Timeline of psychiatry
Encyclopedia
This is a timeline of the modern development of psychiatry
.
The Ebers papyrus
, one of the most important medical papyri of
ancient Egypt
, briefly mentioned clinical depression.
4th century BC
Hippocrates
theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the
root of mental disorders.
280 BC
Greek physician and philosopher Herophilus studies the nervous system
and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves.
250 BC
Greek anatomist Erasistratus
studies the brain and distinguishes
between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
705
The first psychiatric hospital
was built in Baghdad
.
11th century
Persian physician Avicenna
recognized 'physiological psychology' in
the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system
for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings.
13th century
Bethlem Royal Hospital
in London, one of the famous oldest
psychiatric hospitals, was set up in 1337 (though it actually started admitting mentally ill patients from 1357), and was acquired in 1547 by the City of London that continued its function until 1948; it is now part of the British NHS Foundation Trust
.
Scholastic philosopher Rudolph Goclenius
used the term psychology.
Though often regarded as the "origin" of the term, there is
conclusive evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by
Marko Maruliæ.
1656
Louis XIV of France
created a public system of hospitals for those
suffering from mental disorders.
1672
In English physician Thomas Willis
' anatomical treatise "De Anima
Brutorum", psychology was described in terms of brain function.
1724
Socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer, Cotton Mather
(1663–1728), broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses.
1745
Benjamin Rush
(1745–1813), American physician, writer and educator became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of 'Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind', the first American textbook of psychiatry.
1758
English physician William Battie
wrote the Treatise on Madness which
called for treatments to be utilized in asylums.
1793
Phillipe Pinel appointed physician at Bicêtre Hospital
1796
The York Retreat opens
Johann Christian Reil
, German physician, anatomist, physiologist
and psychiatrist, coined the term 'Psychiatry
'.
1821
The element Lithium
was first isolated from Lithium oxide
and
described by William Thomas Brande
, an English chemist.
1845
The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in
England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission
1857
Bénédict Augustin Morel
publishes his text Traité des dégénérescences
promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of
degeneration
. Degeneration theory becomes one of the most influential
concepts in nineteenth-century psychiatry.
1893
Emil Kraepelin
defined "dementia praecox
", later reformulated as
Schizophrenia
.
1899
The Kraepelinian dichotomy
between affective psychosis
and dementia praecox
(schizophrenia
) was introduced in the sixth
edition of Emil Kraepelin
's famous Lehrbuch.
Sigmund Freud
published 'The interpretation of dreams
'.
Alois Alzheimer
, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist,
identified the first case of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease
.
1905
French Psychologists Alfred Binet
and Theodore Simon
created the
Binet-Simon scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start
for standardized psychological testing.
1906
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russian physiologist, psychologist, and
physician, published first Conditioning
studies.
1908
The word "schizophrenia
" was coined by Paul Eugen Bleuler, Swiss
psychiatrist.
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
wins the Nobel Prize
for his invention of malarial therapy as a treatment for general paralysis of the insane
(neurosyphilis
). He had first initiated the treatment in 1917.
1928
Aug 23 – The 'Indian Association for Mental Hygiene' came into
being at Simla, with Lt. Col. Owen Berkeley – Hill, Superintendent of
the then European Lunatic Asylum, Ranchi
(now known as Central
Institute of Psychiatry) elected as its first President.
1929
Hans Berger
, German neuropsychiatrist, discovered human
electroencephalography
.
1934
Manfred Sakel
, Austrian neurophysiologist and psychiatrist,
first published on insulin shock therapy
as a treatment for psychosis.
1935
The Indian division of the royal Medico- Psychological Association
was formed due to the efforts of Dr. Banarasi Das.
1936
Otto Loewi
, Austrian-German-American pharmacologist, won the 1936
Nobel Prize in Medicine, which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, for his
discovery of Acetylcholine
, the first neurotransmitter to be
described.
1938
Ugo Cerletti
, Italian neurologist and Dr. Lucio Bini
, Italian
psychiatrist, discovered Electroconvulsive Therapy
.
1947
Jan 7 – The Indian Psychiatric Society
was inaugurated at Delhi,
mainly by the efforts of Dr. Nagendra Nath De, Major R. B. Davis &
Brigadier T. A. Munro.
1948
Lithium carbonate
's ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in
bipolar mood disorder was demonstrated.
1949
Antonio Moniz, neurologist at the Lisbon Medical School won
Nobel prize for his work on psychosurgery
/ lobotomy
.
The first published clinical trial of Chlorpromazine
was conducted
at St. Anne Hospital in Paris.
