
in Östergötland
. Chamberlain Jean-Jacques De Geer af Finspång (1737–1809), at Finspång castle, gave him commissioned works in quantity and he also got assignments for the church. He dedicated himself quickly knowledge and appropriated rococo
art soft colors and Carl Gustaf Pilo's
chiaroscuro
, and impressions especially from Rembrandt.
During his time in Olstorp, Pehr Hörberg painted most of his altarpieces. And when he portrayed "Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount" in Risinge Church’s altarpiece a piece of Olstorp’s nature formed the framework. Just where "riksväg 51" is today in a slight downhill slope approaching the parish border with Hällestad, there is, north of the road, a small rocky knoll. ”There the Master is sitting!” At least this is what many people believe. The dwelling-house on "Hörbergsgården" (Hörberg farm) has been rebuilt several times. The entrance door was moved, the roof was raised and so on. Today's house probably looks quite different than when Pehr Hörberg built it.
s for a large number of churches in several parishes, especially from the parishes in Småland
and Östergötland
. Consequently he got orders for painting the altarpiece
s.
Church, Falkenberg, is over 42 sqm. Årstad
parish is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality
in Halland County
.
Algutsboda Church, Asarum Church in Karlshamn, Björsäter Church, Foss Church, Gryt Church, Gustaf Church, Hedvig Church in Norrköping
, Husby Oppunda Church, Hycklinge Church, Hölö Church, Häradshammar Church, Konungsund Church, Kvarsebo Church in 1810-1813, Kvillinge Church, Norra Ljunga Church, Loshult Church (Nowadays the painting is stolen), Lunda Church in Södermanland
s county, Rappestad Church, Risinge Church, Risinge old Church (Sankta Maria Church)., Regna Church, Rystad Church in Linköping diocese, Skeda Church, Skrukeby Church, Stigtomta Church, Stora Malm Church, Svenarum Church, Svennevad Church in Strängnäs diocese, Svärta Church, Sund Church, Söndrum Church, St. Olai Church in Norrköping, St. Lars Church in Linköping, Tingstad Church, Tåby Church in Linköping
, Tjällmo Church, Vapnö Church, Virestad Church, Vrigstad Church, Vårdsberg Church, Västerlösa Church, Årstad Church, Östra Husby Church, Östra Skrukeby Church in Linköping diocese and Vissefjärda Church.
Moreover Hörberg also painted in the Templet in Åtvidaberg in 1809. Baron Erik Göran Adelswärd (1751–1810) was a Swedish baron, military, landlord and politician, who constructed the ”Templet” at Bysjön in Åtvidaberg. The prototype was a round temple in the park at Versailles. The painted ceilings, which is an allegory about the mining industry in Åtvidaberg, is made by Pehr Hörberg. The romantic temple is one of many buildings that are part of the gardens around Adelsnäs, which was in possession of Adelswärd. Another is "Solkanonen". Today the temple is an oasis at the beach Bysjön. Pehr Hörberg also painted the ceiling in Åtvidaberg Church in 1809. Here is a picture of the temple,.
motif (Swedish: Götiska Förbundet) and he is the first Swedish arts incipient romantic
. The 87 altarpieces he painted were mainly in Linköping diocese. He was a godly man and he spent a lot of feeling in his altar paintings. He was honest as clear water. He also painted easel
paintings with religious, mythological and historical subjects and still life
and moreover he made engraving
s, woodcut
s and tapestries
. The drawing
s often reveal his lack of education, but the compositions are often grand and lively, the colors are highly impressive and the atmosphere, especially in his religious motives, are heartfelt. Hörberg’s altarpieces associates with a previous tradition of chiaroscuro
paintings with elements of baroque
lighting effects and a classicism
environment.
Pehr Hörbergs väg, a way in Södra Ängby
in Bromma in Stockholm
, is named after the artist Pehr Hörberg. In Södra Ängby there are seventeen ways named after Swedish artists.
Pehr Hörberg wrote an autobiography in 1787. The book by Pehr Hörberg was called: "Min lefwernes beskrifvning" (The description of my life). The book was written in 1791 with additional text in 1815 and it was published in 1968 by Risinge Hembygdsförening and Östgöta konstförening, with introductions by Bengt Cnattingius. In 1796 Pehr Hörberg became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
and royal court painter
. He was a popular and respected artist.
with description of the life of the common people is represented as follows
. He both wrote and made music. A number of songs for/of Pehr Hörberg has been in folk circles and still today they are fairly widespread. Among other melodies, "Pigopolska" and "Pehr Hörberg’s julpolska" (Christmas polska
) are his work. Pigopolskan is a reel
in g-minor and it is a type of polonaise
/ polonesse / slängpolska
or swinging
reel
.
Polonesse (French Polonaise, Polish Polonez) is the commonly used name of Polonaise
in ¾-beat in elderly Swedish fiddler books. In the South and East of Sweden the dance usually is called slängpolska, while many other names are used on the local dance forms, such as Bingsjöpolska, Leksandslåt, Hälsingepolska, etc. When the dance was introduced in Sweden in the early 1700s it was a graceful dance in a relaxed tempo and the dance was ofthe accompanied by minuet, sometimes as a single dance (suite) to the same melody. During the 1700s century the polonesse was evolved from eightbeat polonesse (not to be confused with the eight Polish) to sixteenth polonesse (commonly called the sixteenth Polish) and locally also in the faster tempo and wilder dance. In the border areas of Norway the eightbeat polonesse with triplets quickly got its own line of development.
