Textile manufacturing

Textile Manufacturing

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Textile manufacturing

Textile manufacture is a major industry

Industry

An industry is the manufacturing of a Good or Service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products....
. It is based in the conversion of three types of fibre

Fiber

Fiber or fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of yarn. They are very important in the biology of both plants and animals, for holding tissue s together....
(fiber is an alternative spelling in the US but not in Britain and the Commonwealth) into yarn

Yarn

Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking....
, then fabric

Fabric

A fabric is a textile material.Fabric may also refer to:*a production unit or similar practical organism, such as an ecclestiastical Fabrica Ecclesiae...
, then textile

Textile

A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by Spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn....
s. These are then fabricated into clothes

Clothing

A feature of all human societies, except perhaps the most primitive, is the wearing of clothing or clothes, especially in public. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the weather....
or other artifacts. Cotton

Cotton

Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa....
remains the most important natural fibre, so is treated in depth. There are many sources of fibre, and variable processes available at the spinning

Spinning (textiles)

Spinning is an ancient textile arts in which fiber crop, animal fiber or synthetic fiber fibers are twisted together to form yarn . For thousands of years, fiber was spun by hand using simple tools, the Spindle and distaff....
and fabric-forming stages coupled with the complexities of the finishing

Finishing (textiles)

In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to any process performed on yarn or textile after weaving to improve the look, performance, or "hand" of the finished textile....
and colouration processes to the production of a wide ranges of products.

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Processing of Cotton

Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.

There are five stages

Cultivating and Harvesting
Preparatory Processes
Spinning
Weaving
Finishing

Cultivating and harvesting

Cotton

Gossypium

Gossypium is a genus of 39-40 species of shrubs in the Malva family, Malvaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of both the Old World and the New World....
is grown anywhere with long, hot dry summers with plenty of sunshine and low humidity. Indian cotton, gossypium arboreum is finer but the staple is only suitable for hand processing. American cotton, gossypium hirsutum produces the longer staple needed for machine production. Planting is from September to mid November and the crop is harvested between March and May. The cotton bolls

Capsule

The word capsule, or encapsulation, may refer to:* Capsule , a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure.* Capsule , a type of dry fruit like the poppy, iris or foxglove....
are harvested by stripper harvesters and spindle pickers, that remove the entire boll from the plant. The cotton boll is the seed pod of the cotton plant, attached to each of the thousands of seeds are fibres about 2.5 cm long.

Ginning

The seed cotton goes in to a Cotton Gin

Cotton gin

A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds, a job previously done by hand....
. The cotton gin separates the seeds and removes the "trash" (dirt, stems and leaves) from the fibre. In a saw gin, circular saw grab the fibre and pull it through a grating that is too narrow for he seeds to pass. A roller gin is used with longer staple cotton,. Here a leather roller captures the cotton. A knife blade, set close to the roller detaches the seed. by drawing them through teeth in circular saws and revolving brushes which clean them away. The ginned cotton fibre, known as lint, is then compressed into bales which are about 1.5m tall and weigh almost 220 kg. Only 33% of the crop is usable lint. Commercial cotton is priced by quality, and that broadly relates to the average length of the staple, and the variety of the plant. Longer staple cotton ( 2 1/2 in to 1 1/4 in) is called Egyptian, medium staple ( 1 1/4 in to 3/4 in) is called American upland and short staple ( less than 3/4 in) is called Indian. The cotton seed is pressed into a cooking oil. The husks and meal are processed into animal feed, and the stems into paper.

Issues

Cotton is farmed intensively and uses large amounts of fertiliser and 25% of the worlds insecticide. Native Indian variety were rainwater fed, but modern hybrids used for the mills need irrigation, which spreads pests. The 5% of cotton bearing land in India uses 55% of all pesticides. Before mechanisation, cotton was havested manually and this unpleasant task was done by the lower castes, and in the United States by slaves of African origin.

Preparatory Processes- Preparation of yarn

Ginning, bale-making and transportation is done in the country of origin. Opening and cleaning