Gyopo
Encyclopedia
The Korean diaspora consists of roughly seven million people, both descendants of early emigrants from the Korean peninsula
, as well as more recent emigres from Korea
. Nearly four-fifths of expatriate Koreans live in just three countries: China
, the United States
, and Japan
. Countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities are Japan, New Zealand, the United States, Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan and Australia.
implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state.
and Northeast China
; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia
.
of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan
, Karafuto Prefecture
(Sakhalin
), and Manchukuo
, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans
. According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan , of which 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens. Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese population of the country
. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal alien
s.
Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan
or its puppet state of Manchukuo
, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai
, a major centre of the Korean independence movement
, or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia
in 1938.
, but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China
in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China (Chaoxianzu) became officially recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.
Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American
community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965. Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas. A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphan
s of the Korean War
, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea
and provided the bulk of the United Nations
troops that served there. Thousands were adopted
by American (mostly Caucasian
) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television
. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.
Europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile
in 1953 and Argentina
in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry. Brazil
has Latin America
's largest Koreatown
in São Paulo
; there are also Koreatowns in cities such as Buenos Aires
, Argentina
; Guatemala City
, Guatemala
; Lima
, Peru
; and Santiago
, Chile
. Mexico City
's Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000. Korean immigrants are increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia
, Chile
, Colombia
, Ecuador
, Paraguay
, Uruguay
and Venezuela
.
In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East
became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985, and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran
. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or Latin American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.
briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots
, during which many Korean American
immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City
metropolitan area
s still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita
Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey
, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census, is the highest of any county in the United States, with eight of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population; while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey
, within Bergen County, is the highest of any municipality in the United States, at 52% of the population. South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s. Instead, with the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing
, Shanghai
, and Qingdao
; , their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000. There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong
, mostly expatriate
businessmen and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group. Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam
have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam
's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwan
ese. Korean migration to the Philippines
has also increased due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004, and roughly 46,000 Korean expatriates live there permanently. Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009. They mostly reside in Phnom Penh
, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers.
and South Korea
ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il
, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, where his father Kim Il-sung
had been serving in the Red Army
. Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean peninsula were characterised both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory. The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries of who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees.
The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon
sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean
residents to North Korea
; starting from late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in the South. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea
; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan
, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang
. South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo
during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung-hee
and Chun Doo-hwan
had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.
Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans
did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation. However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans
are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on Sakhalin
or moving to the Russian Far East
instead.
With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea
since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu. Similarly, some Koryo-saram
from Central Asia
have also moved to South Korea
as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea
to Uzbekistan
, for example, were estimated to exceed USD100 million in 2005. Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film
Wedding Campaign
, directed by Hwang Byung-kook. However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language
and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar
, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect
considered standard in the South.
Until recently, return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union
, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia
. However, an increasing number of aspiring Korean American
singers and actors, finding their career progress in Hollywood blocked, choose to go to South Korea through talent and modelling agencies; prominent examples include singer Brian Joo
(of R&B
duo Fly to the Sky
) and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).
Korean Peninsula
The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.Until the end of...
, as well as more recent emigres from Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
. Nearly four-fifths of expatriate Koreans live in just three countries: China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, and Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
. Countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities are Japan, New Zealand, the United States, Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan and Australia.
Terminology
North Korea refers to Korean citizens living outside the Korean peninsula as haeoe gungmin (해외국민, "overseas citizens"), while South Korea uses the term jaeoe gungmin (재외국민, "citizens abroad"). Another broader term is gyopo (교포, also spelled kyopo); however, the term has come to have negative connotations as referring to people who, as a result of living as sojourners outside the "home country", has lost touch with their Korean roots. As a result, others prefer to use the term dongpo (동포, roughly "brethren" or "people of the same ancestry"). Dongpo has a more transnationalTransnationalism
Transnationalism is a social movement and scholarly research agenda grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding economic and social significance of boundaries among nation states....
implication, emphasising links among various overseas Korean groups, while gyopo has more of a purely national connotation referring to the Korean state.
