Manuel I ' onMouseout='HidePop("90587")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Portuguese_language">Archaic Portuguese
Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal. It is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago...
:
Manoel I,
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
:
Emmanuel I),
the Fortunate (
Port.Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal. It is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago...
o Venturoso), 14th
king of Portugal and the Algarves (
AlcocheteAlcochete is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 129.0 km² and a total population of 14,347 inhabitants. The municipality is composed of three parishes and is located in the district of Setúbal...
, May 31, 1469 – December 13, 1521 in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
) was the son of
Infante Fernando, Duke of ViseuThe Infante Ferdinand, Prince of Portugal, Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu was the third son of the Portuguese King Edward of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Aragon.- Biography :...
, (1433 - 1470), by his wife,
Infanta Beatriz of PortugalInfanta Beatriz of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Infante João, Lord of Reguengos and Isabella of Braganza a daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza.-Biography:Due to the Aviz dynasty marriage policy, Beatrice was 1st cousin and sister-in-law of king Afonso V of Portugal,...
.
His mother was the granddaughter of King
John I of PortugalJohn I , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta...
; his father, Prince Fernando, was the second surviving son of King
Edward of PortugalEdward, , called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was the eleventh King of Portugal and the Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death. He was the son of John I of Portugal and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster, a daughter of John of Gaunt...
, being thus the cadet brother of King
Afonso V of PortugalAfonso V , called the African , was the twelfth King of Portugal and the Algarves. His sobriquet refers to his conquests in Northern Africa....
. Manuel succeeded his first cousin King
John II of PortugalJoão II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth king of Portugal and the Algarves...
, who was also his brother-in-law, in 1495.
Manuel grew up among the conspiracies of the aristocratic high nobility against king John II. He watched many people being killed and exiled. His older brother
Diogo, the duke of ViseuInfante Diogo of Viseu was the second son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and of his wife Infanta Beatrice of Portugal.In 1472, when his older brother died without issue, he inherited his titles and estates, becoming 4th Duke of Viseu and 3rd Duke of Beja.He was a popular personality in his...
, had been murdered in 1484 by the king himself.
Thus, when receiving a royal order in 1493 to present himself to the king, Manuel had every reason to worry. Without reason: John II wanted to name him heir to the throne, after the death of his son,
Prince AfonsoThe Infante Afonso, Prince of Portugal , was the heir to the throne of Portugal. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in a horse riding accident on the banks of the river Tagus....
, and the failed attempts to legitimise Jorge, Duke of Coimbra, his illegitimate son. As a result of this stroke of luck he was nicknamed
the Fortunate.
Manuel would prove a worthy successor to his cousin King John II, supporting the Portuguese exploration of the
Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres , it covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface and about one-quarter of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to the Atlas of Greek...
and the development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following was achieved:
- 1498 — Vasco da Gama
Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India...
discovers the maritime route to IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
- 1500 — Pedro Álvares Cabral
Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil .-Early life:...
discovers BrazilBrazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean...
- 1505 — Francisco de Almeida
Dom Francisco de Almeida , also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" , was a Portuguese nobleman, soldier and explorer. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492...
becomes the first viceroy of India
- 1503-1515 — Afonso de Albuquerque
Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities as second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian ocean...
, an admiral, secures the monopoly of the Indian oceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
and Persian GulfThe Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf by most Arab states or simply The...
maritime routes for Portugal
All these events made
PortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
rich on foreign trade whilst formally establishing its empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the
Manueline style) and to attract scientists and artists to his court. Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with
ChinaChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
and the Persian Empire. The Pope received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign, designed to be a show of the newly acquired riches to all Europe.
In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government. The
Cortes (assembly of the kingdom) only met three times during his reign, always in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
, the king's seat. He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights.
Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to sponsor missionaries in their journeys to the new colonies, such as
Francisco ÁlvaresFrancisco Álvares was a Portuguese missionary and explorer.Born in Coimbra, Portugal, as an adult he was a chaplain-priest and almoner to King Manuel I of Portugal. He was sent in 1515 as part of an embassy to the of Ethiopia, accompanied by the Ethiopian ambassador Mattheus...
, and the construction of religious buildings, such as the Monastery of Jerónimos. Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade, against the Turks.
His relationship with the Potuguese Jews started out well. At the outset of his reign, he released all the Jews who had been made captive during the reign of João II. Unfortunately for the Jews, he decided that he wanted to marry Infanta Isabella of Aragon, then heiress of the future united crown of Spain (widow of his nephew
Prince AfonsoThe Infante Afonso, Prince of Portugal , was the heir to the throne of Portugal. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in a horse riding accident on the banks of the river Tagus....
). Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled the Jews in 1492, and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence.
In December 1496, it was decreed that any Jew who did not convert to Christianity would be expelled from the country. However, those expelled could only leave the country in ships specified by the king. When those who chose expulsion arrived at the port in Lisbon, they were met by clerics and soldiers who used force, coercion, and promises in order to baptize them and prevent them from leaving the country. This period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "New Christians", and they were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed; this was later to extended to end in 1534.
A popular riot in 1504 ended in the death of two thousand Jews; the leaders of this riot were executed by Manuel. In 2008, Portugal attempted to atone for the expulsion of the Jews. In a ceremony, Justice Minister Jose Eduardo Vera Jardim called the expulsion of Portugal's Jews
a black piece of our history. The state, he said, owes Jews
moral reparation for centuries of
brutal persecution.(New York Times
Friday, August 8, 2008).
Isabella died in childbirth in 1498, putting a damper on Portuguese ambitions to rule in Spain, which various rulers had had since the reign of Fernando I (1367-1383). Manuel and Isabella's young son Miguel was for a period the heir apparent of Castile and Aragon, but his death in 1500 ended these ambitions. Manuel's next wife, Maria of Aragon, was also a Spanish princess, but not the oldest. This was
Joanna of CastileJoanna , called Joanna the Mad reigned as Queen of Castile jointly with her husband Philip the Handsome and later also as Queen of Aragon jointly with her son the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. She is most famous for having been obsessed with her husband, never recovering from his loss...
, known as Joanna the Mad.
In 1506 the Pope Julius II gave Manuel I a
Golden RoseThe Golden Rose is a gold ornament, which popes of the Catholic Church have traditionally blessed annually. It is occasionally conferred as a token of reverence or affection...
.
The
Jerónimos MonasterySee also Monasterio de Jerónimos, Madrid, SpainThe Hieronymites Monastery is located in the Belém district of Lisbon, Portugal. This magnificent monastery can be considered one of the most prominent monuments in Lisbon and is certainly one of the most successful achievements of the...
in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
houses Manuel's tomb. His son João succeeded him as king.
Ancestors
Manuel's ancestors in three generations
| Manuel I of Portugal |
Father:
Infante Fernando, Duke of ViseuThe Infante Ferdinand, Prince of Portugal, Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu was the third son of the Portuguese King Edward of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Aragon.- Biography :...
|
Father's father:
Edward of PortugalEdward, , called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was the eleventh King of Portugal and the Algarve and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death. He was the son of John I of Portugal and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster, a daughter of John of Gaunt...
|
Father's father's father:
John I of PortugalJohn I , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta...
|
Father's father's mother:
Philippa of LancasterPhilippa of Lancaster, LG was Queen consort of Portugal. Her marriage with King John I secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the 'Illustrious Generation'...
|
Father's mother:
Leonor of AragonEleanor of Aragon was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.She married King Edward of Portugal on 22 September 1428...
|
Father's mother's father:
Ferdinand I of AragonFerdinand I called of Antequera and also the Just or the Honest, was king of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica and king of Sicily, duke of Athens and Neopatria, and count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya...
