Manufacturing and manufacturing systems

• Manufacturing
  Manufacturing
  Manufacturing is the use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale...
  
  
• Factory
  Factory
  A factory or manufacturing plant is an industrial building where laborers manufacture goods or supervise machines processing one product into another. Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production...
  
  
• Craft production
  Craft production
  Craft production is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools. The term Craft production refers to a manufacturing technique applied in the hobbies of Handicraft but was also the common method of manufacture in the pre-industrialized world...
  
  
• English system of manufacturing
• American system of manufacturing
  American system of manufacturing
  The American system of manufacturing was a set of manufacturing methods that evolved in the 19th century. It involved semi-skilled labor using machine tools and jigs to make standardized, identical, interchangeable parts, manufactured to a tolerance, which could be assembled with a minimum of time...
  
  
• Mass production
  Mass production
  Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines...
  
  
• Batch production
  Batch production
  Batch production is a technique used in manufacturing, in which the object in question is created stage by stage over a series of workstations. Batch production is common in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients , inks, paints and adhesives. In the manufacture...
  
  
• Job production
  Job production
  Job production, sometimes called jobbing, involves producing a one-off product for a specific customer. Job production is most often associated with small firms but large firms use job production too...
  
  
• Just In Time manufacturing
• Toyota Production System
  Toyota Production System
  The Toyota Production System is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that comprises its management philosophy and practices. The TPS organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction with suppliers and customers...
  
  
• Lean production
• /li>
• Mass customization
  Mass customization
  Mass customization, in marketing, manufacturing, call centres and management, is the use of flexible computer-aided manufacturing systems to produce custom output...
  
  

Productivity

• Productivity
  Productivity
  Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of production. Productivity is a ratio of what is produced to what is required to produce it. Usually this ratio is in the form of an average, expressing the total output divided by the total input...
  
  
• Benchmarking
  Benchmarking
  Benchmarking is the process of comparing one's business processes and performance metrics to industry bests and/or best practices from other industries. Dimensions typically measured are quality, time and cost...
  
  
• Overall Equipment Effectiveness
  Overall equipment effectiveness
  Overall equipment effectiveness is a hierarchy of metrics which evaluates and indicates how effectively a manufacturing operation is utilized. The results are stated in a generic form which allows comparison between manufacturing units in differing industries...
  
   (OEE)
• Cost accounting
  Cost accounting
  Cost accounting information is designed for managers. Since managers are taking decisions only for their own organization, there is no need for the information to be comparable to similar information from other organizations...
  
  
• Experience curve effects
  Experience curve effects
  Models of the learning curve effect and the closely related experience curve effect express the relationship between equations for experience and efficiency or between efficiency gains and investment in the effort....
  
   / Learning-by-doing
  Learning-by-doing
  Learning-by-doing is a concept within economic theory. It refers to the capability of workers to improve their productivity by regularly repeating the same type of action...
  
  
• Operations research
  Operations research
  Operations research is an interdisciplinary mathematical science that focuses on the effective use of technology by organizations...
  
  
• Scheduling
  Job Shop Scheduling
  Job shop scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science in which ideal jobs are assigned to resources at particular times. The most basic version is as follows:...
  
   and queuing theory
• Throughput accounting
  Throughput accounting
  Throughput Accounting is a principle-based and comprehensive management accounting approach that provides managers with decision support information for enterprise profitability improvement. TA is relatively new in management accounting...
  
  
• Time and motion study
  Time and motion study
  A time and motion study is a business efficiency technique combining the Time Study work of Frederick Winslow Taylor with the Motion Study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth . It is a major part of scientific management...
  
  

Production engineering

• Industrial and manufacturing engineering
• Reverse engineering
  Reverse engineering
  Reverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device, object, or system through analysis of its structure, function, and operation...
  
  
• Value engineering
  Value engineering
  Value engineering is a systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost...
  
  

Production technology

• Industrial robot
  Industrial robot
  An industrial robot is defined by ISO as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator programmable in three or more axes...
  
  
• Computer-aided manufacturing
  Computer-aided manufacturing
  Computer-aided manufacturing is the use of computer software to control machine tools and related machinery in the manufacturing of workpieces. This is not the only definition for CAM, but it is the most common; CAM may also refer to the use of a computer to assist in all operations of a...
  
  
• Computer Integrated Manufacturing
  Computer Integrated Manufacturing
  Computer-integrated manufacturing is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions...
  
  
• Production equipment control
  Production equipment control
  Production equipment control involves production equipment that resides in the shop floor of a manufacturing company and its purpose is to produce goods of a wanted quality when provided with production resources of a required quality...
  