The "Slängpolska" ("släng" Swed. for "toss, throw, chuck") is a Swedish folk dance
and sometimes also the description of certain folk music
tunes. The dances bearing the name slängpolska
can be divided into two major types. The first type is for two or four people, and is one of the sixteenth-note versions of the polska. The second type of slängpolska is more related to other polskas
than to the above slängpolska
type, in that the couples move counterclockwise around the periphery of the room, and choose to do so with or without rotation clockwise around an internal axis, one full rotation for each measure. The music of Sweden
shares the tradition of Nordic folk dance music with its neighbouring countries, including polka
, schottische
, waltz
, polska
and mazurka
. The accordion
, clarinet
, fiddle
and nyckelharpa
(keyed fiddle) are among the most common Swedish folk
instruments. This instrumental genre is the biggest one in Swedish traditional music
. A nyckelharpa
(literally "key harp", plural nyckelharpor or sometimes keyed fiddle) is a traditional Swedish
musical instrument
. It is a string instrument
or chordophone
. Its keys are attached to tangents which, when a key is depressed, serve as fret
s to change the pitch of the string. The nyckelharpa is similar in appearance to a fiddle
or the bowed Byzantine lira. Structurally, it is more closely related to the hurdy gurdy
, both employing key-actuated tangents to change the pitch.
The polonaise
is a slow dance of Polish origin, in 3/4time. Its name is French for "Polish". The polonaise had a rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska
, and the two dances have a common origin.
The polska
is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries
: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar. The polska is almost always seen as a partner dance in 3/4-beat, although variants in 2/4 time and for two or more couples exist. As suggested by the name, the roots of the polska are often traced back to the influence of the Polish court
throughout the northern countries during the early 17th century. (Polska also means Polish
in Swedish
, though the pronunciation may be different: "Polish" is pronounced Paul-ska by some speakers and Poll-ska by others, while the dance is always pronounced Poll-ska.) In Sweden, the polska music tradition is continuous, with tunes and styles passed down through families, relatives and neighbors.
Sheet of music, notes, to the reel
has been found on the backside of an altarpiece of Pehr Hörberg. The title of the notes reads "Pigopolskan – den ägta". There are two records, discs, with the Pigopolskan, one of them is Bengt Löfberg’s "Luringen" and the other is Sågskäras "Krook", the latter has been transposed to a-minor. The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure. In Irish dance, a reel is any dance danced to music in reel time (see below). In Irish stepdance, the reel is danced in soft shoes and is one of the first dances taught to students. There is also a treble reel, danced in hard shoes to reel music.
Småland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...
, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
and died January 24, 1816 in Risinge in Östergötland
Östergötland
Östergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia...
, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, was a Swedish
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
artist
Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only...
, painter
Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is...
and musician
Musician
A musician is an artist who plays a musical instrument. It may or may not be the person's profession. Musicians can be classified by their roles in performing music and writing music.Also....* A person who makes music a profession....
. In 1769 he married the maid Maria Eriksdotter and they had three sons.
Biography
Pehr Hörberg’s birthplace Virestad is a small town and a village in ÄlmhultÄlmhult
Älmhult is a locality and the seat of Älmhult Municipality in Kronoberg County, Sweden with 8,518 inhabitants in 2005.It was in Älmhult that the first IKEA store was built, and IKEA still has a large corporate presence here....
Municipality in Kronoberg County
Kronoberg County
Kronoberg County is a County or län in southern Sweden. It borders the counties of Skåne, Halland, Jönköping, Kalmar and Blekinge. Its capital is the city Växjö.- Province :For History, Geography and Culture see: Småland...
, in Småland
Småland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...
, Sweden. It was formerly the central area of the old Virestad parish. The church in Virestad was built of stone 1799-1800 on the site of a former medieval church. Some of its treasures include a pulpit from the 1600s and an altarpiece
Altarpiece
An altarpiece is a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church. The altarpiece is often made up of two or more separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting. It is then called a diptych, triptych or polyptych for two,...
by Pehr Hörberg. He died in Falla in Hällestad Bergslag, where he owned 1/4 of the homestead, and part of the village Olstorp, in Risinge parish, where he also owned 1/4 of the homestead. Both the fourth in Falla in Hällestad and the fourth in Olstorp in Risinge were mining districts estates, located in Finspång Municipality in Östergötland County. Hörberg got his "huts in an aiding position", so to his own satisfaction that he 25 years later wrote about Olstorp and the farm in Falla, that he had later acquired, that the estates were very importat for him.
Early tasks, education, marriage and family
Pehr Hörberg grew up in a poverty-sticken soldier crofter’s holding Övra Ön and began to craft- and tapestry artist in SmålandSmåland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...
. Then he started as a professional painter
Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is...
in the rural
Rural
Rural areas or the country or countryside are areas that are not urbanized, though when large areas are described, country towns and smaller cities will be included. They have a low population density, and typically much of the land is devoted to agriculture...
areas in the Swedish countryside and then he became a county painter in Småland
Småland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...
.
