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Shalmaneser III (Šulmanu-ašaredu, "the god Shulmanu
Shulmanu

Shulmanu is a god of the underworld, fertility, and war. He was worshipped by the Babylonians, Akkadians, and the western Semitic peoples. Shulmanu was found in Assyria circa 1400 BC to 700 BC and is known from Bronze Age inscriptions at Sidon....
 is pre-eminent") was king of Assyria
Assyria

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
 (859 BC-824 BC), and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II.

His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylon
Babylon

Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
ians, the nations of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq, as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran....
 and Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu
Urartu

Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia , rising to power in the mid 9th century BC, and finally conquered by Median Empire in the early 6th century BC....
.






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Shalmaneseriii
Shalmaneser III (Šulmanu-ašaredu, "the god Shulmanu
Shulmanu

Shulmanu is a god of the underworld, fertility, and war. He was worshipped by the Babylonians, Akkadians, and the western Semitic peoples. Shulmanu was found in Assyria circa 1400 BC to 700 BC and is known from Bronze Age inscriptions at Sidon....
 is pre-eminent") was king of Assyria
Assyria

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
 (859 BC-824 BC), and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II.

His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylon
Babylon

Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
ians, the nations of Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq, as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran....
 and Syria
Syria

Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is an Arab-majority country in Southwest Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Israel to the southwest, Jordan to the south, Iraq to the east, and Turkey to the north....
, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu
Urartu

Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia , rising to power in the mid 9th century BC, and finally conquered by Median Empire in the early 6th century BC....
. His armies penetrated to Lake Van
Lake Van

Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country. It is a salt lakes and soda lake, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains....
 and the Taurus Mountains
Taurus Mountains

Taurus Mountains are a mountain range in southern Turkey, from which the Euphrates and Tigris descend into Syria and Iraq. It divides the Mediterranean Region, Turkey of southern Turkey from the central Anatolia#Anatolian plateau....
; the Hittites
Hittites

The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a Hittite language of the Anatolian languages of the Indo-European languages family, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia ca....
 of Carchemish
Carchemish

Carchemish was an important ancient city of the Mitanni and Hittites empires, now on the frontier between Turkey and Syria. It was the location of an Battle of Carchemish between the Babylonians and Egyptians, mentioned in the Bible....
 were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of Hamath and Aram Damascus
Aram Damascus

Aram Damascus was an Aramaean state around Damascus in Syria, from the late 12th century BCE to 734 BCE.Sources for this state come from texts that can be divided into three categories: Assyrian annals, Aramaean texts, and the Hebrew Bible....
 were subdued.

In 853 BC a coalition which was formed by the kingdoms of Egypt
Egypt

Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
, Hamath, Arvad, the Ammonites, "Ahab
Ahab

Ahab was Kingdom of Israel and the son and successor of Omri . William F. Albright dated his reign to 869 – 850 BC, while E. R. Thiele offered the dates 874 – 853 BC....
 of Israel
Kingdom of Israel

The Kingdom of Israel was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy . It existed roughly from the 930s BC until about the 720s BC....
" and other neighboring states, under the leadership of king Hadadezer
Hadadezer

Hadadezer ; also known as Adad-Idri and possibly the same as Bar-Hadad II ]]; Ben-Hadad II , was the king of Aram Damascus at the time of the battle of Qarqar against the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in 853 BCE....
 of Damascus
Damascus

Damascus is the capital and largest city of Syria. It is List of oldest continuously inhabited cities and its current population is estimated at about 4,000,000....
, defeated the Assyrian king at Battle of Qarqar
Battle of Qarqar

The Battle of Karkar was fought in 853 BC when the army of Assyria, led by king Shalmaneser III, encountered an allied army of 12 kings at Karkar led by Hadadezer of Aram Damascus and King Ahab of Kingdom of Israel....
. However, the Assyrian king persevered in his attempts to subjugate Israel and Syria. Other battles soon followed in 849 BC and 846 BC.