Origins
Prior to the modern era, Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries; as Rogers Brubaker and Jaeeun Kim describe it, "The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted". Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the Russian Far EastRussian Far East
Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean...
and Northeast China
Northeast China
Northeast China, historically known in English as Manchuria, is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. The region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces...
; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia
Koryo-saram
Koryo-saram is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in southern Russia , the...
.
Korea under Japanese rule
During the Japanese colonial periodKorea under Japanese rule
Korea was under Japanese rule as part of Japan's 35-year imperialist expansion . Japanese rule ended in 1945 shortly after the Japanese defeat in World War II....
of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited or forced into labour service to work in mainland Japan
Mainland Japan
is a term to distinguish the area of Japan from its outlying territories. It was an official term in the pre-war period, distinguishing Japan and the colonies in East Asia...
, Karafuto Prefecture
Karafuto Prefecture
, commonly called South Sakhalin, was the Japanese administrative division corresponding to Japanese territory on Sakhalin from 1905 to 1945. Through the Treaty of Portsmouth, the portion of Sakhalin south of 50°N became a colony of Japan in 1905...
(Sakhalin
Sakhalin
Sakhalin or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast...
), and Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
, especially in the 1930s and early 1940s; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as Zainichi Koreans, while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as Sakhalin Koreans
Sakhalin Koreans
Sakhalin Koreans are Russian citizens and residents of Korean descent living on Sakhalin Island, who trace their roots to the immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latter half of the Japanese colonial era...
. According to the statistics at Immigration Bureau of Japan, there were 901,284 Koreans resident in Japan , of which 515,570 were permanent residents, and another 284,840 were naturalized citizens. Koreans amount to 40.4% of the non-Japanese population of the country
Demographics of Japan
The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population....
. Three-quarters of the Koreans living in Japan are Japanese-born, and most are legal alien
Alien (law)
In law, an alien is a person in a country who is not a citizen of that country.-Categorization:Types of "alien" persons are:*An alien who is legally permitted to remain in a country which is foreign to him or her. On specified terms, this kind of alien may be called a legal alien of that country...
s.
Aside from migration within the Empire of Japan
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of...
or its puppet state of Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
, some Koreans also escaped Japanese-ruled territory entirely, heading to Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
, a major centre of the Korean independence movement
Korean independence movement
The Korean independence movement grew out of the Japanese colonial rule of the Korean peninsula from 1910 to 1945. After the Japanese surrendered, Korea became independent; that day is now an annual holiday called Gwangbokjeol in South Korea, and Chogukhaebangŭi nal in North Korea.-Background:In...
, or to the already-established Korean communities of the Russian Far East. However, the latter would find themselves deported to Central Asia
Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union, originally conceived in 1926, initiated in 1930, and carried through in 1937, was the first mass transfer of an entire nationality based on their ethnicity to be committed by the Soviet Union...
in 1938.
After the liberation
Korea regained its independence in 1945 at the end of World War IIWorld War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, but was divided into North and South. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
in 1949, ethnic Koreans in China (Chaoxianzu) became officially recognised as one of the 56 ethnic groups of the country. They are considered to be one of the "major minorities". Their population grew to about 2 million; they stayed mostly in northeastern China, where their ancestors had initially settled. Their largest population was concentrated in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
Yanbian is a Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, in Northeastern China, above the border with North Korea. Yanbian is bordered to the north by Heilongjiang, on the west by Baishan City and Jilin City, on the south by North Hamgyong Province of North Korea, and on the east by Primorsky...
in Jilin Province, where they numbered 854,000 in 1997.