He early showed a passion for painting. His works, which he brought forth with primitive colors and materials, caused a sensation and wonder in the district. After a few summers as a shepherd boy, he was apprenticed to a decorative painter in Växjö. He completed his apprentice training and served as crafts- and Church painter in the area of Sävsjö and Eksjö.
In 1769 he married the maid Maria Eriksdotter and together they had three sons. The family lived in poverty in a cottage, but later the family had access to a crofting. In 1783 a long-awaited dream fior him came true. He came to Stockholm and studied for three periods during the years 1783-1787 at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
.
Study at the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm
Finally, at the age of 37 years, he got the opportunity to study at the Royal Swedish Academy of ArtsRoyal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
(Konstakademien) in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, on and off, between the years 1783-1786 for the famous Swedish painter Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo was a Swedish-born artist and painter, one of many 18th century European artists who had to leave their own country in order to make a living. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art ,...
(1711–1793), a Swedish-born artist
Artist
An artist is a person engaged in one or more of any of a broad spectrum of activities related to creating art, practicing the arts and/or demonstrating an art. The common usage in both everyday speech and academic discourse is a practitioner in the visual arts only...
and painter
Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface . The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. However, painting is...
. Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo was a Swedish-born artist and painter, one of many 18th century European artists who had to leave their own country in order to make a living. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art ,...
was named Director of the Swedish Academy
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
in 1777, but first took office in 1780 when he also received an apartment in Stockholm as part of his directorship at the Academy
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
. Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo was a Swedish-born artist and painter, one of many 18th century European artists who had to leave their own country in order to make a living. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art ,...
lived out his days at the Academy, both engaged in the Academy’s business and in painting his masterpiece, the painting of Gustaf III's
Gustav III of Sweden
Gustav III was King of Sweden from 1771 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Adolph Frederick and Queen Louise Ulrica of Sweden, she a sister of Frederick the Great of Prussia....
coronation in Storkyrkan
Storkyrkan
Sankt Nikolai kyrka , most commonly known as Storkyrkan and Stockholms domkyrka , is the oldest church in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is an important example of Swedish Brick Gothic...
in Stockholm, which he worked on until the very end of his life.
He copied paintings from old masters for the purposes of studying the paintings and the antique plaster sculptures which made a deep impression on him, such as the statue of Laocoön and His Sons
Laocoön and his Sons
The statue of Laocoön and His Sons , also called the Laocoön Group, is a monumental sculpture in marble now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. The statue is attributed by the Roman author Pliny the Elder to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes: Agesander, Athenodoros and Polydorus...
(50 B.C.) (Swedish: Laokoongruppen) http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laokoongruppen|Laokoongruppen, at that time it was in the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, and Rembrandt's The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis is a 1661–62 oil painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, which was originally the largest he ever painted, at around five-by-five metres in the shape of a lunette. The painting was commissioned by the Amsterdam city council for the Town Hall. After the work had...
or Bataverna’s allegiance (Swedish: Batavernas trohetsed (1662)). Rembrandt’s oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis is a 1661–62 oil painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, which was originally the largest he ever painted, at around five-by-five metres in the shape of a lunette. The painting was commissioned by the Amsterdam city council for the Town Hall. After the work had...
has been in the ownership of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
since 1798 and it has been deposited in the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
since 1864.
So, when Pehr Hörberg studied these works of art, the statue Laocoön and His Sons
Laocoön and his Sons
The statue of Laocoön and His Sons , also called the Laocoön Group, is a monumental sculpture in marble now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. The statue is attributed by the Roman author Pliny the Elder to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes: Agesander, Athenodoros and Polydorus...
and Rembrandt's oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis is a 1661–62 oil painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, which was originally the largest he ever painted, at around five-by-five metres in the shape of a lunette. The painting was commissioned by the Amsterdam city council for the Town Hall. After the work had...
, he could see them in his own art school, the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
, (Konstakademien) in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, where he studied between the years 1783-1786.
The story about the ancient statue Laocoön and His Sons
Laocoön and his Sons
The statue of Laocoön and His Sons , also called the Laocoön Group, is a monumental sculpture in marble now in the Vatican Museums, Rome. The statue is attributed by the Roman author Pliny the Elder to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes: Agesander, Athenodoros and Polydorus...
at Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, see the References.
The story about Rembrandt's oilpainting The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis
The Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis is a 1661–62 oil painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, which was originally the largest he ever painted, at around five-by-five metres in the shape of a lunette. The painting was commissioned by the Amsterdam city council for the Town Hall. After the work had...
in Nationalmuseum in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, see the References.
Hörberg also got permission to study the collection of paintings in Drottningholm
Drottningholm
Drottningholm, literally "Queen's Islet", is a locality situated in Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden, with 410 inhabitants in 2005....
and took part of some of the Swedish nobleman, portrait painter and royal court painter Ehrenstrahl's
David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl
David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl was a Swedish nobleman and portrait painter.Ehrenstrahl was born in Hamburg. In 1652, at twenty-four years of age, at the request of Carl Gustaf Wrangel, he moved to Skokloster Castle, from his art studies in the Netherlands...
works at the Storkyrkan
Storkyrkan
Sankt Nikolai kyrka , most commonly known as Storkyrkan and Stockholms domkyrka , is the oldest church in Gamla Stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. It is an important example of Swedish Brick Gothic...
in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, Sankt Nikolai kyrka (Church of St. Nicholas), in Gamla Stan
Gamla stan
Gamla stan , until 1980 officially Staden mellan broarna , is the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Gamla stan consists primarily of the island Stadsholmen. The surrounding islets Riddarholmen, Helgeandsholmen, and Strömsborg are officially part of, but not colloquially included in, Gamla stan...
in Stockholm. But already during the time in Växjö
Växjö
Växjö is a city and the seat of Växjö Municipality, Kronoberg County, Sweden with 64 200 inhabitants in 2010. It is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore it is the episcopal see of the Diocese of Växjö. It has a population of about 64 200, out of a...
