Timeline of 9th century Muslim history
Encyclopedia
9th century (184 AH – 288 AH)
- 803: Downfall of the BarmakidsBarmakidsThe Barmakids were a noble Persian family from Balkh that came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs. Khalid, the son of Barmak became the Prime Minister or Wazir of Al Saffah, the first Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. His son Yahya aided Harun Al-Rashid in capturing the throne and...
. Execution of Jafar Barmki. - 805: Campaigns against the ByzantinesByzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centred on the capital of Constantinople. Known simply as the Roman Empire or Romania to its inhabitants and neighbours, the Empire was the direct continuation of the Ancient Roman State...
. Capture of the islands of RhodesRhodesRhodes is an island in Greece, located in the eastern Aegean Sea. It is the largest of the Dodecanese islands in terms of both land area and population, with a population of 117,007, and also the island group's historical capital. Administratively the island forms a separate municipality within...
and CyprusCyprusCyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the...
. - 809: Death of Harun al-RashidHarun al-RashidHārūn al-Rashīd was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. His birth date remains a point of discussion, though, as various sources give the dates from 763 to 766)....
. Accession of al-AminAl-AminMuhammad ibn Harun al-Amin , Abbasid Caliph. He succeeded his father, Harun al-Rashid in 809 and ruled until he was killed in 813.-Caliph:...
. - 810: Muhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-Taqī or Muhammad al-Jawād was the ninth of the Twelve Imams of Twelver Shi'ism. His given name was Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Mūsā, and among his titles, al-Taqī and al-Jawād are the most renowned...
, the 9th Shia ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
was born. - 811: Battle of RayyBattle of RayyThis Battle of Rayy was fought on May 1, 811 CE as part of an Abbasid civil war between the two half-brothers, al-Amin and al-Ma'mun-Causes:...
in Persia. - 814: Civil war between Amin and al-Ma'munAl-Ma'munAbū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Māʾmūn ibn Harūn was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833...
. Amin killed and Ma'mun becomes the CaliphCaliphThe Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word which means "successor" or "representative"...
. - 815: Shi'a revolt under Ibn Tuba Tabs.
- 816: Shi'a revolt in MeccaMeccaMecca is a city in the Hijaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of above sea level...
; Harsama quells the revolt. In SpainSpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
the Umayyads capture the island of CorsicaCorsicaCorsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
. - 817: Harthama killed.
- 818: Ali al-RidaAli al-Rida‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Rizā was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam...
dies in MashhadMashhadMashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...
. Muhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-Taqī or Muhammad al-Jawād was the ninth of the Twelve Imams of Twelver Shi'ism. His given name was Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Mūsā, and among his titles, al-Taqī and al-Jawād are the most renowned...
becomes ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
. The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of IbizaIbizaIbiza or Eivissa is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea 79 km off the coast of the city of Valencia in Spain. It is the third largest of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain. With Formentera, it is one of the two Pine Islands or Pityuses. Its largest cities are Ibiza...
, Majorca, and SardiniaSardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
. - 820: Tahir ibn HusaynTahir ibn HusaynTahir ibn Husayn was a general and governor during the Abbasid caliphate. Specifically, he served under al-Ma'mun and led the armies that would defeat al-Amin, making al-Ma'mun the caliph...
establishes the rule of the Tahirids in KhurasanGreater KhorasanGreater Khorasan or Ancient Khorasan is a historical region of Greater Iran mentioned in sources from Sassanid and Islamic eras which "frequently" had a denotation wider than current three provinces of Khorasan in Iran...
. - 822: Death of al-Hakam IAl-Hakam IAl-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in the Al-Andalus .Al-Hakam was the second son of his father, his older brother having died at an early age. When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of Abd ar-Rahman I...
in Spain; accession of Abd-ar-rahman II. - 823: Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Accession of TalhaTalha of KhorasanTalha ibn Tahir was the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 822 until his death.In 822 Tahir ibn Husayn, who had taken control of Khurasan the previous year, died...
and his deposition. Accession of Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani. - 827: Ali al-HadiAli al-Hadi‘Alī al-Hādī , also known as ‘Alī an-Naqī was the tenth of the Twelve Imams. His full name is ‘Alī ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown, but it is generally accepted that he was born between 827–830 CE and he died in 868 CE.- Early years :‘Alī al-Hādī was born...
, the 10th Shia Imam is born. Ma'mun declares the Mu'taziliMu'tazili' is an Islamic school of speculative theology that flourished in the cities of Basra and Baghdad, both in present-day Iraq, during the 8th–10th centuries. The adherents of the Mu'tazili school are best known for their having asserted that, because of the perfect unity and eternal nature of God,...
creed as the state religion. - 833: Death of Ma'mun. Accession of al-Mutasim.