Korean emigration to the United States is known to have begun as early as 1903, but the Korean American
Korean American
Korean Americans are Americans of Korean descent, mostly from South Korea, with a small minority from North Korea...
community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the Immigration Reform Act of 1965. Between 1.5 and 2 million Koreans now live in the United States, mostly in metropolitan areas. A handful are descended from laborers who migrated to Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A significant number are descended from orphan
Orphan
An orphan is a child permanently bereaved of or abandoned by his or her parents. In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents is called an orphan...
s of the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
, in which the United States was a major ally of South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
and provided the bulk of the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
troops that served there. Thousands were adopted
Korean adoptee
A Korean international adoptee or KAD is a person who was adopted from South Korea through the international adoption of South Korean children as a child and raised in another country, often by adoptive parents of another race, ethnic background, and culture.-Historical context and the impact of...
by American (mostly Caucasian
Caucasian race
The term Caucasian race has been used to denote the general physical type of some or all of the populations of Europe, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia , Central Asia and South Asia...
) families in the years following the war, when their plight was covered on television
Television
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
. The vast majority, however, immigrated or are descended from those who immigrated after the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 abolished national immigration quotas.
Europe and Latin America were also minor destinations for post-war Korean emigration. Korean immigration to Latin America was documented as early as the 1950s; North Korean prisoners of war choose to emigrate to Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
in 1953 and Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
in 1956 under the auspices of the Red Cross. However, the majority of Korean settlement occurred in the late 1960s. As the South Korean economy continued to expand in the 1980s, investors from South Korea came to Latin America and established small businesses in the textiles industry. Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
has Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
's largest Koreatown
Koreatown
Koreatown is a term to describe a Korean ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area. Similar terms may include Little Seoul or Little Korea.-Beijing:There are more than 150,000 Koreans living in Beijing...
in São Paulo
São Paulo
São Paulo is the largest city in Brazil, the largest city in the southern hemisphere and South America, and the world's seventh largest city by population. The metropolis is anchor to the São Paulo metropolitan area, ranked as the second-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas and among...
; there are also Koreatowns in cities such as Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...
, Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
; Guatemala City
Guatemala City
Guatemala City , is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Guatemala and Central America...
, Guatemala
Guatemala
Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast...
; Lima
Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
, Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
; and Santiago
Santiago, Chile
Santiago , also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation . It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of above mean sea level...
, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
. Mexico City
Mexico City
Mexico City is the Federal District , capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole...
's Korean population is estimated to be around 30,000. Korean immigrants are increasingly settling in urban centers of Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
, Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
, Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
, Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...
, Uruguay
Uruguay
Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area...
and Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
.
In the 1970s, however, Japan and the United States remained the top two destinations for South Korean emigrants, with each receiving more than a quarter of all emigration; the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
became the third most popular destination, with more than 800,000 Koreans going to Saudi Arabia between 1975 and 1985, and another 26,000 Koreans going to Iran
Koreans in Iran
Koreans in Iran have a history dating back to the 1970s, when South Korean labour migrants began flowing into the country. However, most returned home or moved on to other countries; , only 614 Koreans lived in the country, according to the statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs...
. In contrast, aside from Germany (1.7% of all South Korean emigration in 1977) and Paraguay (1.0%), no European or Latin American destinations were even in the top ten for emigrants.
Shifting focus of emigration
Although immigration to the United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
briefly became less attractive as a result of the 1992 Los Angeles riots
1992 Los Angeles riots
The 1992 Los Angeles Riots or South Central Riots, also known as the 1992 Los Angeles Civil Unrest were sparked on April 29, 1992, when a jury acquitted three white and one hispanic Los Angeles Police Department officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King following a...
, during which many Korean American
Korean American
Korean Americans are Americans of Korean descent, mostly from South Korea, with a small minority from North Korea...
immigrants saw their businesses destroyed by looters, the Los Angeles and New York City
Koreatown, Manhattan
Koreatown, or K-town as it is colloquially known, is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, that is generally bordered by 31st and 36th Streets and Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenues...
metropolitan area
Metropolitan area
The term metropolitan area refers to a region consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing. A metropolitan area usually encompasses multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,...
s still contain by far the largest populations of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea and continue to attract the largest share of Korean immigrants. In fact, the per capita
Per capita
Per capita is a Latin prepositional phrase: per and capita . The phrase thus means "by heads" or "for each head", i.e. per individual or per person...
Korean population of Bergen County, New Jersey
Koreatown, Palisades Park
Koreatown, Palisades Park, or Palisades Park Koreatown, in the borough of Palisades Park, Bergen County, New Jersey, USA, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Korean enclaves outside of Korea....
, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census, is the highest of any county in the United States, with eight of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population; while the concentration of Korean Americans in Palisades Park, New Jersey
Koreatown, Palisades Park
Koreatown, Palisades Park, or Palisades Park Koreatown, in the borough of Palisades Park, Bergen County, New Jersey, USA, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Korean enclaves outside of Korea....
, within Bergen County, is the highest of any municipality in the United States, at 52% of the population. South Korean media reports on the riots increased public awareness of the long working hours and harsh conditions faced by immigrants to the United States in the 1990s. Instead, with the development of the South Korean economy, the focus of emigration from Korea began to shift from developed nations towards developing nations. With the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle instead in China, attracted by business opportunities generated by the reform and opening up of China and the low cost of living. Large new communities of South Koreans have formed in Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
, Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
, and Qingdao
Qingdao
' also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.It borders Yantai to the...
; , their population is estimated to be between 300,000 and 400,000. There is also a small community of Koreans in Hong Kong
Koreans in Hong Kong
Koreans in Hong Kong formed a population of 4,812 individuals as of 2006, making them one of Hong Kong's smaller minority groups.-Migration history:...
, mostly expatriate
Expatriate
An expatriate is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing...
businessmen and their families; according to Hong Kong's 2001 census, they numbered roughly 5,200, making them the 12th-largest ethnic minority group. Southeast Asia has also seen an influx of South Koreans. Koreans in Vietnam
Koreans in Vietnam
Koreans in Vietnam initially came in a military capacity, fighting on both sides of the Vietnam War. After the end of the war, there was little Korean migration or tourism in Vietnam, until the rise of the South Korean economy and the decline of the North resulted in an influx of South Korean...
have grown in number to around 30,000 since the 1992 normalisation of diplomatic relations, making them Vietnam
Vietnam
Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...
's second-largest foreign community after the Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
ese. Korean migration to the Philippines
Koreans in the Philippines
Koreans in the Philippines, largely consisting of expatriates from South Korea, form the largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia and the eighth-largest in the world, after Korean Australians and before Koreans in Kazakhstan; as of 2009, statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign...
has also increased due to the tropical climate and low cost of living compared to South Korea; 370,000 Koreans visited the country in 2004, and roughly 46,000 Korean expatriates live there permanently. Though smaller, the number of Koreans in Cambodia has also grown rapidly, almost quadrupling between 2005 and 2009. They mostly reside in Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic and industrial activities, as well as the center of security,...
, with a smaller number in Siam Reap. They are largely investors involved in the construction industry, though there are also some missionaries and NGO workers.
Return migration
Koreans born or settled overseas have been migrating back to both NorthNorth Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
and South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
ever since the restoration of Korean independence; perhaps the most famous example is Kim Jong-Il
Kim Jong-il
Kim Jong-il, also written as Kim Jong Il, birth name Yuri Irsenovich Kim born 16 February 1941 or 16 February 1942 , is the Supreme Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea...
, born in Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai, where his father Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung
Kim Il-sung was a Korean communist politician who led the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death...
had been serving in the Red Army
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
. Postwar migrations of Koreans from throughout the Japanese Empire back to the Korean peninsula were characterised both bureaucratically and popularly as "repatriation", a restoration of the congruence between the Korean population and its territory. The pre-colonial Korean state had not clearly laid out the boundaries of who was a citizen; however, the Japanese colonial government had registered all Koreans in a separate family registry, a separation which continued even if an individual Korean migrated to Manchuria or Japan; thus North and South Korea had a clear legal definition of who was a repatriating Korean, and did not have to create any special legal categories of national membership for them, the way Germany had done for post-World War II German expellees.