Hörberg had seen the graphic works of Raphael
Raphael
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino , better known simply as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur...
(Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, 1483–1520), the Italian master painter and architect in High Renaissance
High Renaissance
The expression High Renaissance, in art history, is a periodizing convention used to denote the apogee of the visual arts in the Italian Renaissance...
, and Wierix
Wierix family
The Wierix family were a Flemish dynasty of printmakers in engraving in the 16th and early 17th centuries, active in Antwerp and Brussels....
renaissance works with its numerous figurative scenes in classicism
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
surroundings. The Wierix family
Wierix family
The Wierix family were a Flemish dynasty of printmakers in engraving in the 16th and early 17th centuries, active in Antwerp and Brussels....
(or "Wierix" and other variants) were a Flemish
Flemish
Flemish can refer to anything related to Flanders, and may refer directly to the following articles:*Flemish, an informal, though linguistically incorrect, name of any kind of the Dutch language as spoken in Belgium....
dynasty of printmakers in engraving
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing...
printmakers in the 16th and early 17th centuries, active in Antwerp and Brussels
Brussels
Brussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
.
A painting, which he admired particularly strong and often returned to, was the altarpiece in Växjö Cathedral with the motif The Ordain of the Communion, painted in 1733 by the Swedish painter Georg Engelhard Schröder
Georg Engelhard Schröder
Georg Engelhard Schröder , also George Engelhardt Schroeder, was a Swedish painter. He famously painted ambassadors of the Ottoman Empire to the Swedish court: Mustapha Aga in 1727, and Sahid Mehemet Effendi in 1733.-References:...
.
Purchase of the new homestead in Östergötland
In 1788, Pehr Hörberg purchased a homestead in Olstorp in Risinge near Finspång in Östergötland. That was a real estate business that must have brought attention among the peasants in Rising and especially in Olstorp was made up in 1788. Then the crofter son from Småland, ”The Royal Court Painter”, Pehr Hörberg, bought a fourth part mantal by Chamberlain Jean Jacques De Geer (1737–1809), a Swedish baron and upper-class chamberlain.In March 1790, Pehr Hörberg moved to Rising in Östergötland, where he had bought his new homestead Olstorp
Olstorp
Olstorp is a locality situated in Lerum Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 1,017 inhabitants in 2005....
in Östergötland
Östergötland
Östergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia...
. Chamberlain Jean-Jacques De Geer af Finspång (1737–1809), at Finspång castle, gave him commissioned works in quantity and he also got assignments for the church. He dedicated himself quickly knowledge and appropriated rococo
Rococo
Rococo , also referred to as "Late Baroque", is an 18th-century style which developed as Baroque artists gave up their symmetry and became increasingly ornate, florid, and playful...
art soft colors and Carl Gustaf Pilo's
Carl Gustaf Pilo
Carl Gustaf Pilo was a Swedish-born artist and painter, one of many 18th century European artists who had to leave their own country in order to make a living. Pilo worked extensively in Denmark as a painter to the Danish Court and as professor and director at the Royal Danish Academy of Art ,...
chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro in art is "an Italian term which literally means 'light-dark'. In paintings the description refers to clear tonal contrasts which are often used to suggest the volume and modelling of the subjects depicted"....
, and impressions especially from Rembrandt.
During his time in Olstorp, Pehr Hörberg painted most of his altarpieces. And when he portrayed "Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount" in Risinge Church’s altarpiece a piece of Olstorp’s nature formed the framework. Just where "riksväg 51" is today in a slight downhill slope approaching the parish border with Hällestad, there is, north of the road, a small rocky knoll. ”There the Master is sitting!” At least this is what many people believe. The dwelling-house on "Hörbergsgården" (Hörberg farm) has been rebuilt several times. The entrance door was moved, the roof was raised and so on. Today's house probably looks quite different than when Pehr Hörberg built it.
Commission for painting altarpieces
He was commissioned to paint altarpieceAltarpiece
An altarpiece is a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church. The altarpiece is often made up of two or more separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting. It is then called a diptych, triptych or polyptych for two,...
s for a large number of churches in several parishes, especially from the parishes in Småland
Småland
' is a historical province in southern Sweden.Småland borders Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small Lands. . The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages...
and Östergötland
Östergötland
Östergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia...
. Consequently he got orders for painting the altarpiece
Altarpiece
An altarpiece is a picture or relief representing a religious subject and suspended in a frame behind the altar of a church. The altarpiece is often made up of two or more separate panels created using a technique known as panel painting. It is then called a diptych, triptych or polyptych for two,...
s.
The altarpiece in Årstad Church
Sometimes he carried the altarpieces in huge format. The large format of the altarpiece in the ÅrstadÅrstad, Falkenberg
Årstad is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 258 inhabitants in 2005.- References :...