- 835: Muhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-TaqiMuhammad al-Taqī or Muhammad al-Jawād was the ninth of the Twelve Imams of Twelver Shi'ism. His given name was Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Mūsā, and among his titles, al-Taqī and al-Jawād are the most renowned...
is poisoned. Ali al-HadiAli al-Hadi‘Alī al-Hādī , also known as ‘Alī an-Naqī was the tenth of the Twelve Imams. His full name is ‘Alī ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown, but it is generally accepted that he was born between 827–830 CE and he died in 868 CE.- Early years :‘Alī al-Hādī was born...
becomes ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
. - 836: Mutasim moves the capital to SamarraSamarraSāmarrā is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an estimated population of 348,700....
. - 837: Revolt of the Jats.
- 838: Revolt of BabakBabakBabak may refer to:* Babak Khorramdin , the leader of Khurramites movement who fought against the Abbasid Caliphate.*Babak *Babak Castle*Shahr-e-Babak in Kerman Province*Babek , Azerbaijan*Babek Rayon, Azerbaijan...
in Azarbaijan suppressed. - 839: Revolt of MaziarMaziarMaziar was an Iranian aristocrat of the House of Karen and feudal ruler of the mountainous region of Tabaristan...
in Tabaristan. The Muslims occupy South ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. Capture of the city of Messina in SicilySicilySicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
. - 842: Death of Mutasim, accession of al-WathiqAl-WathiqAl-Wathiq ibn Mutasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until 847 AD .-Biography:...
. - 843: Revolts of the Arabs.
- 846: Hasan al-AskariHasan al-AskariHasan al-‘Askarī was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad...
, the 11th Shia Imam is born. - 847: Death of Wathiq, accession of al-MutawakkilAl-MutawakkilAl-Mutawakkil ʻAlā Allāh Jaʻfar ibn al-Muʻtasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861...
. - 850: Al-Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy.
- 849: Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani; accession of Tahir IITahir II of KhorasanTahir bin 'Abd-Allah was the Tahirid governor of Khurasan from 845 until 862.During his father 'Abd-Allah's lifetime, Tahir was sent into the steppes to the north in order to keep the Oghuz Turks in line; he probably received Samanid assistance in this venture. When 'Abd-Allah died in 844, the...
. - 852: Death of Abd-ar-rahman II of Spain;. accession of Muhammad I.
- 856: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind.
- 858: Al-Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya.
- 860: Ahmad founds the SamanidSamanidThe Samani dynasty , also known as the Samanid Empire, or simply Samanids was a Persian state and empire in Central Asia and Greater Iran, named after its founder Saman Khuda, who converted to Sunni Islam despite being from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility...
rule in TransoxianaTransoxianaTransoxiana is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgystan and southwest Kazakhstan. Geographically, it is the region between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers...
. - 861: Murder of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutawakkil; accession of al-MuntasirAl-MuntasirAl-Muntasir was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 861 to 862. His pious title means He that Triumphs in the Lord.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari records that in A.H. 236 al-Muntasir led the pilgrimage. The previous year al-Mutawakkil had named his three son's heirs and seeming to favour al-Muntasir...
. - 862: Muntasir poisoned to death; accession of al-Musta'inAl-Musta'inAl-Musta'in was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 862 to 866. After the death of previous Caliph, al-Muntasir, the Turkish chiefs held a council to select his successor; they would have none of al-Mu'tazz, nor his brothers; so they elected him, another grandson of al-Mu'tasim.The Arabs and...
. - 864: Zaidi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan ibn Zayd.
- 866: Al-Musta'in flees from Samarra, his deposition and accession of al-Mu'tazzAl-Mu'tazzAl-Mu'tazz was the title of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 866 to 869. Placed upon the throne by the Turks, he proved but too apt a pupil of his Turkish masters.He became the caliph at 19 he was the youngest Abbasaid Caliph to assume power. He was surrounded by parties each jealous of the other...
; Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-UkhaidhirBanu UkhaidhirThe Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir was a dynasty that ruled in al-Yamamah from 867 to at least the mid-eleventh century. An Alid dynasty, they were descendents of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and his grandson Al-Hasan, and at least one contemporary traveler describes them as having been Shi'ites of...
, a descendent of Ali, establishes an independent kingdom in Yamamah. - 867: Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari founds the Saffarid rule in SistanSistanSīstān is a border region in eastern Iran , southwestern Afghanistan and northern tip of Southwestern Pakistan .-Etymology:...
. - 868: Ali al-HadiAli al-Hadi‘Alī al-Hādī , also known as ‘Alī an-Naqī was the tenth of the Twelve Imams. His full name is ‘Alī ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown, but it is generally accepted that he was born between 827–830 CE and he died in 868 CE.- Early years :‘Alī al-Hādī was born...
is poisoned. Hasan al-AskariHasan al-AskariHasan al-‘Askarī was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad...
becomes ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
. Muhammad al-MahdiMuhammad al-MahdiMuḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī is believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Mahdī, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams...