In 842 BC, Shalmaneser campaigned against Hadadezer's successor Hazael
Hazael

Hazael was a court official and later an Aramean Monarch who appeared in the Bible. He was first referred to by name in Books of Kings 19 when God told the prophet Elijah to anoint him king over Aram....
, forcing him to take refuge within the walls of his capital. While Shalmaneser was unable to capture Damascus, he devastated its territory, and Jehu
Jehu

Jehu was king of Kingdom of Israel, the son of Jehoshaphat , and grandson of Nimshi. William F. Albright has dated his reign to 842 BC-815 BC, while E....
 of Israel (whose ambassadors are represented on the Black Obelisk
Black Obelisk

The "Black Obelisk" of Shalmaneser III is a black limestone Neo-Assyrian bas-relief sculpture from Nimrud , in northern Iraq. It is the most complete Assyrian obelisk yet discovered, and is historically significant because it displays the earliest ancient depiction of an Israelite....
 now in the British Museum
British Museum

The British Museum is a museum of human history and culture situated in London. Its collections, which number more than 7 million Object , are amongst the largest and most comprehensive in the world and originate from all continents, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present....
), together with the Phoenicia
Phoenicia

Phoenicia was an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coastal regions of modern day Lebanon, extending to parts of Israel, Syria and the Palestinian territories....
n cities, prudently sent tribute to him in 841 BC. Babylon
Babylon

Babylon was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
ia had already been conquered as far as the marshes of the Chaldaeans in the south, and the Babylonian king put to death.

In 836 BC, Shalmaneser sent an expedition against the Tibareni (Tabal
Tabal

Tabal was a Luwian language speaking Neo-Hittite kingdom of South Central Anatolia, forming after the collapse of the Hittite Empire and surviving into Roman times....
) which was followed by one against Cappadocia
Cappadocia

Cappadocia, Wikipedia:IPA for English /k?p?'do???/ , was an extensive inland district of Asia Minor . The name continued to be used in western sources and in the Christianity tradition throughout history and is still widely used as an international Tourism in Turkey concept to define a region of exceptional natural wonders characterized by...
, and in 832 BC came another campaign against Urartu
Urartu

Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia , rising to power in the mid 9th century BC, and finally conquered by Median Empire in the early 6th century BC....
. In the following year, age required the king to hand over the command of his armies to the Tartan (turtanu commander-in-chief) Dayyan-Assur
Dayyan-Assur

Dayyan-Assur was commander-in-chief, or Tartan , of the Assyrian army during the reign of Shalmaneser III .According to the Black Obelisk, he personally led some of the military campaigns outside Assyria, which is rather unusual for a tartan....
, and six years later, Nineveh
Nineveh

Nineveh , an "exceeding great city", as it is called in the Book of Jonah, lay on the eastern bank of the Tigris in ancient Assyria, across the river from the modern-day major city of Mosul, Iraq....
 and other cities revolted against him under his rebel son Assur-danin-pal
Assur-danin-pal

Assur danin Pal was the son of the king of Assyria, Shalmaneser III. He rebelled against his father in an attempt to seize the throne. However, Shalmaneser III's younger son Shamshi-Adad V crushed his rebellion....
. Civil war
Civil war

A civil war is a war between organized groups to take control of a nation or region, or to change government policies. It is high-intensity conflict, often involving Regular Army, that is sustained, organized and large-scale....
 continued for two years; but the rebellion was at last crushed by Shamshi-Adad V
Shamshi-Adad V

Shamshi-Adad V was the King of Assyria from 824 to 811 BC. He was the son and successor of Shalmaneser III, the husband of Shammuramat , and the father of Adad-nirari III, who succeeded him as king....
, another son of Shalmaneser. Shalmaneser died soon afterwards. He had built a palace at Calah, and left several editions of the royal annals
Annals

Annals are a concise form of history writing which record events chronologically, year by year....
 recording his military campaigns, the last of which is engraved on the Black Obelisk
Black Obelisk

The "Black Obelisk" of Shalmaneser III is a black limestone Neo-Assyrian bas-relief sculpture from Nimrud , in northern Iraq. It is the most complete Assyrian obelisk yet discovered, and is historically significant because it displays the earliest ancient depiction of an Israelite....
 from Calah.

Sources

  • 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica


External links