Church, Falkenberg, is over 42 sqm. Årstad
Årstad, Falkenberg
Årstad is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden, with 258 inhabitants in 2005.- References :...
parish is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality
Falkenberg Municipality
Falkenberg Municipality is a municipality in Halland County on the Swedish west coast. The town Falkenberg is the municipal seat....
in Halland County
Halland County
Halland County is a county on the western coast of Sweden. It corresponds roughly to the cultural and historical province of Halland. The capital is Halmstad....
.
Some famous altarpieces
Some famous altarpieces, most of them in Östergötland and Södermanland, out of his 87 altarpieces are:Algutsboda Church, Asarum Church in Karlshamn, Björsäter Church, Foss Church, Gryt Church, Gustaf Church, Hedvig Church in Norrköping
Norrköping
Norrköping is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County. The city has a population of 87,247 inhabitants in 2010, out of a municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest...
, Husby Oppunda Church, Hycklinge Church, Hölö Church, Häradshammar Church, Konungsund Church, Kvarsebo Church in 1810-1813, Kvillinge Church, Norra Ljunga Church, Loshult Church (Nowadays the painting is stolen), Lunda Church in Södermanland
Södermanland
', sometimes referred to under its Latin form Sudermannia or Sudermania, is a historical province or landskap on the south eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Östergötland, Närke, Västmanland and Uppland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea.In Swedish, the province name is...
s county, Rappestad Church, Risinge Church, Risinge old Church (Sankta Maria Church)., Regna Church, Rystad Church in Linköping diocese, Skeda Church, Skrukeby Church, Stigtomta Church, Stora Malm Church, Svenarum Church, Svennevad Church in Strängnäs diocese, Svärta Church, Sund Church, Söndrum Church, St. Olai Church in Norrköping, St. Lars Church in Linköping, Tingstad Church, Tåby Church in Linköping
Linköping
Linköping is a city in southern middle Sweden, with 104 232 inhabitants in 2010. It is the seat of Linköping Municipality with 146 736 inhabitants and the capital of Östergötland County...
, Tjällmo Church, Vapnö Church, Virestad Church, Vrigstad Church, Vårdsberg Church, Västerlösa Church, Årstad Church, Östra Husby Church, Östra Skrukeby Church in Linköping diocese and Vissefjärda Church.
Moreover Hörberg also painted in the Templet in Åtvidaberg in 1809. Baron Erik Göran Adelswärd (1751–1810) was a Swedish baron, military, landlord and politician, who constructed the ”Templet” at Bysjön in Åtvidaberg. The prototype was a round temple in the park at Versailles. The painted ceilings, which is an allegory about the mining industry in Åtvidaberg, is made by Pehr Hörberg. The romantic temple is one of many buildings that are part of the gardens around Adelsnäs, which was in possession of Adelswärd. Another is "Solkanonen". Today the temple is an oasis at the beach Bysjön. Pehr Hörberg also painted the ceiling in Åtvidaberg Church in 1809. Here is a picture of the temple,.
The first Swedish arts incipient romantic
The year before his death, in 1815, Pehr Hörberg painted his 87th altarpiece, which also was his last. He takes up the GeatishGeatish Society
The Geatish Society, or Gothic League was created by a number of Swedish poets and authors in 1811, as a social club for literary studies among academics in Sweden with a view to raising the moral tone of society through contemplating Scandinavian antiquity...
motif (Swedish: Götiska Förbundet) and he is the first Swedish arts incipient romantic
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
. The 87 altarpieces he painted were mainly in Linköping diocese. He was a godly man and he spent a lot of feeling in his altar paintings. He was honest as clear water. He also painted easel
Easel
An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it.-Etymology:The word is an old Germanic synonym for donkey...
paintings with religious, mythological and historical subjects and still life
Still life
A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made...
and moreover he made engraving
Engraving
Engraving is the practice of incising a design on to a hard, usually flat surface, by cutting grooves into it. The result may be a decorated object in itself, as when silver, gold, steel, or glass are engraved, or may provide an intaglio printing plate, of copper or another metal, for printing...
s, woodcut
Woodcut
Woodcut—occasionally known as xylography—is a relief printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are removed, typically with gouges...
s and tapestries
Tapestry
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom, however it can also be woven on a floor loom as well. It is composed of two sets of interlaced threads, those running parallel to the length and those parallel to the width ; the warp threads are set up under tension on a...
. The drawing
Drawing
Drawing is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, markers, styluses, and various metals .An artist who...
s often reveal his lack of education, but the compositions are often grand and lively, the colors are highly impressive and the atmosphere, especially in his religious motives, are heartfelt. Hörberg’s altarpieces associates with a previous tradition of chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro in art is "an Italian term which literally means 'light-dark'. In paintings the description refers to clear tonal contrasts which are often used to suggest the volume and modelling of the subjects depicted"....
paintings with elements of baroque
Baroque
The Baroque is a period and the style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, dance, and music...
lighting effects and a classicism
Classicism
Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. The art of classicism typically seeks to be formal and restrained: of the Discobolus Sir Kenneth Clark observed, "if we object to his restraint...
environment.