The largest-scale repatriation activities took place in Japan, where Chongryon
Chongryon
The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan , abbreviated to Chongryon The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan (Chae Ilbon Chosŏnin Ch'ongryŏnhaphoe in Korean or Zai-Nihon Chōsenjin Sōrengōkai in Japanese), abbreviated to Chongryon The General Association of Korean Residents...
sponsored the return of Zainichi Korean
Zainichi Korean
Koreans in Japan are the ethnic Korean residents of Japan. They currently constitute the second largest ethnic minority group in Japan. The majority of Koreans in Japan are Zainichi Koreans, also often known as Zainichi for short, who are the permanent ethnic Korean residents of Japan...
residents to North Korea
North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
; starting from late 1950s and early 1960s, with a trickle of repatriates continuing until as late as 1984, nearly 90,000 Zainichi Koreans resettled in the reclusive communist state, though their ancestral homes were in the South. However, word of the difficult economic and political conditions filtered back to Japan, decreasing the popularity of this option. Around one hundred such repatriates are believed to have later escaped from North Korea
North Korean defectors
A number of individuals have defected from North Korea. Since the division of Korea after World War II and the end of the Korean War , many people have defected from North Korea, mainly for political, ideological, religious and economic reasons...
; the most famous is Kang Chol-Hwan
Kang Chol-Hwan
Kang Chol-Hwan is a defector from North Korea. As a child he was imprisoned in the Yodok concentration camp for 10 years; after his release he fled the country, first to China and eventually to South Korea...
, who published a book about his experience, The Aquariums of Pyongyang
The Aquariums of Pyongyang
The Aquariums of Pyongyang, by Kang Chol-Hwan and Pierre Rigoulot, is an account of the imprisonment of Kang Chol-Hwan and his family in the Yodok concentration camp in North Korea....
. South Korea, however, was a popular destination for Koreans who had settled in Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
during the colonial period; returnees from Manchukuo such as Park Chung-hee
Park Chung-hee
Park Chung-hee was a Republic of Korea Army general and the leader of South Korea from 1961 to 1979. He seized power in a military coup and ruled until his assassination in 1979. He has been credited with the industrialization of the Republic of Korea through export-led growth...
and Chun Doo-hwan
Chun Doo-hwan
Chun Doo-hwan was a ROK Army general and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. Chun was sentenced to death in 1996 for his heavy-handed response to the Gwangju Democratization Movement, but later pardoned by President Kim Young-sam with the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung,...
had a large influence on the process of nation-building in South Korea.
Until the 1980s, Soviet Koreans
Koryo-saram
Koryo-saram is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in southern Russia , the...
did not repatriate in any large numbers and played little role in defining the boundaries of membership in the Korean nation. However, roughly 1,000 Sakhalin Koreans
Sakhalin Koreans
Sakhalin Koreans are Russian citizens and residents of Korean descent living on Sakhalin Island, who trace their roots to the immigrants from the Gyeongsang and Jeolla provinces of Korea during the late 1930s and early 1940s, the latter half of the Japanese colonial era...
are also estimated to have independently repatriated to the North in the decades after the end of World War II, when returning to their ancestral homes in the South was not an option due to the lack of Soviet relations with the South and Japan's refusal to grant them transit rights. In 1985, Japan began to fund the return of Sakhalin Koreans to South Korea; however, only an additional 1,500 took this offer, with the vast majority of the population remaining on Sakhalin
Sakhalin
Sakhalin or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast...
or moving to the Russian Far East
Russian Far East
Russian Far East is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i.e., extreme east parts of Russia, between Lake Baikal in Eastern Siberia and the Pacific Ocean...
instead.
With the rise of the South Korean economy in the 1980s, economic motivations became increasingly prevalent in overseas Koreans' decisions of whether to repatriate and in which part of the peninsula to settle. 356,790 Chinese citizens have migrated to South Korea
Ethnic Chinese in Korea
There has been a recognisable community of Chinese people in Korea since the 1880s. Most early migrants came from Shandong province on the east coast of China; many of them and their descendants have emigrated...
since the reform and opening up of China; almost two-thirds are estimated to be Chaoxianzu. Similarly, some Koryo-saram
Koryo-saram
Koryo-saram is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. Approximately 500,000 ethnic Koreans reside in the former Soviet Union, primarily in the now-independent states of Central Asia. There are also large Korean communities in southern Russia , the...
from Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
have also moved to South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
as guest workers, to take advantage of the high wages offered by the growing economy; remittances from South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
to Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....