1952
The APA
published the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
.
1952
The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor
(MAOI) antidepressant, Iproniazid
, was discovered.
1954
On the recommendation of Bhore committee (in 1946), All India
Institute of Mental Health was set up, which became the National
Institute of Mental Health And NeuroSciences (NIMHANS) in 1974 at
Bangalore.
1957
The first tricyclic antidepressant
(TCA), Imipramine
, was discovered.
1960
The first benzodiazepine
, Chlordiazepoxide
, under the trade name Librium, was introduced.
1963
United States president John F. Kennedy
introduced legislation
delegating the National Institute of Mental Health to administer
Community Mental Health Centers for those being discharged from state
psychiatric hospitals.
1970
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Lithium
for acute mania.
1972
Psychologist David Rosenhan
published the Rosenhan experiment
, a
study challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnoses.
1977
The ICD-9 was published by the WHO
.
1982
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was launched in India.
1987
Indian Mental Health Act was drafted by the parliament
but it came into effect in all the states and
union territories of India in April 1993. This act
replaced the Indian Lunacy act of 1912, which had
earlier replaced the Indian Lunatic Asylum act of 1858.
1988
The first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI)
antidepressant, Fluoxetine
, under the trade name Prozac, was released and quickly became most
prescribed.
1988
United States president George H. W. Bush
declared the 1990s as "the
decade of the brain".
1990
Use of the "Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) in MRI first discovered by Dr. Seiji Ogawa
1991
Dr. Kenneth Kwong
successfully applied BOLD to image human brain activities with MRI and published the findings in 1992.
The No Free Lunch Organization
was founded by Dr. Bob Goodman
, an
internist from New York.
2008
Oct 4 US President George W. Bush
signed into law, what
has for decades been known as the Mental Health Parity legislation,
thus enabling all psychiatric conditions to be considered no
different than any other medical or surgical illness by the health insurance agencies.
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...
.
Early History of Psychiatry
1550 BCThe Ebers papyrus
Ebers papyrus
The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian medical papyrus dating to circa 1550 BC. Among the oldest and most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt, it was purchased at Luxor, in the winter of 1873–74 by Georg Ebers...
, one of the most important medical papyri of
ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh...
, briefly mentioned clinical depression.
Hippocrates
Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles , and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine...
theorized that physiological abnormalities may be the
root of mental disorders.
280 BC
Greek physician and philosopher Herophilus studies the nervous system
and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves.
250 BC
Greek anatomist Erasistratus
Erasistratus
Erasistratus was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. Along with fellow physician Herophilus, he founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria, where they carried out anatomical research...
studies the brain and distinguishes
between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
705
The first psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospital
Psychiatric hospitals, also known as mental hospitals, are hospitals specializing in the treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatric hospitals vary widely in their size and grading. Some hospitals may specialise only in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients...
was built in Baghdad
Baghdad
Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...
.
11th century
Persian physician Avicenna
Avicenna
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā , commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived...
recognized 'physiological psychology' in
the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system
for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings.
13th century
Bethlem Royal Hospital
Bethlem Royal Hospital
The Bethlem Royal Hospital is a psychiatric hospital located in London, United Kingdom and part of the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although no longer based at its original location, it is recognised as the world's first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses....
in London, one of the famous oldest
psychiatric hospitals, was set up in 1337 (though it actually started admitting mentally ill patients from 1357), and was acquired in 1547 by the City of London that continued its function until 1948; it is now part of the British NHS Foundation Trust
NHS Foundation Trust
An NHS foundation trust is part of the National Health Service in England and has gained a degree of independence from the Department of Health and local NHS strategic health authority.Foundation Trusts are represented by the , .-Function:...
.
Psychiatry in the Age of Reason
1590Scholastic philosopher Rudolph Goclenius
Rudolph Goclenius
Rudolph Göckel or Rudolf Goclenius [the Older] was a German scholastic philosopher, credited with inventing the term psychology .-Life:He was born in Korbach, Waldeck...
used the term psychology.
Though often regarded as the "origin" of the term, there is
conclusive evidence that it was used at least six decades earlier by
Marko Maruliæ.
1656
Louis XIV of France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
created a public system of hospitals for those
suffering from mental disorders.
1672
In English physician Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis was an English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy, neurology and psychiatry. He was a founding member of the Royal Society.-Life:...
' anatomical treatise "De Anima
Brutorum", psychology was described in terms of brain function.
1724
Socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer, Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather
Cotton Mather, FRS was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer; he is often remembered for his role in the Salem witch trials...
(1663–1728), broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses.