Pehr Hörbergs väg, a way in Södra Ängby
Södra Ängby
Södra Ängby is a residential area blending functionalism with garden city ideals, located in western Stockholm, Sweden, forming part of the Bromma borough....
in Bromma in Stockholm
Stockholm
Stockholm is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 851,155 in the municipality , 1.37 million in the urban area , and around 2.1 million in the metropolitan area...
, is named after the artist Pehr Hörberg. In Södra Ängby there are seventeen ways named after Swedish artists.
Pehr Hörberg wrote an autobiography in 1787. The book by Pehr Hörberg was called: "Min lefwernes beskrifvning" (The description of my life). The book was written in 1791 with additional text in 1815 and it was published in 1968 by Risinge Hembygdsförening and Östgöta konstförening, with introductions by Bengt Cnattingius. In 1796 Pehr Hörberg became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
Royal Swedish Academy of Arts
The Royal Swedish Academy of Arts or Kungl. Akademien för de fria konsterna, founded in 1773 by King Gustav III, is one of the Royal Academies in Sweden...
and royal court painter
Court painter
A court painter was an artist who painted for the members of a royal or noble family, sometimes on a fixed salary and on an exclusive basis where the artist was not supposed to undertake other work. Especially in the late Middle Ages, they were often given the office of valet de chambre...
. He was a popular and respected artist.
Represented
Pehr Hörberg as a portrait painterPortrait painting
Portrait painting is a genre in painting, where the intent is to depict the visual appearance of the subject. Beside human beings, animals, pets and even inanimate objects can be chosen as the subject for a portrait...
with description of the life of the common people is represented as follows
- 17 paintings at Nationalmuseum (or National Museum of Fine Arts) in Stockholm, Sweden, among others with the painting "Småländsk bondstuga" (Småland farmhouse, Interior of a peasant’s cottage) and a drawing, a "Copy after Rembrandt's The Conspiracy of Claudius CivilisThe Conspiracy of Claudius CivilisThe Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis is a 1661–62 oil painting by the Dutch painter Rembrandt, which was originally the largest he ever painted, at around five-by-five metres in the shape of a lunette. The painting was commissioned by the Amsterdam city council for the Town Hall. After the work had...
, Nationalmuseum NMH 74/1919. - 15 paintings or so at the Göteborgs konstmuseum (Gothenburg Museum of ArtGothenburg Museum of ArtThe Göteborg Museum of Art at Götaplatsen, Gothenburg, is renowned for its collection of Nordic art from around the close of the 19th century. A must see is the lavishly decorated Fürstenberg Gallery, named after a leading Gothenburg art donor, Pontus Fürstenberg and his wife Göthilda. Among the...
), among others with the painting "Petri förnekelse" (Peter’s denial) - Lunds University Museum
- Smålands Museum and Växjö (Smålands museum)
- Linköpings Stadsmuseum
- Finspångs slottskyrka, Altarpiece 1794
- Stockholms Frimurarorden
- Norrköpings museum with "David's Orchestra"
Musicianship
A lesser known side of Pehr Hörberg was his career as a musicianMusician
A musician is an artist who plays a musical instrument. It may or may not be the person's profession. Musicians can be classified by their roles in performing music and writing music.Also....* A person who makes music a profession....
. He both wrote and made music. A number of songs for/of Pehr Hörberg has been in folk circles and still today they are fairly widespread. Among other melodies, "Pigopolska" and "Pehr Hörberg’s julpolska" (Christmas polska
Polska (dance)
The polska is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar...
) are his work. Pigopolskan is a reel
Reel (dance)
The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure ....
in g-minor and it is a type of polonaise
Polonaise
The polonaise is a slow dance of Polish origin, in 3/4 time. Its name is French for "Polish."The polonaise had a rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska, and the two dances have a common origin....
/ polonesse / slängpolska
Slängpolska
The Slängpolska is a Swedish folk dance and sometimes also the description of certain folk music tunes. The dances bearing the name slängpolska can be divided into two major types.The first type is for two or four people, and is one of the sixteenth-note versions of the polska...
or swinging
Swing (dance)
"Swing dance" is a group of dances that developed with the swing style of jazz music in the 1920s-1950s, although the earliest of these dances predate swing jazz music. The best known of these dances is the Lindy Hop, a popular partner dance that originated in Harlem and is still danced today...
reel
Reel (dance)
The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure ....
.
Polonesse (French Polonaise, Polish Polonez) is the commonly used name of Polonaise
Polonaise
The polonaise is a slow dance of Polish origin, in 3/4 time. Its name is French for "Polish."The polonaise had a rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska, and the two dances have a common origin....
in ¾-beat in elderly Swedish fiddler books. In the South and East of Sweden the dance usually is called slängpolska, while many other names are used on the local dance forms, such as Bingsjöpolska, Leksandslåt, Hälsingepolska, etc. When the dance was introduced in Sweden in the early 1700s it was a graceful dance in a relaxed tempo and the dance was ofthe accompanied by minuet, sometimes as a single dance (suite) to the same melody. During the 1700s century the polonesse was evolved from eightbeat polonesse (not to be confused with the eight Polish) to sixteenth polonesse (commonly called the sixteenth Polish) and locally also in the faster tempo and wilder dance. In the border areas of Norway the eightbeat polonesse with triplets quickly got its own line of development.