, for example, were estimated to exceed USD100 million in 2005. Return migration through arranged marriage is another option, portrayed in the 2005 South Korean film
Cinema of Korea
Korean cinema encompasses the motion picture industries of North and South Korea. As with all aspects of Korean life during the past century, the film industry has often been at the mercy of political events, from the late Joseon dynasty to the Korean War to domestic governmental interference...
Wedding Campaign
Wedding Campaign
Wedding Campaign is 2005 South Korean film about two aging bachelor farmers from Gyeongsang Province. Unable to find wives in Korea willing to move to the countryside, they go on a 10-day 'campaign' in Uzbekistan, where local matchmakers attempt to pair them up with local ethnic Korean women. It...
, directed by Hwang Byung-kook. However, the Koryo-saram often face the most difficulty integrating into Korean society due to their poor command of the Korean language
Korean language
Korean is the official language of the country Korea, in both South and North. It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in People's Republic of China. There are about 78 million Korean speakers worldwide. In the 15th century, a national writing...
and the fact that their dialect, Koryo-mar
Koryo-mar
Koryo-mar, Goryeomal or Koryŏmal is the dialect of the Korean language spoken by the Koryo-saram, ethnic Koreans in the former USSR. It is descended from the Hamgyŏng dialect...
, differs significantly from the Seoul dialect
Seoul dialect
The Seoul dialect is the basis of the standard language of Korean in South Korea. It is spoken in the Seoul National Capital Area, which includes Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi. The dialect does not merely mean 'a standard accent'. The exact form of the South Korea's standard accent is that of...
considered standard in the South.
Until recently, return migration from the United States has been much less common than that from Japan or the former Soviet Union
Post-Soviet states
The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as the Former Soviet Union or former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent states that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in its dissolution in December 1991...
, as the economic push factor was far less than in 1960s Japan or post-Soviet collapse Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
. However, an increasing number of aspiring Korean American
Korean American
Korean Americans are Americans of Korean descent, mostly from South Korea, with a small minority from North Korea...
singers and actors, finding their career progress in Hollywood blocked, choose to go to South Korea through talent and modelling agencies; prominent examples include singer Brian Joo
Brian Joo
Brian Joo , better known as simply Brian, is a Korean-American R&B, K-pop singer where he is known as a member of R&B duo Fly to the Sky. His solo album, The Brian was released in December 2006. His 2nd solo album, Manifold was released in December 2009.He had two birth names as Brian Gintaek Joo...
(of R&B
Rhythm and blues
Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated to R&B, is a genre of popular African American music that originated in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when "urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a...
duo Fly to the Sky
Fly to the Sky
Fly to the Sky was a South Korean R&B duo, consisting of Korean American Brian Joo and South Korean native Hwanhee.Initially marketed as a duo that can sing, rap, and dance, their early works featured bubblegum pop and upbeat techno music. The duo later changed their image and style with the...
) and actor Daniel Henney (who initially spoke no Korean).