1745
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush
Benjamin Rush was a Founding Father of the United States. Rush lived in the state of Pennsylvania and was a physician, writer, educator, humanitarian and a Christian Universalist, as well as the founder of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania....
(1745–1813), American physician, writer and educator became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of 'Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind', the first American textbook of psychiatry.
1758
English physician William Battie
William Battie
William Battie , 1 September 1703–13 June 1776, was an English physician who published in 1758 the first lengthy book on the treatment of mental illness, A Treatise on Madness, and by extending methods of treatment to the poor as well as the affluent, helped raise psychiatry to a respectable...
wrote the Treatise on Madness which
called for treatments to be utilized in asylums.
1793
Phillipe Pinel appointed physician at Bicêtre Hospital
Bicêtre Hospital
The Bicêtre Hospital is located in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, which is a commune in the southern suburbs of Paris, France. It lies 4.5 km from the center of Paris. The Bicêtre Hospital was originally planned as a military hospital, with construction begun in 1634. With the help of Vincent de Paul, it was...
1796
The York Retreat opens
Psychiatry in the 19th Century
1808Johann Christian Reil
Johann Christian Reil
Johann Christian Reil was a German physician, physiologist, anatomist and psychiatrist. He coined the term psychiatry or, in German, Psychiatrie in 1808....
, German physician, anatomist, physiologist
and psychiatrist, coined the term 'Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...
'.
1821
The element Lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...
was first isolated from Lithium oxide
Lithium oxide
Lithium oxide or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. Lithium oxide is formed along with small amounts of lithium peroxide when lithium metal is burned in the air and combines with oxygen:Pure can be produced by the thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide, at 450°C-Structure:In the solid...
and
described by William Thomas Brande
William Thomas Brande
William Thomas Brande FRS , English chemist.Brande was born in London, England. After leaving Westminster School, he was apprenticed, in 1802, to his brother, an apothecary, with the view of adopting the profession of medicine. However, Brande's bent was towards chemistry, a sound knowledge of...
, an English chemist.
1845
The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in
England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission
1857
Bénédict Augustin Morel
Bénédict Morel
Bénédict Augustin Morel , was a French physician born in Vienna, Austria. He was an influential figure in the field of psychiatry during the mid-19th century....
publishes his text Traité des dégénérescences
promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of
degeneration
Degeneration
The idea of degeneration had significant influence on science, art and politics from the 1850s to the 1950s. The social theory developed consequently from Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution...
. Degeneration theory becomes one of the most influential
concepts in nineteenth-century psychiatry.
1893
Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin was a German psychiatrist. H.J. Eysenck's Encyclopedia of Psychology identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, as well as of psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics. Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic...
defined "dementia praecox
Dementia praecox
Dementia praecox refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick , a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of...
", later reformulated as
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
.
1899
The Kraepelinian dichotomy
Kraepelinian dichotomy
The Kraepelinian dichotomy refers to the division of the major endogenous psychoses into the disease concepts of dementia praecox, which was reformulated as schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler in 1911, and manic-depressive psychosis, which has now been reconceived as bipolar disorder. This division was...
between affective psychosis
Mood disorder
Mood disorder is the term designating a group of diagnoses in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classification system where a disturbance in the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature...
and dementia praecox
Dementia praecox
Dementia praecox refers to a chronic, deteriorating psychotic disorder characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. It is a term first used in 1891 in this Latin form by Arnold Pick , a professor of psychiatry at the German branch of...
(schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
) was introduced in the sixth
edition of Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin was a German psychiatrist. H.J. Eysenck's Encyclopedia of Psychology identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, as well as of psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics. Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic...
's famous Lehrbuch.
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
published 'The interpretation of dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams is a book by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. The first edition begins:.The book introduces Freud's theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation...
'.
Early 20th Century Psychiatry
1901Alois Alzheimer
Alois Alzheimer
Aloysius "Alois" Alzheimer, was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of "presenile dementia", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease....
, German psychiatrist and neuropathologist,
identified the first case of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death...
.
1905
French Psychologists Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who was the inventor of the first usable intelligence test, known at that time as the Binet test and today referred to as the IQ test. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum...
and Theodore Simon
Theodore Simon
Théodore Simon was a French psychologist and psychometrician. He co-created the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale tests with Alfred Binet.- Biography :...
created the
Binet-Simon scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start
for standardized psychological testing.
1906
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russian physiologist, psychologist, and
physician, published first Conditioning
Conditioning
Conditioning may refer to:* In psychology, the process of performing some particular action to directly influence an individual's learning; see education...
studies.
