Manuel I of Portugal

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Manuel I of Portugal

Manuel I ; Archaic Portuguese

Portuguese language

Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Portugal. It is derived from the Latin language spoken by the Romanization Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago....
: Manoel I, English

English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
: Emmanuel I), the Fortunate (Port.

Portuguese language

List of Portuguese monarchs

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of Kingdom of Le?n in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II of Portugal, "the Patriot," or "the Missed Kin...
(Alcochete

Alcochete

Alcochete is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 129.0 km? and a total population of 14,347 inhabitants. The municipality is composed of three parishes and is located in the district of Set?bal ....
, May 31, 1469 – December 13, 1521 in Lisbon

Lisbon

Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu

The Infante Fernando, Prince of Portugal, Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu was the third son of the Portugal List of Portuguese monarchs Edward of Portugal and his wife Leonor of Aragon ....
, by his wife, Infanta Beatriz of Portugal

Beatriz of Portugal (1430-1506)

Infanta Beatriz of Portugal was a Portugal infanta daughter of Infante Jo?o, Lord of Reguengos and Isabella of Braganza a daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza....
.

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Manuel I ; Archaic Portuguese

Portuguese language

English language

Portuguese language

List of Portuguese monarchs

Alcochete

Lisbon

Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu

Beatriz of Portugal (1430-1506)

Infanta Beatriz of Portugal was a Portugal infanta daughter of Infante Jo?o, Lord of Reguengos and Isabella of Braganza a daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza....
. His mother was the granddaughter of King John I of Portugal

John I of Portugal

John I, Portuguese language: Jo?o, , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth List of Portuguese monarchs and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta....
; his father was the second surviving son of King Edward of Portugal

Edward of Portugal

Edward, ; Viseu, , called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was the eleventh List of Portuguese monarchs and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death....
. Manuel succeeded his first cousin John II of Portugal

John II of Portugal

Jo?o II , the Perfect Prince , was the thirteenth List of Portuguese monarchs. He was born in Lisbon, the son of king Afonso V of Portugal by his wife, Isabel of Coimbra, princess of Portugal....
, who was also his brother-in-law, in 1495.

Manuel grew up among the conspiracies of the aristocratic high nobility against king John II. He watched many people being killed and exiled. His older brother Diogo, the duke of Viseu

Diogo, Duke of Viseu

Infante Diogo of Viseu was the second son of Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu and of his wife Infanta Beatrice of Portugal .In 1472, when his older brother died without issue, he inherited his titles and estates, becoming 4th Duke of Viseu and 3rd Duke of Beja....
, was murdered by the king himself. Thus, when receiving a royal order in 1493 to present himself to the king, Manuel had every reason to worry. Without reason: John II wanted to name him heir to the throne, after the death of his son, Prince Afonso

Afonso, Crown Prince of Portugal

The Infante Afonso, Prince of Portugal , was the heir to the throne of Portugal. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in a List of horse accidents on the banks of the river Tagus....
, and the failed attempts to legitimise Jorge, Duke of Coimbra, his illegitimate son. As a result of this stroke of luck he was nicknamed the Fortunate.

Manuel would prove a worthy successor to John II, supporting the Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions; with a total area of about 106.4 million square kilometres . It covers approximately one-fifth of the Earth's surface....
and the development of Portuguese commerce. During his reign, the following was achieved:

1498 — Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama

D. Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira was a Portugal in the Age of Discovery, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India....
discovers the maritime route to India
India

India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
1500 — Pedro Álvares Cabral
Pedro Álvares Cabral

Pedro ?lvares Cabral was a Portugal navigator and List of explorers. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil .Cabral is thought to have been born in Belmonte , in the Beira Baixa province of Portugal....
discovers Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
1505 — Francisco de Almeida
Francisco de Almeida

Dom Francisco de Almeida , also known as "the Great Dom Francisco" , was a Portugal nobleman, soldier and exploration. He distinguished himself as a counsellor to King John II of Portugal and later in the wars against the Moors and in the conquest of Granada in 1492....
becomes the first viceroy of India
1503-1515 — Afonso de Albuquerque
Afonso de Albuquerque

Dom Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portugal fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities conquered and established the Portuguese empire in the Indian ocean....
, an admiral, secures the monopoly of the Indian ocean
Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean ....
and Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the Arabian Gulf by certain Arab countries or simply The Gulf, although nei...
maritime routes for Portugal

All these events made Portugal

Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
rich on foreign trade whilst formally establishing its empire. Manuel used the wealth to build a number of royal buildings (in the Manueline style) and to attract scientists and artists to his court. Commercial treaties and diplomatic alliances were forged with China

China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
and the Persian Empire

Persian Empire

The 'Persian Empire' was a series of successive Iranian or Persianization empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland, and beyond in Southwest Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and the Caucasus....
. The Pope received a monumental embassy from Portugal during his reign, designed to be a show of the newly acquired riches to all Europe.