Statistics
| Continent | Country | MOFAT Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (South Korea) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade is in charge of diplomacy for South Korea, as well as handling external trade and matters related to overseas Korean nationals. It was established on 17 July 1948. Until 1998, the ministry was known as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; its jurisdiction over... statistics, 2009 |
Proportion of Korean diaspora | Number of adopted Koreans | Year range for adoption statistics | Local census statistics | Year of census |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia |  People's Republic of China |
2,336,771 | 34.25% | ||||
| Americas |  United States |
2,102,283 | 30.81% | 107145 | 1953–2007 | 1555293 | 2007 |
| Asia |  Japan |
912,770 | 13.38% | 226 | 1962–1982 | ||
| Americas |  Canada |
223,322 | 3.27% | 2103 | 1967–2007 | ||
| Europe/Asia |  Russia |
222,027 | 3.25% | 148,556 | 2002 | ||
| Asia |  Uzbekistan |
175,939 | 2.58% | ||||
| Oceania |  Australia |
125,669 | 1.84% | 3341 | 1969–2007 | 60873 | 2006 |
| Asia |  Philippines |
115,400 | 1.69% | ||||
| Asia |  Kazakhstan |
103,952 | 1.52% | 99700 | 1999 | ||
| Asia |  Vietnam |
84,566 | 1.24% | ||||
| Americas |  Brazil |
48,419 | 0.71% | ||||
| Europe |  United Kingdom |
45,295 | 0.66% | 72 | 1958–1990 | ||
| Asia |  Indonesia |
31,760 | 0.47% | ||||
| Europe |  Germany |
31,248 | 0.46% | 2352 | 1965–2002 | ||
| Oceania |  New Zealand |
30,792 | 0.45% | 559 | 1964–1984 | ||
| Americas |  Argentina |
22,024 | 0.32% | ||||
| Asia |  Thailand |
20,200 | 0.30% | ||||
| Asia |  Kyrgyzstan |
18,810 | 0.28% | 19784 | 1999 | ||
| Europe |  Early Modern France |
14,738 | 0.22% | 11155 | 1968–2007 | ||
| Asia |  Malaysia |
14,580 | 0.21% | ||||
| Asia |  Singapore |
13,509 | 0.20% | ||||
| Europe |  Ukraine |
13,001 | 0.19% | ||||
| Americas |  Mexico |
12,072 | 0.18% | ||||
| Americas |  Guatemala |
9,921 | 0.15% | ||||
| Asia |  India |
8,337 | 0.12% | 3 | 1960–1964 | ||
| Americas |  Paraguay |
5,229 | 0.08% | 2 | 1969 | ||
| Asia |  Cambodia |
4,772 | 0.07% | ||||
| Europe |  Italy |
4,203 | 0.06% | 382 | 1965–1981 | ||
| Africa |  South Africa |
3,949 | 0.06% | ||||
| Europe |  Spain |
3,647 | 0.05% | 5 | 1968 | ||
| Asia |  Republic of China |
3,158 | 0.05% | 4 | 1967–1968 | ||
| Asia |  United Arab Emirates |
3,114 | 0.05% | ||||
| Asia |  Qatar |
2,365 | 0.03% | ||||
| Asia |  Mongolia |
2,323 | 0.03% | ||||
| Americas |  Chile |
2,249 | 0.03% | ||||
| Europe |  Austria |
2,247 | 0.03% | ||||
| Europe |  Switzerland |
2,141 | 0.03% | 1111 | 1968–1997 | ||
| Asia |  Saudi Arabia |
2,014 | 0.03% | ||||
| Europe |  Czech Republic |
1,780 | 0.03% | 1272 | 2009 | ||
| Asia |  Tajikistan |
1,762 | 0.03% | ||||
| Europe |  Netherlands |
1,722 | 0.03% | 4099 | 1969–2003 | 4561 | 2008 |
| Europe |  Slovakia |
1,495 | 0.02% | ||||
| Europe |  Sweden |
1,434 | 0.02% | 9221 | 1957–2007 | ||
| Americas |  Ecuador |
1,418 | 0.02% | ||||
| Europe/Asia |  Turkey |
1,396 | 0.02% | 1 | 1969 | ||
| Europe |  Belarus |
1,265 | 0.02% | ||||
| Europe |  Republic of Ireland |
1,146 | 0.02% | 12 | 1968–1975 | ||
| Asia |  Kuwait |
1,058 | 0.02% | ||||
| Europe |  Hungary |
1,053 | 0.02% | ||||
| Asia |  Bangladesh |
1,046 | 0.02% | ||||
| Europe |  Poland |
1,034 | 0.02% | 7 | 1970 | ||
| Africa |  Egypt |
976 | 0.01% | ||||
| Oceania |  Fiji |
950 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Nigeria |
920 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Myanmar |
888 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Libya |
854 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Sri Lanka |
854 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Peru |
812 | 0.01% | ||||
| Europe |  Belgium |
743 | 0.01% | 3697 | 1969–1995 | ||
| Americas |  Costa Rica |
730 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Colombia |
710 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Kenya |
707 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Oman |
699 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Bolivia |
640 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Iran |
614 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Israel |
560 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Laos |
547 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Nicaragua |
531 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Pakistan |
529 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Ghana |
519 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Dominican Republic |
518 | 0.01% | ||||
| Europe |  Norway |
488 | 0.01% | 6274 | 1995–2007 | ||
| Europe |  Kingdom of Romania |
456 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Angola |
455 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Turkmenistan |
438 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Honduras |
406 | 0.01% | ||||
| Europe |  Armenia |
378 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Nepal |
374 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Tanzania |
360 | 0.01% | ||||
| Africa |  Morocco |
358 | 0.01% | ||||
| Europe |  Greece |
356 | 0.01% | ||||
| Asia |  Jordan |
356 | 0.01% | ||||
| Americas |  Venezuela |
325 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Panama |
306 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Denmark |
279 | 0.00% | 8679 | 1965–2005 | ||
| Americas |  El Salvador |
272 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Uganda |
228 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Madagascar |
226 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Yemen |
222 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Papua New Guinea |
222 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Finland |
213 | 0.00% | 1 | 1984 | ||
| Africa |  Ethiopia |
212 | 0.00% | 1 | 1961 | ||
| Asia |  Bahrain |
195 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Algeria |
