John I of Portugal

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John I of Portugal

John I, Portuguese

Portuguese language

Portuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and Portugal. It is derived from the Latin language spoken by the Romanization Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago....
: João, , (Lisbon

Lisbon

Lisbon is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. Its municipalities of Portugal, which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477 in , while the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in total has around 2.8 million inha...
, 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433 in Lisbon) called the Good (sometimes the Great) or of Happy Memory, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve

List of Portuguese monarchs

This is a list of Portuguese monarchs dating from the independence of Portugal from the kingdom of Kingdom of Le?n in 1128 under Afonso Henriques, who proclaimed himself King in 1139, to the proclamation of the Portuguese Republic on October 5, 1910, during the reign of Manuel II of Portugal, "the Patriot," or "the Missed Kin...
and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta. He was the natural son of Peter I

Peter I of Portugal

Peter I , called the Just , was the eighth List of Portuguese monarchs from 1357 until his death. He was the third but only surviving son of Afonso IV of Portugal and his wife, princess Beatrice of Castile ....
by a noble Galician woman named Teresa Lourenço, daughter of Lourenço Martins, o da Praça, and wife Sancha Martins. In 1364 he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz

Order of Aviz

The 'Military Order of Aviz' , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St....
.

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John I, Portuguese

Portuguese language

Lisbon

List of Portuguese monarchs

Peter I of Portugal

Order of Aviz

The 'Military Order of Aviz' , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St....
. He became king in 1385, after the 1383–1385 Crisis.

On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand I

Ferdinand I of Portugal

Ferdinand I , sometimes referred to as the Handsome or rarely as the Inconstant , was the ninth List of Portuguese monarchs, the second son of Peter I of Portugal and his wife, Constance of Castile....
in October 1383, without a male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for princess Beatrice

Beatrice of Portugal

Beatrice, Portuguese language Beatriz , was the only daughter of King Ferdinand I of Portugal and his wife, Leonor Telles de Menezes, a Portuguese noble woman....
, Ferdinand's only daughter. As heiress presumptive, Beatrice had married king John I of Castile

John I of Castile

John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II of Castile and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile....
, but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have become virtually united with Castile. The 1383–1385 Crisis followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.

On April 6, 1385, the council of the kingdom (cortes in Portuguese

Portuguese language

Coimbra

Coimbra is a city and municipalities of Portugal in Portugal. It served as the country's capital during the First Dynasty and remains home to the University of Coimbra, the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese-speaking world and List of oldest universities in continuous operation....
and declared John, then Master of Aviz, king of Portugal. This was in effect a declaration of war against Castile and its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile invaded Portugal, with the purpose of conquering Lisbon and removing John I from the throne. John I of Castile

John I of Castile

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
allied cavalry while English

England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
troops and generals took the side of John (see Hundred Years War). John I then named Nuno Álvares Pereira

Nuno Álvares Pereira

Dom Nuno ?lvares Pereira, carmelite , also spelled Nun'?lvares Pereira, was a Portuguese General of great success with a decisive role in the 1383-1385 Crisis that assured Portugal's independence from Crown of Castile....
, his loyal and talented supporter, general and protector of the Kingdom. The invasion was repelled during the summer after the Battle of Atoleiros

Battle of Atoleiros

The Battle of Atoleiros took place on 6 April 1384, between a Portugal force and a punitive expedition from Crown of Castile sent by John I of Castile....
and, especially, the decisive battle of Aljubarrota

Battle of Aljubarrota

The Battle of Aljubarrota took place on August 14 1385, between the forces commanded by King John I of Portugal and his general Nuno ?lvares Pereira, and the army of King John I of Castile....
(August 14, 1385), where the Castilian army was virtually annihilated. John I of Castile

John I of Castile

John I was the king of Crown of Castile, was the son of Henry II of Castile and of his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, daughter of Juan Manuel, Duke of Penafiel, head of a younger branch of the royal house of Castile....
then retreated and the stability of John I's throne was permanently secured.

On 11 February, 1387, John I married Philippa of Lancaster

Philippa of Lancaster

Philippa of Lancaster, Order of the Garter was List of Portuguese royal consorts. Her marriage with King John I of Portugal secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which is still in force, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the "Illustrious Generation"....
, daughter of John of Gaunt, who had proved to be a worthy ally, consolidating the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance between England and Portugal is the oldest Military alliance in the world which is still in force. It was signed in 1373....
that endures to the present day.