1908
The word "schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
" was coined by Paul Eugen Bleuler, Swiss
psychiatrist.
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Julius Wagner-Jauregg was an Austrian physician, Nobel Laureate, and Nazi supporter.-Early life:...
wins the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes are annual international awards bestowed by Scandinavian committees in recognition of cultural and scientific advances. The will of the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, established the prizes in 1895...
for his invention of malarial therapy as a treatment for general paralysis of the insane
General paresis of the insane
General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain and central nervous system, caused by syphilis infection...
(neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis
Neurosyphilis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It usually occurs in people who have had untreated syphilis for many years, usually about 10 - 20 years after first infection.-Symptoms and signs:...
). He had first initiated the treatment in 1917.
1928
Aug 23 – The 'Indian Association for Mental Hygiene' came into
being at Simla, with Lt. Col. Owen Berkeley – Hill, Superintendent of
the then European Lunatic Asylum, Ranchi
Ranchi
-Climate:Ranchi has a humid subtropical climate. However, due to its position and the forests around the city, it is known for its pleasant climate. Its climate is the primary reason why Ranchi was once the summer capital of the undivided State of Bihar...
(now known as Central
Institute of Psychiatry) elected as its first President.
1929
Hans Berger
Hans Berger
Hans Berger was born in Neuses near Coburg, Bavaria, Germany. He is best known as the first to record human electroencephalograms in 1924, for which he invented the electroencephalogram , and the discoverer of the alpha wave rhythm known as "Berger's wave".- Biography :After attending...
, German neuropsychiatrist, discovered human
electroencephalography
Electroencephalography
Electroencephalography is the recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain...
.
1934
Manfred Sakel
Manfred Sakel
*Fink, M , "Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy", American Journal of Psychiatry, 141: 1034-1041 *Fink, M (1984), "Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy", American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(9): 1034-1041 *Fink, M (1984), "Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy", American...
, Austrian neurophysiologist and psychiatrist,
first published on insulin shock therapy
Insulin shock therapy
Insulin shock therapy or insulin coma therapy was a form of psychiatric treatment in which patients were repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks...
as a treatment for psychosis.
1935
The Indian division of the royal Medico- Psychological Association
was formed due to the efforts of Dr. Banarasi Das.
1936
Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi was a German born pharmacologist whose discovery of acetylcholine helped enhance medical therapy. The discovery earned for him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, whom he met in 1902 when spending some months in Ernest Starling's...
, Austrian-German-American pharmacologist, won the 1936
Nobel Prize in Medicine, which he shared with Sir Henry Dale, for his
discovery of Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including humans...
, the first neurotransmitter to be
described.
1938
Ugo Cerletti
Ugo Cerletti
Ugo Cerletti was an Italian neurologist who discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy is a procedure in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure...
, Italian neurologist and Dr. Lucio Bini
Lucio Bini
Lucio Bini was an Italian psychiatrist and professor at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. Together with Ugo Cerletti, a neurophysiologist, he researched and discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy, a kind of shock therapy for mental diseases.-References:*Kalinowsky, LB: Lucio...
, Italian
psychiatrist, discovered Electroconvulsive Therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy , formerly known as electroshock, is a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in anesthetized patients for therapeutic effect. Its mode of action is unknown...
.
1947
Jan 7 – The Indian Psychiatric Society
Indian Psychiatric Society
Indian Psychiatric Society has its origins in 1929, when Berkeley Hill founded the Indian Association for Mental Hygiene. In 1935, the Indian division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association was formed due to the efforts of Dr. Banarasi Das. In 1946, Dr. Nagendra Nath De consulted Major R. B....
was inaugurated at Delhi,
mainly by the efforts of Dr. Nagendra Nath De, Major R. B. Davis &
Brigadier T. A. Munro.
1948
Lithium carbonate
Lithium carbonate
Lithium carbonate is a chemical compound of lithium, carbon, and oxygen with the formula Li2CO3. This colorless salt is widely used in the processing of metal oxides and has received attention for its use in psychiatry. It is found in nature as the rare mineral zabuyelite.-Properties:Like almost...
's ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in
bipolar mood disorder was demonstrated.
1949
Antonio Moniz, neurologist at the Lisbon Medical School won
Nobel prize for his work on psychosurgery
Psychosurgery
Psychosurgery, also called neurosurgery for mental disorder , is the neurosurgical treatment of mental disorder. Psychosurgery has always been a controversial medical field. The modern history of psychosurgery begins in the 1880s under the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt...
/ lobotomy
Lobotomy
Lobotomy "; τομή – tomē: "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery, also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy . It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain...
