Tabal

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Tabal

Tabal (Bib. Tubal, Gk. ??ßa????? Tibarenoi, Lat. Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus) was a Luwian

Luwian language

Luwian is an extinct language of the Anatolian languages of the Indo-European languages language family. Luwian is closely related to Hittite language, and was among the languages spoken by population groups in Arzawa, to the west or southwest of the core Hittites area....
speaking Neo-Hittite

Neo-Hittite

The states that are called Neo-Hittite, or more recently Syro-Hittite, were Luwian language, Aramaic and Phoenician languages-speaking political entities of Iron Age northern Syria and southern Anatolia that arose following the collapse of the Hittite Empire around 1180 BC and lasted until roughly 700 BC....
kingdom of South Central Anatolia

Anatolia

Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
, forming after the collapse of the Hittite Empire and surviving into Roman times.

Some scholars associate them with the Meshech

Meshech

In the Bible, Meshech, Hebrew language, Help:IPA pronunciation key], "price" or "precious", literally "a drawing up ", is named as a son of Japheth in Genesis 10:2 and 1 Chronicles 1:5....
s (Meshekhs/Mosokhs, Moschoi in Greek). According to the archaeologist Kurt Bittel, Tabal first appears after the collapse of the Hittite Empire.

The Assyria

Assyria

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
n king Shalmaneser III

Shalmaneser III

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Encyclopedia

Tabal (Bib. Tubal, Gk. ??ßa????? Tibarenoi, Lat. Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus) was a Luwian

Luwian language

Neo-Hittite

Anatolia

Meshech

Assyria

Assyria was a political state centered on the Upper Tigris river, in Mesopotamia , that came to rule regional empires a number of times in history....
n king Shalmaneser III

Shalmaneser III

Shalmaneser III was king of Assyria , and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II.His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylonians, the nations of Mesopotamia and Syria, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu....
records that he received gifts from their 24 kings in 837 BC and the following year. A century later, their king Burutash is mentioned in an inscription of king Tiglath-Pileser III. They have left a number of inscriptions from the 9th

9th century BC

The 9th century BC started the first day of 900 BC and ended the last day of 801 BC....
-8th centuries BC in hieroglyphic-Luwian

Luwian language

Alisar

Alisar is a village in the Yozgat Province, Turkey. Near the village is the archaeological site of Alisar H?y?k....
.

The Georgian historian Ivane Javakhishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili was a Georgia historian whose voluminous works heavily influenced the Kartvelian studies of the History of Georgia and Culture of Georgia ....
considered Tabal, Tubal, Jabal and Jubal to be ancient Georgian

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
tribal designations, and argued that they spoke a non-Indo-European language.

They and other related tribes, the Chalybes (Khalib/Khaldi

Khaldi

The Khaldi were a Bronze Age people inhabiting the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea . They were related in proximity and probably also in language to the Hattians, an ancient people of Asia Minor....
) and the Mossynoeci

Mossynoeci

Mossynoeci . The Greeks of the Euxine Sea applied it to the peoples of Pontus, the northern Anatolian coast west of Trebizond.Herodotus...
(Mossynoikoi in Greek), are sometimes considered the founders of metallurgy

Metallurgy

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic Chemical element, their intermetallics, and their mixtures, which are called alloys....
. These three tribes still neighbored each other, along the Black Sea

Black Sea

The Black Sea is an inland sea sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolia and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits....
coast of Anatolia

Anatolia

Pontus

Pontus or Pontos is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in Antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Pontos Euxeinos , or simply Pontos....
), as late as in Roman

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the Roman Republic phase of the Ancient Rome, characterised by an autocracy form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
times (the tribes were known in Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
as Tibareni
Tibareni

The Tibareni were a people referred to in Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo and other classical authors. In classical times, they and other related tribes, the Chalybes and the Mossynoeci, were considered the founders of metallurgy....
, Chalybes, and Mossynoeci/Mosynoeci).

On the evidence of Hecataeus

Hecataeus

Hecataeus of Miletus , named after the Greek mythology goddess Hecate, was a Greece philosopher of a wealthy family. He flourished during the time of the Persian Empire invasion....
, Herodotus

Herodotus

Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
, Xenophon

Xenophon

Xenophon , son of Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens, also known as Xenophon of Athens and Xenophon of Thebes, was a soldier, mercenary and a contemporary and admirer of Socrates....
, Strabo

Strabo

Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
and others, the tribe of the Tibareni

Tibareni

The Tibareni were a people referred to in Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo and other classical authors. In classical times, they and other related tribes, the Chalybes and the Mossynoeci, were considered the founders of metallurgy....
(Tibarenoi in Greek) lived in the north of the territory of Tabal.

The known later rulers of Tabal are:

Ambaris (until ca. 713)
Hidi (ca. 690)
Mugallu (ca. 670)
x-ussi (ca. 650)

Bibliography

Ivane Javakhishvili
Ivane Javakhishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili was a Georgia historian whose voluminous works heavily influenced the Kartvelian studies of the History of Georgia and Culture of Georgia ....
. Historical-Ethnological problems of Georgia, the Caucasus and the Near East. Tbilisi, 1950, pp. 130-135 (in Georgian)
Simon Janashia
Simon Janashia

Simon Janashia was an outstanding Georgia historian and public benefactor, one of the founders and Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences , Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor....
. Works, vol. III. Tbilisi, 1959, pp. 2-74 (in Georgian)
Nana Khazaradze. The Ethnopolitical entities of Eastern Asia Minor in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Tbilisi, 1978, pp. 3-139 (in Georgian, Russian and English)