In Manuel's reign, royal absolutism was the method of government. The Cortes (assembly of the kingdom) only met three times during his reign, always in Lisbon

Lisbon

Lisbon is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. Its municipalities of Portugal, which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477 in , while the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in total has around 2.8 million inha...
, the king's seat. He reformed the courts of justice and the municipal charters with the crown, modernizing taxes and the concepts of tributes and rights.

Manuel was a very religious man and invested a large amount of Portuguese income to sponsor missionaries in their journeys to the new colonies, such as Francisco Álvares

Francisco Álvares

Francisco ?lvares was a Portugal missionary and exploration.Born in Coimbra, Portugal, as an adult he was a chaplain-priest and almoner to King Manuel I of Portugal....
, and the construction of religious buildings, such as the Monastery of Jerónimos. Manuel also endeavoured to promote another crusade, against the Turks. His relationship with the Jews started out well. At the outset of his reign, he released all the Jews who had been made captive during the reign of João II. Unfortunately for the Jews, he decided that he wanted to marry Infanta Isabella of Aragon, then heiress of the future united crown of Spain (widow of his nephew Prince Afonso

Afonso, Crown Prince of Portugal

The Infante Afonso, Prince of Portugal , was the heir to the throne of Portugal. He was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and died in a List of horse accidents on the banks of the river Tagus....
). Ferdinand and Isabella had expelled the Jews in 1492, and would never marry their daughter to the king of a country that still tolerated their presence. In December 1496, it was decreed that any Jew who did not convert to Christianity would be expelled from the country. However, those expelled could only leave the country in ships specified by the king. When those who chose expulsion arrived at the port in Lisbon, they were met by clerics and soldiers who used force, coercion, and promises in order to baptize them and prevent them from leaving the country. This period of time technically ended the presence of Jews in Portugal. Afterwards, all converted Jews and their descendants would be referred to as "New Christians", and they were given a grace period of thirty years in which no inquiries into their faith would be allowed; this was later to extended to end in 1534. A popular riot in 1504 ended in the death of two thousand Jews; the leaders of this riot were executed by Manuel. In 2008, Portugal attempted to atone for the expulsion of the Jews. In a ceremony, Justice Minister Jose Eduardo Vera Jardim called the expulsion of Portugal's Jews a black piece of our history. The state, he said, owes Jews moral reparation for centuries of brutal persecution.(New York Times Friday, August 8, 2008).

Isabella died in childbirth in 1498, putting a damper on Portuguese ambitions to rule in Spain, which various rulers had had since the reign of Fernando I (1367-1383). Manuel and Isabella's young son Miguel was for a period the heir apparent of Castile and Aragon, but his death in 1500 ended these ambitions. Manuel's next wife, Maria of Aragon, was also a Spanish princess, but not the oldest. This was Joanna of Castile

Joanna of Castile

Joanna , called Joanna the Mad queen regnant as Kings of Castile of Crown of Castile jointly with her husband Philip I of Castile and later also as List of Aragonese monarchs of Crown of Aragon jointly with her son the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor....
, known as Joanna the Mad.

In 1506 the Pope Julius II gave Manuel I a Golden Rose

Golden Rose

The Golden Rose is a gold Decorative art, which popes of the Catholic Church have traditionally blessed annually. It is occasionally conferred as a token of reverence or affection....
.

The Jerónimos Monastery

Jerónimos Monastery

See also Monasterio de Jer?nimos, Madrid, SpainThe Hieronymites Monastery is located in the Bel?m, Lisbon district of Lisbon, Portugal....
in Lisbon

