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Threadfins are silvery grey perciform marine fish
Fish

A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
 of the family Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains nine genera and 33 species. An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly known as the Indian threadfish
Indian threadfish

The Indian threadfish, Alectis indicus, is a large species of coastal marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species is widespread in the waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific, ranging from east Africa to India, Asia, Indonesia and Australia....
 (family Carangidae).

Ranging in length from 20 centimetres in the black-finned threadfin (Polydactylus nigripinnis) to 200 centimetres in fourfinger threadfins (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and giant African threadfin
Giant African threadfin

Giant African threadfin is a fish species in the family Polynemidae. There are two varieties: one freshwater and one saltwater. Both have white flesh and are cooked similarly to European seabass....
s (Polydactylus quadrifilis), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries
Fishery

Generally, a fishery is a unit, engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by an authority or other entity to be a fishery....
 as a food fish, and popular among angler
Fishing

Fishing is the activity of catching fish. Fishing techniques include Fish net, Fish trap, Spearfishing, angling and Gathering seafood by hand. The term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic animals such as different types of shellfish, squid, octopus, turtles, Edible frog and some edible marine invertebrates....
s.






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Encyclopedia


Threadfins are silvery grey perciform marine fish
Fish

A fish is any marine biology vertebrate animal that is typically ectothermic , covered with scale , and equipped with two sets of paired fins and several unpaired fins....
 of the family Polynemidae. Found in tropical to subtropical waters throughout the world, the threadfin family contains nine genera and 33 species. An unrelated species sometimes known by the name threadfin, Alectis indicus, is properly known as the Indian threadfish
Indian threadfish

The Indian threadfish, Alectis indicus, is a large species of coastal marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species is widespread in the waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific, ranging from east Africa to India, Asia, Indonesia and Australia....
 (family Carangidae).

Ranging in length from 20 centimetres in the black-finned threadfin (Polydactylus nigripinnis) to 200 centimetres in fourfinger threadfins (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) and giant African threadfin
Giant African threadfin

Giant African threadfin is a fish species in the family Polynemidae. There are two varieties: one freshwater and one saltwater. Both have white flesh and are cooked similarly to European seabass....
s (Polydactylus quadrifilis), threadfins are both important to commercial fisheries
Fishery

Generally, a fishery is a unit, engaged in raising and/or harvesting fish, which is determined by an authority or other entity to be a fishery....
 as a food fish, and popular among angler
Fishing

Fishing is the activity of catching fish. Fishing techniques include Fish net, Fish trap, Spearfishing, angling and Gathering seafood by hand. The term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic animals such as different types of shellfish, squid, octopus, turtles, Edible frog and some edible marine invertebrates....
s. Their habit of forming large schools makes the threadfins a reliable and economic catch.

Characteristics


Their bodies are elongate
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
 and fusiform
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
, with spinous
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
 and soft dorsal fins widely separate. Their tail fins are large and deeply forked; this is an indication of their speed and agility. The mouth is large and inferior
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
; a blunt snout projects far ahead. The jaws and palate possess bands of villiform
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
 (fibrous) teeth. The most distinguishing feature of the threadfins are their pectoral fins
Fish anatomy

The anatomy of fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than air does....
: they are composed of two distinct sections, the lower of which consisting of between 3-7 long, thread-like independent rays. In Polynemus species there may be up to 15 of these modified rays.

Sixfinger Threadfin School
In some species, such as the royal threadfin (Pentanemus quinquarius), the thread-like rays may extent well past the tail fin. This feature explains both the common name threadfin and the family name Polynemidae, from the Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
 poly meaning "many" and nema meaning "filament." Similar species, such as the mullets
Mullet (fish)

The mullets or grey mullets are a family of ray-finned fish found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and in some species in fresh water also....
 (family Mugilidae) and milkfish
Milkfish

The milkfish, , is an important food fish in Southeast Asia and is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. Milkfish have a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, with a sizable forked caudal fin....
 (family Chanidae) can be easily distinguished from threadfins by their lack of filamentous pectoral rays
Fish anatomy

The anatomy of fish is primarily governed by the physical characteristics of water, which is much denser than air, holds a relatively small amount of dissolved oxygen, and absorbs light more than air does....
.