  
• Computer numerically controlled
• Distributed Control System
  Distributed control system
  A distributed control system refers to a control system usually of a manufacturing system, process or any kind of dynamic system, in which the controller elements are not central in location but are distributed throughout the system with each component sub-system controlled by one or more...
  
  
• Fieldbus
  Fieldbus
  Fieldbus is the name of a family of industrial computer network protocols used for real-time distributed control, now standardized as IEC 61158....
  
   control system
• PLCs
  Programmable logic controller
  A programmable logic controller or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines...
  
   / PLD
  Programmable logic device
  A programmable logic device or PLD is an electronic component used to build reconfigurable digital circuits. Unlike a logic gate, which has a fixed function, a PLD has an undefined function at the time of manufacture...
  
  
• Advanced Planning & Scheduling
  Advanced Planning & Scheduling
  Advanced planning and scheduling refers to a manufacturing management process by which raw materials and production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand...
  
  
• Scheduling (production processes)
  Scheduling (production processes)
  Scheduling is an important tool for manufacturing and engineering, where it can have a major impact on the productivity of a process. In manufacturing, the purpose of scheduling is to minimize the production time and costs, by telling a production facility when to make, with which staff, and on...
  
  
• SCADA
  SCADA
  SCADA generally refers to industrial control systems : computer systems that monitor and control industrial, infrastructure, or facility-based processes, as described below:...
  
   supervisory control and data acquisition
• Computerized Maintenance Management System
  Computerized Maintenance Management System
  Computerized maintenance management system is also known as enterprise asset management and computerized maintenance management information system ....
  
   CMMS
• Packaging and labeling

Machinery 

• Production line
  Production line
  A production line is a set of sequential operations established in a factory whereby materials are put through a refining process to produce an end-product that is suitable for onward consumption; or components are assembled to make a finished article....
  
  
• Assembly line
  Assembly line
  An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods...
  
  
• Conveyor belt
  Conveyor belt
  A conveyor belt consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material - the conveyor belt - that rotates about them. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley...
  
  
• Woodworking machine
  Woodworking machine
  A Woodworking machine is a machine that is intended to process wood. These machines are usually powered by electric motors and are used extensively in woodworking...
  
  ry
• Metalworking machinery
• Textile machinery
• Equipment manufacturer

Process improvement

• Systems analysis
  Systems analysis
  Systems analysis is the study of sets of interacting entities, including computer systems analysis. This field is closely related to requirements analysis or operations research...
  
  
  • Process modeling
    Chemical process modeling
    Chemical process modeling is a computer modeling technique used in chemical engineering process design. It typically involves using purpose-built software to define a system of interconnected components, which are then solved so that the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the system can be...
    
    
  • Process optimization
    Process optimization
    Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process so as to optimize some specified set of parameters without violating some constraint. The most common goals are minimizing cost, maximizing throughput, and/or efficiency...
    
    
• Quality
  • Quality control
    Quality control
    Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. This approach places an emphasis on three aspects:...
    
    
  • Six Sigma
    Six Sigma
    Six Sigma is a business management strategy originally developed by Motorola, USA in 1986. , it is widely used in many sectors of industry.Six Sigma seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects and minimizing variability in manufacturing and...
    
    
  • Total Quality Management
    Total Quality Management
    Total quality management or TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously improving the quality of products and processes....
    
    
• Certification Processes and Awards
  • ISO 9000
    ISO 9000
    The ISO 9000 family of standards relates to quality management systems and is designed to help organizations ensure they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders . The standards are published by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization, and available through National...
    
    
  • Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
    Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award
    The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award recognizes U.S. organizations in the business, health care, education, and nonprofit sectors for performance excellence. The Baldrige Award is the only formal recognition of the performance excellence of both public and private U.S. organizations given by...
    
     (US)
  • Canada Awards for Excellence (National Quality Institute) (Canada)
  • Deming Prize
    Deming Prize
    The Deming prize, established in December 1950 in honor of W. Edwards Deming, was originally designed to reward Japanese companies for major advances in quality improvement...
    
     (Japan)
  • Joseph M. Juran Medal (US)
  • Japan Quality Control Medal (Japan)

The economics of production

• Production theory basics
  Production theory basics
  Production refers to the economic process of converting of inputs into outputs. Production uses resources to create a good or service that is suitable for use, gift-giving in a gift economy, or exchange in a market economy. This can include manufacturing, storing, shipping, and packaging. Some...
  
  
• Production, costs, and pricing
  Production, costs, and pricing
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to industrial organization:Industrial organization – describes the behavior of firms in the marketplace with regard to production, pricing, employment and other decisions...
  
  
• Production function
  Production function
  In microeconomics and macroeconomics, a production function is a function that specifies the output of a firm, an industry, or an entire economy for all combinations of inputs...
  