Lisbon

Ancestors

**Manuel's ancestors in three generations**
Manuel I of Portugal	Father: Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu The Infante Fernando, Prince of Portugal, Duke of Beja and Duke of Viseu was the third son of the Portugal List of Portuguese monarchs Edward of Portugal and his wife Leonor of Aragon ....	Father's father: Edward of Portugal Edward of Portugal Edward, ; Viseu, , called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was the eleventh List of Portuguese monarchs and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death....	Father's father's father: John I of Portugal John I of Portugal John I, Portuguese language: Jo?o, , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth List of Portuguese monarchs and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta....
			Father's father's mother: Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster, Order of the Garter was List of Portuguese royal consorts. Her marriage with King John I of Portugal secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which is still in force, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the "Illustrious Generation"....
		Father's mother: Leonor of Aragon Leonor of Aragon (1402-1445) Eleanor of Aragon was the daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque.She married Edward of Portugal on 22 September 1428....	Father's mother's father: Ferdinand I of Aragon Ferdinand I of Aragon File:Ferran d'Antequera al retaule Sancho de Rojas .jpgFerdinand I called of Antequera and also the Just or the Honest, was king of kingdom of Aragon, kingdom of Valencia, kingdom of Majorca, kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica and king of kingdom of Sicily, duke of duchy of Athens and Neopatria, and County of Barcelona, cou...
			Father's mother's mother: Eleanor of Alburquerque Eleanor of Alburquerque Eleanor of Alburquerque became Queen consort of List of Aragonese monarchs by her marriage to Ferdinand I of Aragon. In Spanish language she is known as Leonor Urraca de Castilla, Condesa de Alburquerque....
	Mother: Beatriz of Portugal Beatriz of Portugal (1430-1506) Infanta Beatriz of Portugal was a Portugal infanta daughter of Infante Jo?o, Lord of Reguengos and Isabella of Braganza a daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza....	Mother's father: Infante João of Portugal Infante João of Portugal The Infante Jo?o, 1st Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Colares and Belas was a Portugal infante of the House of Aviz, son of List of Portuguese monarchs John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster....	Mother's father's father: John I of Portugal John I of Portugal John I, Portuguese language: Jo?o, , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth List of Portuguese monarchs and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta....
			Mother's father's mother: Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster, Order of the Garter was List of Portuguese royal consorts. Her marriage with King John I of Portugal secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which is still in force, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the "Illustrious Generation"....
		Mother's mother: Isabella of Braganza Isabella of Braganza Isabella of Braganza , also known as Isabella of Barcelos . She was the daughter of Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza and Beatriz Pereira Alvim, she married Infante Jo?o, Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, her half-uncle, son of John I of Portugal....	Mother's mother's father: Afonso, Duke of Braganza
			Mother's mother's mother: Beatriz Pereira Alvim Beatriz Pereira Alvim Beatriz Pereira de Alvim was the daughter of Nuno ?lvares Pereira and his wife Leonor de Alvim and first Duke of Braganza, married on November 8, 1401 to Afonso, Duke of Braganza....

Marriages and descendants

Manuel married three times: first to Isabella of Aragon

Isabella of Aragon

Isabella of Aragon , infanta of Aragon, was, by marriage, Queen consort of France in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1271....
, princess of Spain and widow of the previous Crown Prince of Portugal Afonso of Portugal; then he married another princess of Spain, Maria of Aragon

Maria of Aragon (1482-1517)

Maria of Aragon was a Spain infanta, second wife of Portugal List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and because of that queen consort of Portugal from her marriage on 30 October, 1500 until her death....
(his first wife's sister); and then married Eleanor of Habsburg (niece of his first two wives) who after Manuel's death married again to Francis I of France

Francis I of France

Francis I , was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch....
.