|
Father's mother's mother:
Eleanor of AlburquerqueEleanor of Alburquerque became Queen consort of Aragon by her marriage to Ferdinand I of Aragon. In Spanish she is known as Leonor Urraca de Castilla, Condesa de Alburquerque....
|
Mother:
Beatriz of PortugalInfanta Beatriz of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta daughter of Infante João, Lord of Reguengos and Isabella of Braganza a daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza.-Biography:Due to the Aviz dynasty marriage policy, Beatrice was 1st cousin and sister-in-law of king Afonso V of Portugal,...
|
Mother's father:
Infante João of PortugalThe Infante João, 1st Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Colares and Belas was a Portuguese infante of the House of Aviz, son of King John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster.He was the 3rd Constable of Portugal, after the death of Nuno Álvares Pereira, and the 10th Master of the Order...
|
Mother's father's father:
John I of PortugalJohn I , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta...
|
Mother's father's mother:
Philippa of LancasterPhilippa of Lancaster, LG was Queen consort of Portugal. Her marriage with King John I secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the 'Illustrious Generation'...
|
Mother's mother:
Isabella of BraganzaIsabella of Braganza , also known as Isabella of Barcelos . She was the daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza and Beatriz Pereira Alvim, she married Infante João, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, her half-uncle, son of John I of Portugal.- Family :Isabella was the grandmother of both Manuel I of...
|
Mother's mother's father:
Afonso, Duke of Braganza |
Mother's mother's mother:
Beatriz Pereira AlvimBeatriz Pereira de Alvim was the daughter of Nuno Álvares Pereira and his wife Leonor de Alvim and first Duchess of Braganza, married on November 8, 1401 to Afonso, Duke of Braganza...
|
Marriages and descendants
Manuel married three times: first to Isabella of Aragon, princess of Spain and widow of the previous Crown Prince of Portugal Afonso of Portugal; then he married another princess of Spain,
Maria of AragonMaria of Aragon was a Spanish infanta, second wife of Portuguese King Manuel I and because of that queen consort of Portugal from her marriage on 30 October 1500 until her death.-Family:She was the third surviving daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon...
(his first wife's sister); and then married Eleanor of Habsburg (niece of his first two wives) who after Manuel's death married again to
Francis I of FranceFrancis I , was king of France from 1515 until his death.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch. His reign saw France make immense cultural advances...
.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|
By Isabella of AsturiasIsabella, Princess of Asturias was the Queen Consort of Portugal and the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile...
(October 2 1470–August 28 1498; married in 1497) |
| Prince Miguel da Paz |
August 24, 1498 |
July 19, 1500 |
Prince of AsturiasThe title Prince of Asturias is given to the heir apparent to the Spanish throne, and the earlier kingdom of Castille. The current Prince of Asturias is Felipe, son of King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Sofia...
, Prince of Portugal and heir to both PortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
and SpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España , Estado español and Nación española are used interchangeably...]
. |
By Maria of AragonMaria of Aragon was a Spanish infanta, second wife of Portuguese King Manuel I and because of that queen consort of Portugal from her marriage on 30 October 1500 until her death.-Family:She was the third surviving daughter of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon...
(June 19, 1482–March 7, 1517; married in 1501) |
Prince JoãoJohn III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth King of Portugal and the Algarves....
(John) |
June 6, 1502 |
June 11, 1557 |
Who succeeded him as John III, 15th King of Portugal. |
Infanta IsabelIsabella of Portugal was the daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon. By her marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Isabella was also Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of Aragon and Castile....
(Elizabeth) |
October 24, 1503 |
May 1, 1539 |
Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556...
. |
| Infanta Beatriz The Infanta Beatriz ; or ) was a Portuguese infanta during the 16th century and a member of the House of Aviz dynasty.-Family:...