After the death of John I of Castile in 1390, without leaving issue by Beatrice, John I of Portugal ruled in peace and pursued the economic development of the country. The only significant military action was the siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta

Ceuta

Ceuta is an autonomous community#autonomous cities of Spain located on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the Mediterranean, which separates it from the Spanish mainland....
in 1415. By this step he aimed to control navigation of the African coast. But in longer perspective, this was the first step opening the Arabian world to medieval Europe, which in fact led to the Age of Discovery with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world. It should be noted that the global Muslim population had climbed to about 8 per cent as against the Christian population of 14 per cent by 1400.

Contemporaneous writers describe him as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating the power on himself, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed to his sons: Duarte, the future king, was a poet and a writer, Pedro, the duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time and Prince Henry the Navigator

Henry the Navigator

The Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu, Pronunciation ), in Sagres, Portugal) was an infante of the Portugal House of Aviz and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations....
, the duke of Viseu, started a school of navigation and invested heavily in science and development of nautical topics. In 1430, his only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and enjoyed an extremely refined court in his lands; she was the mother of Charles the Bold.

Genealogical data

Ancestors

**John's ancestors in three generations**
John I of Portugal	Father: Pedro I of Portugal	Father's father: Afonso IV of Portugal Afonso IV of Portugal Afonso IV , called the Brave , was the seventh List of Portuguese monarchs from 1325 until his death. He was the only legitimate son of Dinis of Portugal by his wife Elizabeth of Aragon....	Father's father's father: Denis of Portugal Denis of Portugal Denis, Portuguese language: Dinis or Diniz, , called the Farmer King , was the sixth List of Portuguese monarchs. The eldest son of Afonso III of Portugal by his second wife, Beatrice of Castile , Dinis succeeded his father in 1279....
			Father's father's mother: Elizabeth of Aragon Elizabeth of Aragon Saint Elizabeth of Portugal also known as Elizabeth of Aragon was queen consort of Portugal and is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church....
		Father's mother: Beatrice of Castile Beatrice of Castile Beatrice of Castile was List of Portuguese queens by marriage and Infanta of Kingdom of Castile-Kingdom of Le?n by birth. She was the wife of King Afonso IV of Portugal, and the youngest daughter of King Sancho IV of Castile and his Queen, Mar?a de Molina....	Father's mother's father: Sancho IV of Castile Sancho IV of Castile File:Sancho IV de Castilla.jpgSancho IV the Brave was the king of Castile and King of Le?n from 1284 to his death. He was the second son of Alfonso X of Castile and Violant of Aragon, daughter of James I of Aragon....
			Father's mother's mother: María de Molina María de Molina Mar?a de Molina , was the wife of Sancho IV of Castile. She was queen consort of Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Le?n from 1284 to 1295 and then queen regent until the coming of age of her son Ferdinand IV of Castile....
	Mother: Teresa Lourenço Teresa Lourenco Teresa was born on the 25th January in Trinidad and Tobago, the southern most of the Islands in the Caribbean..At the age of 9, Teresa migrated to Hamburg, Germany, together with her younger brother Kevin and her mother....	Mother's father: Lourenço Martins	Mother's father's father: Unknown
			Mother's father's mother: Unknown
		Mother's mother: Sancha Martins	Mother's mother's father: Unknown
			Mother's mother's mother: Unknown

Marriages and descendants

John I married at Oporto on February 2, 1387 Philippa of Lancaster

Philippa of Lancaster

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster

John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Aquitaine was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England of England and Philippa of Hainault....
and Blanche of Lancaster

Blanche of Lancaster

Blanche of Lancaster Countess of Derby was an English noblewoman and heiress. She was the first wife of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and the mother of King Henry IV of England....
. From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal (Infante

Infante

Infante or infanta , also anglicised as infant, was the title and rank given in the European kingdoms of Kingdom of Spain, and Kingdom of Portugal to a son or daughter, and to a grandson or granddaughter in the male line of a reigning monarch , and their woman consorts....
s) that became known as the Illustrious Generation .