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Isabella of Asturias Isabella of Asturias Isabella, Princess of Asturias was the Queen Consort of Portugal and the eldest daughter and heiress presumptive of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.... (October 2 1470–August 28 1498; married in 1497)
Prince Miguel da Paz	August 24, 1498	July 19, 1500	Prince of Asturias Prince of Asturias The title Prince of Asturias is given to the heir apparent to the Spain throne, and the earlier kingdom of Castille. The current Prince of Asturias is Felipe, Prince of Asturias, son of King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Sofia of Spain.... , Prince of Portugal and heir to both Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east.... and Spain Spain Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably.... .
By Maria of Aragon Maria of Aragon (1482-1517) Maria of Aragon was a Spain infanta, second wife of Portugal List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and because of that queen consort of Portugal from her marriage on 30 October, 1500 until her death.... (June 19, 1482–March 7, 1517; married in 1501)
Prince João John III of Portugal John III , nicknamed o Piedoso , was the fifteenth Portuguese monarchy.Born in Lisbon, he was the son of Manuel I of Portugal and his queen consort, Maria of Aragon .... (John)	June 6, 1502	June 11, 1557	Who succeeded him as John III, 15th King of Portugal.
Infanta Isabel Isabella of Portugal Isabella of Portugal was the daughter of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon . By her marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Isabella was also List of Holy Roman Empresses and German queens and Queen consort of Aragon and Crown of Castile.... (Elizabeth)	October 24, 1503	May 1, 1539	Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556.... .
Infanta Beatriz Beatrice, Duchess of Savoy The Infanta Beatriz ; or ) was a Portugal infante during the 16th century and a member of the House of Aviz dynasty.... (Beatrice)	December 31, 1504	January 8, 1538	Duchess of Savoy by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Savoy Charles III, Duke of Savoy Charles III of Savoy , often called Charles the Good, was Duke of Savoy from 1504 to 1553, although most of his lands were ruled by the French between 1536 and his death.... .
Infante Luís Infante Luís, Duke of Beja The Infante Lu?s, 5th Duke of Beja was the second son of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife Maria of Aragon , princess of Spain , and therefore a Portugal infante.... (Louis)	March 3, 1506	November 27, 1555	Unmarried but had illegitimate descendants, one of them being António, Prior of Crato António, Prior of Crato Ant?nio, Prior of Crato , was a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal, claimant of the Portugal throne Struggle for the throne of Portugal, List of Portuguese monarchs as Ant?nio I of Portugal during 33 days in the continent in 1580, and, after the crowning of Philip I of Portugal, claimant to the throne until 1583, in the Azores.... , a claimant of the throne of Portugal in 1580 (See: Struggle for the throne of Portugal Struggle for the throne of Portugal The 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in battle, in 1578, without an heir , leading to a dynastic crisis.... ).
Infante Fernando Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso The Infante Fernando, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso was a Portugal infante son of List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife Maria of Aragon .... (Ferdinand)	June 5, 1507	November 7, 1534	Duke of Guarda and Trancoso. Married Guiomar (Guyomare) Coutinho, Countess of Marialva (?-1534). No surviving issue.
Infante Afonso Infante Cardinal Afonso of Portugal The Cardinal-Infante Afonso was a Portugal infante son of List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Maria of Aragon .Afonso was born in ?vora on April 23 1509 and during his life was made cardinal of the Kingdom after occupying several religious positions throughout the country.... (Alphonse)	April 23, 1509	April 21, 1540	Cardinal of the Kingdom.
Infanta Maria (Mary)	1513	1513
Infante Henrique Henry of Portugal Henry, Cardinal-King of Portugal or Henrique the Chaste was the seventeenth List of Portuguese monarchs. He ruled between 1578 and 1580.... (Henry)	January 31 1512	January 31 1580	Cardinal of the Kingdom who succeeded his grand-nephew, King Sebastian Sebastian of Portugal Sebastian I, King of Portugal "the Desired" was the 16th Kings of Portugal. He was the son of Prince John, Crown Prince of Portugal and his wife, Joan of Spain.... (Manuel I's great-grandson), as Cardinal Henry, 17th King of Portugal. His death triggered the struggle for the throne of Portugal Struggle for the throne of Portugal The 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in battle, in 1578, without an heir , leading to a dynastic crisis.... .
Infante Duarte Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães .The Infante Duarte, 4th Duke of Guimar?es was a Portugal infante; the sixth son of List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Maria of Aragon .... (Edward)	October 7, 1515	September 20, 1540	Duke of Guimarães Duke of Guimarães The Dukes of Guimar?es was an Nobility title granted by King Afonso V of Portugal in 1475, to Ferdinand II, Duke of Braganza. The King just upgraded the previous title of Count of Guimar?es), that he granted to the same Duke of Braganza, some years before .... and great-grandfather of John IV of Portugal John IV of Portugal John IV was the king of Portugal from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal.... . Married Isabel of Braganza Isabel of Braganza Isabel of Braganza was a daughter of Jaime, Duke of Braganza and Eleanor of Mendoza, she married Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimar?es a son of Manuel I of Portugal and Maria of Aragon and Castile in 1537, Isabella was dowried with the Duke of Guimar?es in her own right.... , daughter of Jaime, Duke of Braganza Jaime, Duke of Braganza James was the older son of Fernando II, Duke of Braganza and of his wife, Isabella of Viseu and he became the fourth Duke of Braganza following his father's death.... .
Infante António (Anthony)	September 9, 1516	1516
By Eleanor of Habsburg (November 15, 1498–February 25, 1558; married in 1518)
Infante Carlos (Charles)	February 18, 1520	April 14, 1521
Infanta Maria Infanta Maria of Portugal The Infanta Maria, Lady of Viseu was a Portuguese people infanta daughter of List of Portuguese monarchs Manuel I of Portugal and his wife Eleanor of Habsburg.... (Mary)	June 18, 1521	October 10, 1577	Unmarried.