, the last ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
of shiite is born. Ahmad ibn TulunAhmad ibn TulunAhmad ibn Ṭūlūn was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt briefly between 868 and 905 AD. Originally sent by the Abbasid caliph as governor to Egypt, ibn Ṭūlūn established himself as an independent ruler.-Biography:...
finds the Tulunid rule in EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
. - 869: The Abbasid Caliph Mu'tazz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of al-MuhtadiAl-MuhtadiAl-Muhtadi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 869 to 870.After the death of al-Mu'tazz, the Turks chose his cousin, al-Muhtadi, son of al-Wathiq by a Grecian slave-girl, as the new Caliph. Al-Muhtadi turned out be firm and virtuous compared to the last few Caliphs...
. Beginning of Zanj Revolt in BasraBasraBasra is the capital of Basra Governorate, in southern Iraq near Kuwait and Iran. It had an estimated population of two million as of 2009...
. - 870: Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of al-Mu'tamidAl-Mu'tamidThis article is about the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid of Baghdad. For the Andalusi Arabic poet who was also the Abbadid king of Seville, see Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid...
. - 873: Tahirid rule extinguished.
- 874: Hasan al-AskariHasan al-AskariHasan al-‘Askarī was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad...
is poisoned. Muhammad al-MahdiMuhammad al-MahdiMuḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī is believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Mahdī, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams...
becomes ImamImamAn imam is an Islamic leadership position, often the worship leader of a mosque and the Muslim community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question...
. He has gone into hiding by the order of Allmighty Allah and will emerge to save mankind and establish Islamic Law all over the world as shiite and muslims believe. Up to 939 only 4 men could communicate with him. Zanji state established at al-Muktara during Zanj revolt in South Iraq. Death of the SamanidSamanidThe Samani dynasty , also known as the Samanid Empire, or simply Samanids was a Persian state and empire in Central Asia and Greater Iran, named after its founder Saman Khuda, who converted to Sunni Islam despite being from Zoroastrian theocratic nobility...
ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr INasr I of SamanidNasr I was amir of the Samanids . He was the son of Ahmad.Upon his father's death, Nasr inherited Samarkand and a significant part of Transoxiana. He soon found his position isolated from the rest of the Caliphate by the expanding Saffarids...
. - 877: Death of Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari in SistanSistanSīstān is a border region in eastern Iran , southwestern Afghanistan and northern tip of Southwestern Pakistan .-Etymology:...
, accession of Amr bin Layth. - 883: End of Zanj Revolt
- 885: Death of Ahmad ibn TulunAhmad ibn TulunAhmad ibn Ṭūlūn was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty that ruled Egypt briefly between 868 and 905 AD. Originally sent by the Abbasid caliph as governor to Egypt, ibn Ṭūlūn established himself as an independent ruler.-Biography:...
in Egypt, accession of Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn TulunKhumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn TulunAbu al-Jaysh Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun ruled the Tulunid State in Egypt between 270-282 AH/884-896 AD. He married his daughter Qatr Al-Nada to the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid. Khumarawaih's authority expanded from the Euphrates to Nubia....
. - 886: Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of al-MundhirAl-MundhirAl-Mundhir was Emir of Córdoba from 886 to 888. He was a member of the Umayyad dynasty of Al-Andalus , the son of Muhamad bin Abd al-Rahman.-Biography:...
. Death of Abdullah ibn Umar the Habbari ruler of SindSindhSindh historically referred to as Ba'ab-ul-Islam , is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran". Though Muslims form the largest religious group in Sindh, a good number of Christians, Zoroastrians and Hindus can...
. - 888: Death of Mundhir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi.
- 891: The Qarmatian state established at BahrainBahrain' , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,214,705, including 235,108 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.Bahrain is...
. - 892: Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid death. al-Mu'tadidAl-Mu'tadidAl-Mu'tadid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 892 to 902. As the son and heir of the powerful vizier and virtual regent Al-Muwaffaq , Mu'tadid was already in possession of supreme power even before he was appointed Caliph, and continued as Caliph to ably administer the Government...
becomes Caliph. Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, accession of Ismail I. - 893: Zaidi Imamate is established in Yemen by al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim
- 894: The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain.
- 896: Death of Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn TulunKhumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn TulunAbu al-Jaysh Khumarawaih ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun ruled the Tulunid State in Egypt between 270-282 AH/884-896 AD. He married his daughter Qatr Al-Nada to the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tadid. Khumarawaih's authority expanded from the Euphrates to Nubia....
; accession of Abul Asakir Jaish. - 897: Assassination of Abul Asakir Jaish; accession of Abu Musa Harun.
- 898: Qarmatians sack BasraBasraBasra is the capital of Basra Governorate, in southern Iraq near Kuwait and Iran. It had an estimated population of two million as of 2009...
. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 3 per cent of the total.