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
By Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster Philippa of Lancaster, Order of the Garter was List of Portuguese royal consorts. Her marriage with King John I of Portugal secured the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which is still in force, and also produced several famous princes and princesses of Portugal that became known as the "Illustrious Generation".... (1359–July 19, 1415; married on February 2, 1387)
Infanta Branca	July 30, 1388	March 6, 1389
Infante Afonso	July 30, 1390	December 22, 1400
Infante Duarte Edward of Portugal Edward, ; Viseu, , called the Philosopher or the Eloquent, was the eleventh List of Portuguese monarchs and second Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death....	October 31, 1391	September 13, 1438	Who succeeded him as Duarte I, 11th King of Portugal.
Infante Pedro Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra The Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra Order of the Garter , was a Portugal infante of the House of Aviz, son of List of Portuguese monarchs John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt....	December 9, 1392	May 20, 1449	Duke of Coimbra Duke of Coimbra Duke of Coimbra was an aristocratic Portugal title with the level of Royal Dukedom, that is, associated with the kings of Portugal, created in 1415, by Monarch John I of Portugal to the his 2nd.... . Died in the Battle of Alfarrobeira Battle of Alfarrobeira The Battle of Alfarrobeira took place on May 20 1449. It was a confrontation between the forces commanded by King Afonso V of Portugal and his uncle Afonso, Duke of Braganza, against the army of the rebellious Pedro, Duke of Coimbra.... .
Infante Henrique Henry the Navigator The Infante Henrique, Duke of Viseu, Pronunciation ), in Sagres, Portugal) was an infante of the Portugal House of Aviz and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire, being responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations....	December 4, 1394	November 13, 1460	Known as Henry the Navigator. Duke of Viseu Duke of Viseu Duke of Viseu was a Portugal Royal Dukedom created in 1415 by King John I of Portugal for his third male child, Prince Henry the Navigator, following the conquest of Ceuta.... and Grand-Master of the Order of Christ Order of Christ Four chivalric orders, are known as the Order of Christ:* Order of Christ ? former Knights Templar Military order awarded initially by the List of Portuguese monarchs, now by the Portuguese state... .
Infanta Isabel Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy The Infanta Isabel was a Portugal infante of the House of Aviz, the only surviving daughter of king John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster....	February 11, 1397	December 11, 1471	Duchess Consort of Burgundy by marriage to Philip III, Duke of Burgundy Philip III, Duke of Burgundy Philip the Good , also Philip III, Duke of Burgundy was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet branch of the Valois dynasty .... .
Infanta Branca	April 11, 1398	July 27, 1398
Infante João Infante João of Portugal The Infante Jo?o, 1st Lord of Reguengos de Monsaraz, Colares and Belas was a Portugal infante of the House of Aviz, son of List of Portuguese monarchs John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster....	January 13, 1400	October 18, 1442	Constable of the Kingdom and grandfather of Isabella of Castile.
Infante Fernando Fernando, the Saint Prince The Infante Fernando - , commonly known as the Saint Prince was an Infante of Portugal of the House of Aviz. Fernando was the sixth son of List of Portuguese monarchs John I of Portugal and his wife Philippa of Lancaster....	September 29, 1402	June 5, 1443	Grand Master of the Order of Aviz Order of Aviz The 'Military Order of Aviz' , previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz , previously to 1789 Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz , previously Knights of St.... . Died in captivity in Fes Fes, Morocco Fes or Fez is the fourth largest city in Morocco, after Casablanca, Rabat and Marrakech with a population of 946,815 . It is the capital of the F?s-Boulemane Region.... , Morocco Morocco Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa with a population of nearly 34 million and an area just under 447,000 km2.... .
By Inês Peres Esteves (c. 1350–1400?)
Afonso Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza File:DafonsoIbraganca.jpgAfonso I, Duke of Braganza was the eighth Count of Barcelos and the first Duke of Braganza. Historians believe he was born in Estremoz#Parishes, Alentejo, as a natural son of Portugal List of Portuguese monarchs John I of Portugal and In?s Peres Esteves ....	August 10, 1377	December 15, 1461	Natural son and 1st Duke of Braganza Duke of Braganza The title Duke of Braganza in the House of Braganza is one of the most important titles in the peerage of Portugal, as the ancient Duchy of Braganza , is one of the oldest and most important List of Dukedoms in Portugal.... .
Branca	1378	1379	Natural daughter.
Beatriz Beatrice, Countess of Arundel Beatriz of Portugal , Order of the Garter was a natural daughter of John I of Portugal and In?s Pires Estevez. She was a sister of Afonso, Duke of Braganza and half-sister of Edward of Portugal, Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra, Henry the Navigator, Isabella of Portugal, Infante Jo?o, Lord of Reguengos and Fernando, the Saint Prince ....	c. 1382	October 25, 1439	Natural daughter. Countess Consort of Arundel by marriage to Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel Knight of the Garter was an English nobleman, one of the principals of the deposition of Richard II of England, and a major figure during the reign of Henry IV of England.... . Countess Consort of Huntingdon by marriage to John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter Knight of the Garter was an England nobleman and military commander during the Hundred Years' War.... , later Duke of Exeter Duke of Exeter The title Duke of Exeter was created several times in England in the later Middle Ages, when Exeter was the main town of Devon. It was first created for John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, the half-brother of King Richard II of England in 1397.... .