.
The era of the "new" psychopharmacology
1952The first published clinical trial of Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine is a typical antipsychotic...
was conducted
at St. Anne Hospital in Paris.
The APA
APA
- Associations :* Aborigines Progressive Association, an Australian organization* All Peoples' Association , a British voluntary organization* Allied Pilots Association, the certified collective bargaining agent for American Airlines pilots...
published the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders...
.
1952
The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. They are particularly effective in treating atypical depression....
(MAOI) antidepressant, Iproniazid
Iproniazid
Iproniazid is a hydrazine drug used as an antidepressant. It acts as an irreversible and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor . Though it has been widely discontinued in most of the world, it is still used in France.- History :Iproniazid was the first antidepressant ever marketed...
, was discovered.
1954
On the recommendation of Bhore committee (in 1946), All India
Institute of Mental Health was set up, which became the National
Institute of Mental Health And NeuroSciences (NIMHANS) in 1974 at
Bangalore.
1957
The first tricyclic antidepressant
Tricyclic antidepressant
Tricyclic antidepressants are heterocyclic chemical compounds used primarily as antidepressants. The TCAs were first discovered in the early 1950s and were subsequently introduced later in the decade; they are named after their chemical structure, which contains three rings of atoms...
(TCA), Imipramine
Imipramine
Imipramine , also known as melipramine, is an antidepressant medication, a tricyclic antidepressant of the dibenzazepine group...
, was discovered.
1960
The first benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine
A benzodiazepine is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring...
, Chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide, is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Klopoxid, Librax , Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised and...
, under the trade name Librium, was introduced.
1963
United States president John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963....
introduced legislation
delegating the National Institute of Mental Health to administer
Community Mental Health Centers for those being discharged from state
psychiatric hospitals.
1970
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...
for acute mania.
1972
Psychologist David Rosenhan
David Rosenhan
David L. Rosenhan is an American psychologist. He is best known for the Rosenhan experiment.Rosenhan received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yeshiva University...
published the Rosenhan experiment
Rosenhan experiment
The Rosenhan experiment was a famous experiment into the validity of psychiatric diagnosis conducted by psychologist David Rosenhan in 1973. It was published in the journal Science under the title "On being sane in insane places." The study is considered an important and influential criticism of...
, a
study challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnoses.
1977
The ICD-9 was published by the WHO
Who
Who may refer to:* Who , an English-language pronoun* who , a Unix command* Who?, one of the Five Ws in journalism- Art and entertainment :* Who? , a 1958 novel by Algis Budrys...
.
1982
National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was launched in India.
1987
Indian Mental Health Act was drafted by the parliament
but it came into effect in all the states and
union territories of India in April 1993. This act
replaced the Indian Lunacy act of 1912, which had
earlier replaced the Indian Lunatic Asylum act of 1858.
1988
The first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor are a class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some personality disorders. The efficacy of SSRIs is disputed...
(SSRI)
antidepressant, Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor class. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company...
, under the trade name Prozac, was released and quickly became most
prescribed.
1988
United States president George H. W. Bush
George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States . He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States , a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to...
declared the 1990s as "the
decade of the brain".
1990
Use of the "Blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) in MRI first discovered by Dr. Seiji Ogawa
Seiji Ogawa
Seiji Ogawa is a Japanese researcher best known for discovering the technique that underlies Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging . He determined that the contrast in blood oxygen levels can be mapped in magnetic resonance imaging, thus showing which areas of the brain respond to the brain's...
1991
Dr. Kenneth Kwong
Kenneth Kwong
Kenneth Kwong is an Associate Professor in radiology at Harvard Medical School. His work, along with that of Seiji Ogawa, was significant in the development of fMRI....
successfully applied BOLD to image human brain activities with MRI and published the findings in 1992.
Psychiatry in the 21st Century
2000The No Free Lunch Organization
No Free Lunch (organization)
No Free Lunch is a US-based advocacy organization that holds that marketing methods employed by drug companies influence the way doctors and other healthcare providers prescribe medications...
was founded by Dr. Bob Goodman
Bob Goodman
Robert "Bob" Goodman is an American boxing matchmaker, publicist and promoter. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. since 2009, the Florida Boxing Hall of Fame. and the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame, since 1990 and recipient of the prestigious Boxing Writers Association of...
, an
internist from New York.
2008
Oct 4 US President George W. Bush
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....
signed into law, what
has for decades been known as the Mental Health Parity legislation,
thus enabling all psychiatric conditions to be considered no
different than any other medical or surgical illness by the health insurance agencies.