  
• Production possibility frontier
  Production possibility frontier
  In economics, a production–possibility frontier , sometimes called a production–possibility curve or product transformation curve, is a graph that compares the production rates of two commodities that use the same fixed total of the factors of production...
  
  

Lot size and run length

• Economic Lot Scheduling Problem
  Economic Lot Scheduling Problem
  The Economic Lot Scheduling Problem is a problem in Operations management that has been studied by a large number of researchers for over 50 years...
  
  
• Dynamic lot size model
  Dynamic lot size model
  In inventory theory the Dynamic lot size model is a generalization of the economic order quantity model that takes into account that demand for the product varies over time. The model was introduced by H.M. Wagner and T.H...
  
  
• Economic order quantity
  Economic order quantity
  Economic order quantity is the level of inventory that minimizes total inventory holding costs and ordering costs. It is one of the oldest classical production scheduling models. The framework used to determine this order quantity is also known as Wilson EOQ Model or Wilson Formula. The model was...
  
  
• Economic production quantity
  Economic production quantity
  Economic Production Quantity model determines the quantity a company or retailer should order to minimize the total inventory costs by balancing the inventory holding cost and average fixed ordering cost. The EPQ model was developed by E.W. Taft in 1918.This method is an extension of the Economic...
  
  
• Economic batch quantity

Machine set-up

• Changeover
  Changeover
  In manufacturing, changeover is the process of converting a line or machine from running one product to another. Changeover times can last from a few minutes to as much as several weeks in the case of automobile manufacturers retooling for new models. The terms set-up and changeover are sometimes...
  
  
• Single-Minute Exchange of Die (SMED)
• Sequence-dependent setup (mathematical)

Logistics

Logistics

Logistics is the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of destination in order to meet the requirements of customers or corporations. Logistics involves the integration of information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, and packaging, and...

 

• Supply chain
  Supply chain
  A supply chain is a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer. Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials and components into a finished product that is delivered to...
  
  
• Supply chain management
  Supply chain management
  Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers...
  
  

• Procurement or purchasing
  Purchasing
  Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting for acquiring goods or services to accomplish the goals of the enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between organizations...
  
  
• Inventory
  Inventory
  Inventory means a list compiled for some formal purpose, such as the details of an estate going to probate, or the contents of a house let furnished. This remains the prime meaning in British English...
  
  
  • Inventory management
  • Reorder point
    Reorder point
    The reorder point is the level of inventory when an order should be made with suppliers to bring the inventory up by the Economic order quantity .-Continuous Review System:...
    
    
  • Just In Time

Product design

• Rapid prototyping
  Rapid prototyping
  Rapid prototyping is the automatic construction of physical objects using additive manufacturing technology. The first techniques for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and were used to produce models and prototype parts. Today, they are used for a much wider range of applications...
  
  
• Computer-aided design
  Computer-aided design
  Computer-aided design , also known as computer-aided design and drafting , is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer...
  
   (CAD)
• New product development
  New product development
  In business and engineering, new product development is the term used to describe the complete process of bringing a new product to market. A product is a set of benefits offered for exchange and can be tangible or intangible...
  
  
• Research and development
  Research and development
  The phrase research and development , according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of...
  
  
• Toolkits for user innovation
  Toolkits for User Innovation
  Toolkits for user innovation allow manufacturers to " abandon their attempts to understand user needs in detail in favor of transferring need-related aspects of product and service development to users along with an appropriate toolkit"...
  
  

Industries

• Agriculturally-based manufacturing
  • Food
    Food processing
    Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry...
    
    
    • Beer
      Brewery
      A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of beer, though beer can be made at home, and has been for much of beer's history. A company which makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company....
      
      
    • Chicken nugget
      Chicken nugget
      A chicken nugget is a molded piece of chicken product, breaded or battered, then fried or baked. Fast food restaurants typically deep fry their nuggets in vegetable oil, such as coconut oil....
      
      s
    • Chocolate
      Candy bar
      A chocolate bar is a confection in bar form comprising some or all of the following components: cocoa solids, cocoa butter, sugar, milk. The relative presence or absence of these components form the subclasses of dark chocolate, milk chocolate, and white chocolate. In addition to these main...
      
      
    • Ice Cream
      Ice cream
      Ice cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners...
      
      
  • Textiles
    Textile manufacturing
    Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based in the conversion of three types of fibre into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. These are then fabricated into clothes or other artifacts. Cotton remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth...
    
    
    • Cotton
      Cotton gin
      A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, a job formerly performed painstakingly by hand...
      
      
    • Lace
      Lace knitting
      Lace knitting is a style of knitting characterized by stable "holes" in the fabric arranged with consideration of aesthetic value. Lace is sometimes considered the pinnacle of knitting, because of its complexity and because woven fabrics cannot easily be made to have holes...
      