183 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Senegal |
170 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Tunisia |
170 | 0.00% | 1 | 1969 | ||
| Europe |  Kingdom of Bulgaria |
170 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Botswana |
163 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Azerbaijan |
163 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Afghanistan |
159 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Portugal |
159 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Cameroon |
155 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Uruguay |
152 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Côte d'Ivoire |
141 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Zimbabwe |
136 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Moldova |
126 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Syria |
121 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Lebanon |
116 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Palau |
113 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Malawi |
113 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Brunei |
108 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Togo |
105 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Malta |
103 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Democratic Republic of the Congo |
103 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Jamaica |
102 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Sudan |
99 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Gabon |
90 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Zambia |
84 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Mozambique |
78 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Albania |
72 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Serbia |
68 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Suriname |
66 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Iraq |
62 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Rwanda |
61 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Burkina Faso |
59 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Sierra Leone |
56 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Luxembourg |
54 | 0.00% | 554 | 1984–2007 | ||
| Asia |  East Timor |
52 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Independent State of Croatia |
50 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Haiti |
47 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Vanuatu |
46 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Tonga |
46 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Latvia |
46 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Guinea |
43 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Solomon Islands |
42 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Lithuania |
41 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Liberia |
37 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Trinidad and Tobago |
37 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  The Gambia |
36 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Marshall Islands |
34 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Chad |
32 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Mauritania |
31 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Belize |
30 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Slovenia |
29 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Georgia (country) |
28 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Federated States of Micronesia |
25 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Swaziland |
19 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Namibia |
19 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Maldives |
18 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Mali |
18 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Palestinian territories |
15 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Republic of the Congo |
14 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Niger |
14 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Equatorial Guinea |
13 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Cyprus |
11 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Mauritius |
11 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Republic of Macedonia |
10 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Iceland |
10 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Guinea-Bissau |
10 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Burundi |
9 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Central African Republic |
9 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Benin |
8 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Eritrea |
7 | 0.00% | ||||
| Asia |  Bhutan |
7 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Barbados |
7 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
6 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Estonia |
5 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Saint Lucia |
5 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Kingdom of Montenegro |
3 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Comoros |
3 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  Monaco |
2 | 0.00% | ||||
| Africa |  Cape Verde |
2 | 0.00% | ||||
| Oceania |  Kiribati |
1 | 0.00% | ||||
| Europe |  San Marino |
1 | 0.00% | ||||
| Americas |  Guyana |
1 | 0.00% | ||||
| Total | 6,822,720 | 100% | |||||
See also
- Overseas ChineseOverseas ChineseOverseas Chinese are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Greater China Area . People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves Overseas Chinese....
- Japanese diasporaJapanese diasporaThe Japanese diaspora, and its individual members known as , are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country...
- ImmigrationImmigrationImmigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
- Asian Latin American