The "Slängpolska" ("släng" Swed. for "toss, throw, chuck") is a Swedish folk dance
Folk dance
The term folk dance describes dances that share some or all of the following attributes:*They are dances performed at social functions by people with little or no professional training, often to traditional music or music based on traditional music....
and sometimes also the description of certain folk music
Folk music
Folk music is an English term encompassing both traditional folk music and contemporary folk music. The term originated in the 19th century. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted by mouth, as music of the lower classes, and as music with unknown composers....
tunes. The dances bearing the name slängpolska
Slängpolska
The Slängpolska is a Swedish folk dance and sometimes also the description of certain folk music tunes. The dances bearing the name slängpolska can be divided into two major types.The first type is for two or four people, and is one of the sixteenth-note versions of the polska...
can be divided into two major types. The first type is for two or four people, and is one of the sixteenth-note versions of the polska. The second type of slängpolska is more related to other polskas
Polska (dance)
The polska is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar...
than to the above slängpolska
Slängpolska
The Slängpolska is a Swedish folk dance and sometimes also the description of certain folk music tunes. The dances bearing the name slängpolska can be divided into two major types.The first type is for two or four people, and is one of the sixteenth-note versions of the polska...
type, in that the couples move counterclockwise around the periphery of the room, and choose to do so with or without rotation clockwise around an internal axis, one full rotation for each measure. The music of Sweden
Music of Sweden
Sweden shares the tradition of Nordic folk dance music with its neighboring countries including polka, schottische, waltz, polska and mazurka. The accordion, clarinet, fiddle and nyckelharpa are among the most common Swedish folk instruments. This instrumental genre is the biggest one in Swedish...
shares the tradition of Nordic folk dance music with its neighbouring countries, including polka
Polka
The polka is a Central European dance and also a genre of dance music familiar throughout Europe and the Americas. It originated in the middle of the 19th century in Bohemia...
, schottische
Schottische
The schottische is a partnered country dance, that apparently originated in Bohemia. It was popular in Victorian era ballrooms as a part of the Bohemian folk-dance craze and left its traces in folk music of countries such as Argentina , Finland , France, Italy, Norway , Portugal and Brazil , Spain ...
, waltz
Waltz
The waltz is a ballroom and folk dance in time, performed primarily in closed position.- History :There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance,- a waltz, from the 16th century including the representations of the printer H.S. Beheim...
, polska
Polska (dance)
The polska is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar...
and mazurka
Mazurka
The mazurka is a Polish folk dance in triple meter, usually at a lively tempo, and with accent on the third or second beat.-History:The folk origins of the mazurek are two other Polish musical forms—the slow machine...
. The accordion
Accordion
The accordion is a box-shaped musical instrument of the bellows-driven free-reed aerophone family, sometimes referred to as a squeezebox. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist....
, clarinet
Clarinet
The clarinet is a musical instrument of woodwind type. The name derives from adding the suffix -et to the Italian word clarino , as the first clarinets had a strident tone similar to that of a trumpet. The instrument has an approximately cylindrical bore, and uses a single reed...
, fiddle
Violin
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello....
and nyckelharpa
Nyckelharpa
A nyckelharpa , sometimes called a keyed fiddle, is a traditional Swedish musical instrument. It is a string instrument or chordophone. Its keys are attached to tangents which, when a key is depressed, serve as frets to change the pitch of the string.The nyckelharpa is similar in appearance to a...
(keyed fiddle) are among the most common Swedish folk
Swedish folk music
Swedish folk music is a genre of music based largely on folkloric collection work that began in the early 19th century in Sweden. The primary instrument of Swedish folk music is the fiddle. Another common instrument, unique to Swedish traditions, is the nyckelharpa...
instruments. This instrumental genre is the biggest one in Swedish traditional music
Swedish folk music
Swedish folk music is a genre of music based largely on folkloric collection work that began in the early 19th century in Sweden. The primary instrument of Swedish folk music is the fiddle. Another common instrument, unique to Swedish traditions, is the nyckelharpa...
. A nyckelharpa
Nyckelharpa
A nyckelharpa , sometimes called a keyed fiddle, is a traditional Swedish musical instrument. It is a string instrument or chordophone. Its keys are attached to tangents which, when a key is depressed, serve as frets to change the pitch of the string.The nyckelharpa is similar in appearance to a...
(literally "key harp", plural nyckelharpor or sometimes keyed fiddle) is a traditional Swedish
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
musical instrument
Musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates back to the...
. It is a string instrument
String instrument
A string instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by means of vibrating strings. In the Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, used in organology, they are called chordophones...
or chordophone
Chordophone
A chordophone is any musical instrument that makes sound by way of a vibrating string or strings stretched between two points. It is one of the four main divisions of instruments in the original Hornbostel-Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification....
. Its keys are attached to tangents which, when a key is depressed, serve as fret
Fret
A fret is a raised portion on the neck of a stringed instrument, that extends generally across the full width of the neck. On most modern western instruments, frets are metal strips inserted into the fingerboard...
s to change the pitch of the string. The nyckelharpa is similar in appearance to a fiddle
Fiddle
The term fiddle may refer to any bowed string musical instrument, most often the violin. It is also a colloquial term for the instrument used by players in all genres, including classical music...
or the bowed Byzantine lira. Structurally, it is more closely related to the hurdy gurdy
Hurdy gurdy
The hurdy gurdy or hurdy-gurdy is a stringed musical instrument that produces sound by a crank-turned rosined wheel rubbing against the strings. The wheel functions much like a violin bow, and single notes played on the instrument sound similar to a violin...
