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Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture
Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions....
 involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food
Food

Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be Eating or Drinking by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure....
 and other products in the open ocean
Ocean

An ocean is a major body of Seawater, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a World Ocean that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas....
, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways
Raceway (aquaculture)

Raceways are man-made tanks used to produce seafood. They are long and narrow, and provide a flow-through system for the water, which enables a higher density of animals to exist....
 which are filled with seawater
Seawater

Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand . This means that every 1 kg of seawater has approximately 35 grams of sea salt ....
. An example of the latter is the farming of marine fish
Fish

A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
, including finfish and shellfish
Shellfish

Shellfish is a culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton bearing aquatic invertebrate used as food, including various species of Molluscas, crustaceans, and echinoderms....
 e.g.prawns, or oysters and seaweed
Seaweed

Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthos ocean algae. The term includes some members of the rhodophyta, phycophyta and green algae....
 in saltwater ponds. Non-food products produced by mariculture include: fish meal
Fish meal

Fish meal, or fishmeal, is a commercial product made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing the whole fish or fish trimmings to remove the fish oil....
, nutrient agar
Agar

Agar or agar agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. Historically and in a modern context, it is chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Japan, but in the past century has found extensive use as a solid substrate to contain Growth medium for microbiology work....
, jewelries (e.g.






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Mariculture is a specialized branch of aquaculture
Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions....
 involving the cultivation of marine organisms for food
Food

Food is any substance, usually composed of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water, that can be Eating or Drinking by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure....
 and other products in the open ocean
Ocean

An ocean is a major body of Seawater, and a principal component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a World Ocean that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas....
, an enclosed section of the ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways
Raceway (aquaculture)

Raceways are man-made tanks used to produce seafood. They are long and narrow, and provide a flow-through system for the water, which enables a higher density of animals to exist....
 which are filled with seawater
Seawater

Seawater is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5%, or 35 parts per thousand . This means that every 1 kg of seawater has approximately 35 grams of sea salt ....
. An example of the latter is the farming of marine fish
Fish

A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
, including finfish and shellfish
Shellfish

Shellfish is a culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton bearing aquatic invertebrate used as food, including various species of Molluscas, crustaceans, and echinoderms....
 e.g.prawns, or oysters and seaweed
Seaweed

Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthos ocean algae. The term includes some members of the rhodophyta, phycophyta and green algae....
 in saltwater ponds. Non-food products produced by mariculture include: fish meal
Fish meal

Fish meal, or fishmeal, is a commercial product made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing the whole fish or fish trimmings to remove the fish oil....
, nutrient agar
Agar

Agar or agar agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. Historically and in a modern context, it is chiefly used as an ingredient in desserts throughout Japan, but in the past century has found extensive use as a solid substrate to contain Growth medium for microbiology work....
, jewelries (e.g. cultured pearls
Pearl

A pearl is a hard, roundish object produced within the soft tissue of a living animal shelled mollusk. Just like the shell of mollusks, a pearl is made up of of calcium carbonate in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers....
), and cosmetics
Cosmetics

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care Cream , lotions, Powder , perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubb...
.

Sea ranching

The Japanese have developed a process for free ranching marine fish, called sea ranching. The principle is based on behavioral conditioning
Conditioning

Conditioning may refer to:* In probability theory, the use of conditional probabilities, expectations and distributions; see conditioning * In mathematics, the property of a matrix as "well-conditioned" or "ill-conditioned"; see condition number...
 and the migratory nature of certain species of marine fish. The fishermen first raise fish hatchlings in a closely knitted net in a harbor. They sound an underwater horn before each feeding. When the young fish are old enough they are freed from the net to mature in the open sea. During spawning season, about 80% of these fish return to their birthplace. The fishermen harvest the fish by sounding the horn and then raising the net.

Kelp farming

Kelp can be farmed in at least two ways. They can be grown around a rope that is anchored to the sea floor the plants do not drift away. Off the coast of California
California

California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California....
, the top few feet of natural kelp
Kelp

Kelp are large seaweed plants , belonging to the brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales. There are about 30 different genus. Some species can be very long and form kelp forests....
 beds are harvested by boats with mowers. Kelp provides alginin, an edible material used in ice cream
Ice cream

Ice cream or ice-cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, combined with fruits or other ingredients....
 and cosmetics
Cosmetics

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care Cream , lotions, Powder , perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubb...
. The industry also supplies the dietary supplement
Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement, also known as food supplement or nutritional supplement, is a preparation intended to provide nutrients, such as vitamins, Dietary minerals, fatty acids or amino acids, that are missing or are not consumed in sufficient quantity in a person's diet ....
 industry

Species farmed

Fish
  • Grouper
    Grouper

    For other meanings, see Grouper .Groupers are fish of any of a number of genus in the subfamily Epinephelinae of the family Serranidae, in the order Perciformes....
  • Seabass
    Barramundi

    The Barramundi is a species of fish migration fish in family Latidae of order Perciformes. The native species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific region from the Persian Gulf, through Southeast Asia to Papua New Guinea and Northern Australia....
  • Snapper
  • Pompano
    Pompano

    Pompanos are marine fishes in the Trachinotus genus of the Carangidae family . Pompano may also refer to various other, similarly shaped members of Carangidae, or the Order Perciformes....
Shellfish/Crustaceans
  • Abalone
    Abalone

    Abalone are medium-sized to very large edible sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis....
  • Prawn
    Prawn

    Prawns are crustaceans, belonging to the suborder Dendrobranchiata . They are similar in appearance to shrimp, but can be distinguished by the gill structure which is branching in prawns , but is Lamella r in shrimp....


Scientific literature

Scientific literature on mariculture can be found in the following journals:
  • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology

    Applied and Environmental Microbiology is an academic journal published by the American Society for Microbiology. The title is commonly abbreviated AEM and the ISSN is 0099-2240 for the print version, and 1098-5336 for the electronic version....
  • Aquaculture (Journal)
  • Aquaculture Research
  • Journal of Marine Science
  • Marine Resource Economics
  • Ocean Shoreline Management
  • Journal of Applied Phycology
  • Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
  • Journal of Phycology
  • Journal of Shellfish Research
  • Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries
  • Reviews in Fisheries Science]].


See also

  • Aquaculture
    Aquaculture

    Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions....
  • Fish farming
    Fish farming

    Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. It involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food....
  • Hydroponics
    Hydroponics

    Hydroponics is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only or in an inert medium, such as perlite, gravel, or mineral wool....
  • Algaculture
    Algaculture

    Algaculture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae.The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae ....
  • Oyster farming
    Oyster farming

    Oyster farming is an aquaculture practice in which oysters are raised for human consumption. Oyster farming most likely developed in tandem with Pearl#The history of pearl hunting and pearl farming farming, a similar practice in which oysters are farmed for the purpose of developing pearls....


External links

  • : Simulation modelling for mussels, oysters and clams.
  • : A coastal management perspective on mariculture development by the University of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Center.