Threadfins frequent open, shallow water in areas with muddy, sandy or silty bottoms; they are rarely glimpsed at reef
Reef

In nautical terminology, a reef is a Rock , bar , or other feature lying beneath the surface of the water .Many reefs result from abiotic processes?deposition of sand, wave erosion planning down rock outcrops, and other natural processes?but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes do...
s. Their filamentous pectoral rays are thought to serve as tactile structures, helping the fish to find prey within the sediments. Noted for being euryhaline
Euryhaline

Euryhaline organisms are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. An example of a euryhaline fish is the Poecilia_sphenops which can live in Fresh_water, brackish, or Sea_water water....
, threadfins are able to tolerate a wide range of salinity
Salinity

Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water. Salinity in Australian English and North American English may also refer to the salt in soil ....
 levels. This attribute allows threadfins to enter estuaries
Estuary

An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea....
 and even river
River

A river is a natural stream of water, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, or another stream. In some cases a river flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water....
s. They feed primarily on crustaceans and smaller fish.

Presumed to be pelagic
Ichthyology terms

Ichthyology uses several terms that are unique to the science.Contents: #A #B #C #D #E #F #G #H #I #J #K #L #M #N #O #P #Q #R #S #T #U #V #W #X #Y #Z...
 spawners, threadfins probably release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water column which then become part of the plankton
Plankton

Plankton consist of any drifting organisms that inhabit the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water. Plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than their Phylogenetics or taxonomy classification....
. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching. In Hawaii
Hawaii

File:Pahoehoe and Aa flows at Hawaii.jpgThe State of Hawaii is a U.S. state in the United States, located on an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia....
, sixfinger threadfins (Polydactylus sexfilis) are the subject of experimental aquaculture
Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms including molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Unlike fishing, aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, implies the cultivation of aquatic populations under controlled conditions....
; they may soon alleviate pressures on wild stocks and lessen the state's dependence on imported fish.

Species

There are about forty species in eight genera:
  • Genus Eleutheronema
    • East Asian fourfinger threadfin, Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan
      David Starr Jordan

      David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenics, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
       & Evermann, 1902)      .
    • Fourfinger threadfin, Eleutheronema tetradactylum
      Eleutheronema tetradactylum

      Eleutheronema tetradactylum is a threadfin fish of the Polynemidae family. This highly commercial fish known for uses in aquaculture occur mainly over shallow muddy bottoms in coastal waters forming loose schools....
       (Shaw, 1804).
    • Threefinger threadfin, Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker
      Pieter Bleeker

      Pieter Bleeker was a Netherlands medical doctor and ichthyology, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia.He was employed as a medical officer in the Dutch East Indian Army from 1842 to 1860, stationed in Indonesia....
      , 1849)      .
  • Genus Filimanus
    • Sevenfinger threadfin, Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier
      Georges Cuvier

      Baron Georges L?opold Chr?tien Fr?d?ric Dagobert Cuvier was a France natural history and zoology. He was the elder brother of Fr?d?ric Cuvier , also a naturalist....
      , 1829)      .
    • Javanese threadfin, Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier
      Georges Cuvier

      Baron Georges L?opold Chr?tien Fr?d?ric Dagobert Cuvier was a France natural history and zoology. He was the elder brother of Fr?d?ric Cuvier , also a naturalist....
      , 1829)      .
    • Splendid threadfin, Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991.
    • Eightfinger threadfin, Filimanus sealei (Jordan
      David Starr Jordan

      David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenics, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
       & Richardson
      John Richardson (naturalist)

      Sir John Richardson was a Scotland Royal Navy surgery, natural history and arctic explorer.Richardson was born at Dumfries. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and became a surgeon in the navy in 1807....
      , 1910)      .
    • Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991.
    • Yellowthread threadfin, Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes
      Achille Valenciennes

      Achille Valenciennes was a France zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology....
      , 1831)      .
  • Genus Galeoides
    • Lesser African threadfin, Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch
      Marcus Elieser Bloch