, both employing key-actuated tangents to change the pitch.
The polonaise
Polonaise
The polonaise is a slow dance of Polish origin, in 3/4 time. Its name is French for "Polish."The polonaise had a rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska, and the two dances have a common origin....
is a slow dance of Polish origin, in 3/4time. Its name is French for "Polish". The polonaise had a rhythm quite close to that of the Swedish semiquaver or sixteenth-note polska
Polska (dance)
The polska is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar...
, and the two dances have a common origin.
The polska
Polska (dance)
The polska is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar...
is a family of music and dance forms shared by the Nordic countries
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland...
: called polsk in Denmark, polska in Sweden and Finland and by several names in Norway in different regions and/or for different variants - including pols, rundom, springleik, and springar. The polska is almost always seen as a partner dance in 3/4-beat, although variants in 2/4 time and for two or more couples exist. As suggested by the name, the roots of the polska are often traced back to the influence of the Polish court
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
throughout the northern countries during the early 17th century. (Polska also means Polish
Polish language
Polish is a language of the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages, used throughout Poland and by Polish minorities in other countries...
in Swedish
Swedish language
Swedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is largely mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish...
, though the pronunciation may be different: "Polish" is pronounced Paul-ska by some speakers and Poll-ska by others, while the dance is always pronounced Poll-ska.) In Sweden, the polska music tradition is continuous, with tunes and styles passed down through families, relatives and neighbors.
Sheet of music, notes, to the reel
Reel (dance)
The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure ....
has been found on the backside of an altarpiece of Pehr Hörberg. The title of the notes reads "Pigopolskan – den ägta". There are two records, discs, with the Pigopolskan, one of them is Bengt Löfberg’s "Luringen" and the other is Sågskäras "Krook", the latter has been transposed to a-minor. The reel is a folk dance type as well as the accompanying dance tune type. In Scottish country dancing, the reel is one of the four traditional dances, the others being the jig, the strathspey and the waltz, and is also the name of a dance figure. In Irish dance, a reel is any dance danced to music in reel time (see below). In Irish stepdance, the reel is danced in soft shoes and is one of the first dances taught to students. There is also a treble reel, danced in hard shoes to reel music.
Sources
- Pehr Hörberg in Konstnärslexikonett Amanda
- Pehr Hörberg och modernism (Swedish), pdf-file, 4 A4-pages. Published in Konstvetaren 2008 by Konsthistoriska klubben in Linköping. Author: Sune Axelsson.
- Pehr Hörberg in Nordisk Familjebok, volume 12, 1910, page 273
- Pehr Hörberg in Nordisk Familjebok, volume 12, 1910, pages 274-275
- Pehr Hörberg in Nordisk Familjebok, volume 12, 1910, page 276. Picture of the altarpiece in Östra HusbyÖstra HusbyÖstra Husby is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 774 inhabitants in 2005. It lies 20 kilometers east of Norrköping and 16 kilometers northeast of Söderköping, Sweden. There are a few shops in the town and one school...
kyrka, VikbolandetVikbolandetVikbolandet is a large peninsula east of Norrköping city in Östergötland, Sweden. The area is limited by Bråviken to the north, Slätbaken to the south and the Baltic sea to the east. The biggest population center is Östra Husby with a population of 788, followed by Ljunga and Arkösund on the...
, ÖstergötlandÖstergötlandÖstergötland, English exonym: East Gothland, is one of the traditional provinces of Sweden in the south of Sweden. It borders Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland, and the Baltic Sea. In older English literature, one might also encounter the Latinized version, Ostrogothia...
, by Pehr Hörberg. The motif is "Kristi himmelsfärd" ("The Ascension of Christ"). - Pehr Hörberg (Swedish). Author: Carl Thelander.
- Ansedel Pehr Hörberg in DISGEN
Other links
- Art Signature Dictionary, genuine signature by the artist Pehr Hörberg Here are three examples of Pehr Hörberg's signature, from 1779, 1787 and 1805.
- Antiqvarisk tidskrift för Sverige, andra delen (1867–1869), page 103f, about Östra HusbyÖstra HusbyÖstra Husby is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 774 inhabitants in 2005. It lies 20 kilometers east of Norrköping and 16 kilometers northeast of Söderköping, Sweden. There are a few shops in the town and one school...
Church. - Panorama from the inside of Östra Husby church. Virtual tour. Fine panorama views from the inside of Östra Husby churchÖstra HusbyÖstra Husby is a locality situated in Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 774 inhabitants in 2005. It lies 20 kilometers east of Norrköping and 16 kilometers northeast of Söderköping, Sweden. There are a few shops in the town and one school...
with the altarpiece "The Ascension of Christ" by Pehr Hörberg. - Panorama from the inside of Häradshammar church. Virtual tour. Fine panorama views from the inside of Häradshammar church with an altarpiece by Pehr Hörberg.
- Interior from Åtvid's big church A high and tall church really takes a central position. The church is built in 1884 in English Gothic style and with a typical triptych altarpiece. To the right of the altar there is an oil painting by Pehr Hörberg hanging.