(Beatrice) |
December 31, 1504 |
January 8, 1538 |
Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Savoy Charles III of Savoy , often called Charles the Good, was Duke of Savoy from 1504 to 1553, although most of his lands were ruled by the French between 1536 and his death....
. |
Infante LuísThe Infante Luís, 5th Duke of Beja was the second son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife Maria of Aragon, princess of Spain , and therefore a Portuguese infante .Luís succeeded his father as the 5th Duke of Beja and was also made 9th Constable of...
(Louis) |
March 3, 1506 |
November 27, 1555 |
Unmarried but had illegitimate descendants, one of them being António, Prior of CratoAntónio, Prior of Crato , was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal, claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 dynastic crisis, King of Portugal as António I of Portugal during 33 days in the continent in 1580, and, after the crowning of...
, a claimant of the throne of Portugal in 1580 (See: Struggle for the throne of PortugalThe 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the 1578 death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir...
). |
Infante FernandoThe Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, was a Portuguese infante , the son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon....
(Ferdinand) |
June 5, 1507 |
November 7, 1534 |
Duke of Guarda and Trancoso. Married Guiomar (Guyomare) Coutinho, Countess of Marialva (?-1534). No surviving issue. |
| Infante Afonso The Cardinal-Infante Afonso was a Portuguese infante , son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Maria of Aragon....
(Alphonse) |
April 23, 1509 |
April 21, 1540 |
Cardinal of the Kingdom. |
| Infanta Maria (Mary) |
1513 |
1513 |
|
Infante HenriqueHenry, Cardinal-King of Portugal or Henrique the Chaste was the seventeenth King of Portugal and the Algarves. He ruled between 1578 and 1580....
(Henry) |
January 31 1512 |
January 31 1580 |
Cardinal of the Kingdom who succeeded his grandnephew, King SebastianSebastian I, King of Portugal "the Desired" was the 16th king of Portugal and the Algarves. He was the son of Prince John of Portugal and his wife, Joan of Spain...
(Manuel I's great-grandson), as Cardinal Henry, 17th King of Portugal. His death triggered the struggle for the throne of PortugalThe 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the 1578 death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir...
. |
Infante Duarte.The Infante Duarte, 4th Duke of Guimarães was a Portuguese infante ; the sixth son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Maria of Aragon....
(Edward) |
October 7, 1515 |
September 20, 1540 |
Duke of Guimarães The Dukes of Guimarães was an Nobility title granted by King Afonso V of Portugal in 1475, to Ferdinand II, 3rd Duke of Braganza. The King just upgraded the previous title of Count of Guimarães), that he granted to the same Duke of Braganza, some years before .When Isabel of Braganza married...
and great-grandfather of John IV of PortugalJohn IV was the king of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal. John was nicknamed John the Restorer...
. Married Isabel of BraganzaIsabel of Braganza was a daughter of Jaime, Duke of Braganza and Eleanor of Mendoza, she married her cousin Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães a son of Manuel I and Maria of Aragon in 1537, Isabella was dowried with the Dukedom of Guimarães in her own right...
, daughter of Jaime, Duke of BraganzaJames was the older son of Ferdinand II, 3rd Duke of Braganza and of his wife, Isabella of Viseu and he became the fourth Duke of Braganza following his father's death.His father and one of his uncles were both executed for...
. |
| Infante António (Anthony) |
September 9, 1516 |
1516 |
|
| By Eleanor of Habsburg (November 15, 1498–February 25, 1558; married in 1518) |
| Infante Carlos (Charles) |
February 18, 1520 |
April 14, 1521 |
|
| Infanta Maria The Infanta Maria, Lady of Viseu was a Portuguese infanta daughter of King Manuel I and his wife Eleanor of Habsburg....
(Mary) |
June 18, 1521 |
October 10, 1577 |
Unmarried. |
See also
- Manueline
The Manueline, or Portuguese late Gothic is the sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, incorporating maritime elements and representations of the discoveries brought from the voyages of Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares...
, an architectural style