      
    • Lingerie
      Lingerie
      Lingerie are fashionable and possibly alluring undergarments.Lingerie usually incorporates one or more flexible, stretchy materials like Lycra, nylon , polyester, satin, lace, silk and sheer fabric which are not typically used in more functional, basic cotton undergarments.The term in the French...
      
      
  • Timber
    Lumber
    Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....
    
    
    • Particleboard
    • Pulp
      Pulp mill
      A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fibre board which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods...
      
       and paper
      Paper mill
      A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags and other ingredients using a Fourdrinier machine or other type of paper machine.- History :...
      
      
  • Tobacco
• Chemicals
  Chemical plant
  A chemical plant is an industrial process plant that manufactures chemicals, usually on a large scale. The general objective of a chemical plant is to create new material wealth via the chemical or biological transformation and or separation of materials. Chemical plants use special equipment,...
  
  
  • Cosmetics
    Ingredients of cosmetics
    Cosmetics ingredients come from a variety of sources but, unlike the ingredients of food, are often not considered by most consumers. Cosmetics often use vibrant colours that are derived from some unexpected sources, ranging from crushed insects to rust...
    
    
  • Petrochemicals
  • Pharmaceuticals
    Tablet press
    A tablet press is a mechanical device that compresses powder into tablets of uniform size and weight. A press can be used to manufacture tablets of a wide variety of materials, including pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs such as MDMA, cleaning products, and cosmetics...
    
     (See animation below)
• Electronics
  Microfabrication
  Microfabrication is the term that describes processes of fabrication of miniature structures, of micrometre sizes and smaller. Historically the earliest microfabrication processes were used for integrated circuit fabrication, also known as "semiconductor manufacturing" or "semiconductor device...
  
  
  • Casing
    Electronic packaging
    Electronic packaging is a major discipline within the field of electronic engineering, and includes a wide variety of technologies. It refers to enclosures and protective features built into the product itself, and not to shipping containers...
    
    
  • PCBs
    Printed circuit board
    A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board or etched wiring...
    
    
  • Semiconductors
• Glass
  Glass production
  Glass production involves two main methods - the float glass process, which produces sheet glass, and glassblowing which produces bottles and other containers.-Glass container factories:...
  
  
• Metals
  Taxonomy of manufacturing processes
  This tree lists various manufacturing processes arranged by similarity of function.-Casting:*Centrifugal casting*Continuous casting*Die casting*Evaporative-pattern casting**Full-mold casting**Lost-foam casting*Investment casting...
  
   Taxonomy of manufacturing processes
  • Ferrous
    • Beams
      I-beam
      -beams, also known as H-beams, W-beams , rolled steel joist , or double-T are beams with an - or H-shaped cross-section. The horizontal elements of the "" are flanges, while the vertical element is the web...
      
      
    • Cars
      Automotive industry
      The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue....
      
      
  • Non-ferrous
    • Aluminium cans
    • Wire
      Wire drawing
      Wire drawing is a metalworking process used to reduce the cross-section of a wire by pulling the wire through a single, or series of, drawing die. There are many applications for wire drawing, including electrical wiring, cables, tension-loaded structural components, springs, paper clips, spokes...
      
       and Cable
      Cable
      A cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry...
      
      
  • Ferrous and Non-ferrous
    • Electric motors
    • Jet engines
• Plastics
  • Extrusion
    Plastics extrusion
    Plastics extrusion is a high volume manufacturing process in which raw plastic material is melted and formed into a continuous profile. Extrusion produces items such as pipe/tubing, weather stripping, fence, deck railing, window frames, adhesive tape and wire insulation.-Process:In the extrusion of...
    
    
  • Moulding
    Injection moulding
    Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity...
    
    
• Print
• Quarry-based manufacturing
  Construction Aggregate
  Construction aggregate, or simply "aggregate", is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined material in the world...
  
  
  • Asphalt
    Asphalt plant
    An asphalt plant is a plant used for the manufacture of asphalt, macadam and other forms of coated roadstone, sometimes collectively known as blacktop....
    
    
  • Bricks
    Brickworks
    A brickworks also known as a brick factory, is a factory for the manufacturing of bricks, from clay or shale. Usually a brickworks is located on a clay bedrock often with a quarry for clay on site....
    
    
  • Concrete
    Concrete plant
    A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant, is a device that combines various ingredients to form concrete. Some of these inputs include sand, water, aggregate , fly ash, potash, and cement. There are two types of concrete plants: ready mix plants and central mix plants...
    
    

Lists

• Outline of agriculture
• Outline of business management
• Outline of economics
  Outline of economics
  The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services...
  
  
• Outline of engineering
• List of accounting topics
• List of sustainable agriculture topics
• List of information technology management topics
• List of Theory of Constraints topics
• List of automation protocols
• List of environmental issues