      Marcus Elieser Bloch was a Germany medical doctor and naturalist. He is generally considered one of the most important ichthyologys of the 18th century....
      , 1795)      .
  • Genus Leptomelanosoma
    • Indian threadfin, Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804).
  • Genus Parapolynemus
    • Dwarf paradise fish, Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889).
  • Genus Pentanemus
    • Royal threadfin, Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus
      Carolus Linnaeus

      Carl Linnaeus was a Sweden botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern alpha taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology....
      , 1758)      .
  • Genus Polydactylus
    • Blue bobo, Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839).
    • Slender fivefinger threadfin, Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001.
    • Long-limb threadfin, Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001.
    • King threadfin, Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867).
    • River threadfin, Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker
      Pieter Bleeker

      Pieter Bleeker was a Netherlands medical doctor and ichthyology, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia.He was employed as a medical officer in the Dutch East Indian Army from 1842 to 1860, stationed in Indonesia....
      , 1858)      .
    • African blackspot threadfin, Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001.
    • Small-mouthed threadfin, Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker
      Pieter Bleeker

      Pieter Bleeker was a Netherlands medical doctor and ichthyology, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia.He was employed as a medical officer in the Dutch East Indian Army from 1842 to 1860, stationed in Indonesia....
      , 1851)      .
    • Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926).
    • Australian threadfin, Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860).
    • Black-finned threadfin, Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964.
    • Atlantic threadfin
      Atlantic threadfin

      The Atlantic threadfin, Polydactylus octonemus, is a threadfin native to subtropical and temperate waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. It grows up to 23 cm in length....
      , Polydactylus octonemus (Girard
      Charles Frédéric Girard

      Charles Fr?d?ric Girard was a France biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuch?tel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz....
      , 1858)      .
    • Littlescale threadfin, Polydactylus oligodon (Günther, 1860).
    • Yellow bobo, Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean, 1907.
    • Persian blackspot threadfin, Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001.
    • Striped threadfin, Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782).
    • Giant African threadfin
      Giant African threadfin

      Giant African threadfin is a fish species in the family Polynemidae. There are two varieties: one freshwater and one saltwater. Both have white flesh and are cooked similarly to European seabass....
      , Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier
      Georges Cuvier

      Baron Georges L?opold Chr?tien Fr?d?ric Dagobert Cuvier was a France natural history and zoology. He was the elder brother of Fr?d?ric Cuvier , also a naturalist....
      , 1829)      .
    • Sixfinger threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes
      Achille Valenciennes

      Achille Valenciennes was a France zoologist.Valenciennes was born in Paris, and studied under Georges Cuvier. Valenciennes' study of parasitic worms in humans made an important contribution to the study of parasitology....
      , 1831)      .
    • Blackspot threadfin, Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch
      Marcus Elieser Bloch

      Marcus Elieser Bloch was a Germany medical doctor and naturalist. He is generally considered one of the most important ichthyologys of the 18th century....
       & Schneider
      Johann Gottlob Schneider

      Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider was a German Empire classicist and natural history.Schneider was born at Koilmen in Saxony. In 1774, on the recommendation of Christian Gottlob Heine, he became secretary to the famous Strasbourg scholar Richard Fran?ois Brunck, and in 1811 became professor of ancient languages and eloquence at Breslau...
      , 1801)      .
    • Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001.
    • Barbu, Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus
      Carolus Linnaeus

      Carl Linnaeus was a Sweden botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern alpha taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology....
      , 1758)      .
  • Genus Polynemus
    • Northern paradise fish, Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003.
    • Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006.
    • Eastern paradise fish, Polynemus dubius Bleeker
      Pieter Bleeker

      Pieter Bleeker was a Netherlands medical doctor and ichthyology, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia.He was employed as a medical officer in the Dutch East Indian Army from 1842 to 1860, stationed in Indonesia....
      , 1854      .
    • Hornaday's paradise fish, Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936.
    • Elegant paradiseus fish, Polynemus multifilis Temminck
      Coenraad Jacob Temminck

      Coenraad Jacob Temminck was a Netherlands aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death....
       & Schlegel
      Hermann Schlegel

      Hermann Schlegel was a Germany ornithologist....
      , 1843      .
    • Paradise threadfin, Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus
      Carolus Linnaeus

      Carl Linnaeus was a Sweden botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern alpha taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology....
      , 1758      .


External links