Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the apparent path the Sun traces out along the sky — independent of Earth's rotation — in the course of the year. More accurately, it is the intersection of the
celestial sphere with the ecliptic plane, which is the geometric plane containing the mean orbit of the
Earth around the
Sun. It should be distinguished from the invariable ecliptic plane, which is the vector sum of the
angular momenta of all planetary orbital planes, to which
Jupiter is the main contributor.
The name ecliptic is derived from being the place where
eclipses occur.
Encyclopedia
The
ecliptic is the apparent path the Sun traces out along the sky — independent of Earth's rotation — in the course of the year. More accurately, it is the intersection of the
celestial sphere with the
ecliptic plane, which is the geometric plane containing the mean orbit of the
Earth around the
Sun. It should be distinguished from the invariable ecliptic plane, which is the vector sum of the
angular momenta of all planetary orbital planes, to which
Jupiter is the main contributor.
The name ecliptic is derived from being the place where
eclipses occur.
Ecliptic and equator
As the rotation axis of the Earth is not perpendicular to its orbital plane, the
equatorial plane is not parallel to the ecliptic plane, but makes an angle of about 23°27' which is known as the
obliquity of the ecliptic. The intersections of the equatorial and ecliptic plane with the celestial dome are
great circles known as the celestial equator and the ecliptic. The intersection line of the two planes results in two diametrically opposite intersection points, known as the
equinoxes. The equinox which the Sun passes from
south to
north is known as the
vernal equinox or
first point of Aries. Ecliptic longitude, usually indicated with the letter
?, is measured from this point on 0° to 360° towards the
east. Ecliptic
latitude, usually indicated with the letter
ß is measured +90° to the north or -90° to the south. The same intersection point also defines the origin of the equatorial coordinate system, named
right ascension measured from 0 to 24 hours also to the east and usually indicated with
a or
R.A., and
declination, usually indicated with
d also measured +90° to the north or -90° to the south. Simple rotation formulas allow a conversion from a,d to ?,ß and back .
Ecliptic and stars
The ecliptic serves as the center of a region called the
zodiac which constitutes a band of 8° on either side. Traditionally, this region is divided into 12 signs of 30° longitude each. By tradition, these signs are named after 12 of the 13
constellations straddling the ecliptic. The zodiac signs are very important to astrologers. Modern
astronomers typically use other coordinate systems today .
The position of the vernal equinox is not fixed among the stars but due to the
lunisolar precession slowly shifting westwards over the ecliptic with a speed of 1° per 72 years. A much smaller north/southwards shift can also be discerned, . Said otherwise the stars shift eastwards measured with respect to the equinoxes
Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries — and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the ecliptic — the equinoxes shift through the constellations in the Astronomical Julian calendar years as follows:
- The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year -1865, passed into Pisces in year -67, will pass into Aquarius in year 2597, will pass into Capricorn in year 4312. It passed along a 'corner' of Cetus on 0°10' distance in year 1489.
- The June solstice passed from Leo into Cancer in year -1458, passed into Gemini in year -10, passed into Taurus in December year 1989, will pass into Aries in year 4609.
- The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year -729, will pass into Leo in year 2439.
- The December solstice passed from Capricorn into Sagittarius in year -130, will pass into Ophiuchus in year 2269, and will pass into Scorpius in year 3597.
Ecliptic and Sun
Due to perturbations to the Earth's orbit by the other planets, the
true Sun is not always exactly on the ecliptic, but may be some arcseconds north or south of it. It is therefore the centre of the
mean Sun which outlines its path. As the Earth revolves in one year around the Sun, it appears that the Sun also needs one year to pass the whole ecliptic. With slightly more than 365 days in the year, the Sun moves almost 1° eastwards every day . This annual motion should not be confused with the daily motion of the Sun towards the west in 24 hours and along the equator. In fact where the stars need about 23h56m for one such rotation to complete, the
sidereal day, the Sun, which has shifted 1° eastwards during that time needs 4 minutes extra to complete its circle, making the
solar day just 24 hours.
The mean Sun crosses the equator around 21 March in the vernal equinox, its declination, right ascension, and ecliptic longitude are all zero then . The March equinox marks the onset of spring in the northern hemisphere and autumn in the southern. As such the term "spring equinox" should be avoided. The actual date and time varies from year to year because of the occurrence of
leap years. It also shifts slowly over the centuries due to imperfections in the
Gregorian calendar.
Ecliptic longitude 90°, at right ascension 6 hours and a northern declination equal to the obliquity of the ecliptic , is reached around 22 June. This is the June
solstice or summer solstice in the northern hemipshere and winter solstice in the southern hemisphere. It is also the first point of
Cancer and directly overhead on Earth on the
tropic of Cancer so named because the Sun
turns around in declination. Ecliptic longitude 180°, right ascension 12 hours is reached around 23 September and marks the second equinox or first point of Libra. Due to perturbations to the Earth orbit, the moment the real Sun passes the equator might be several minutes earlier or later. The southern most declination of the sun is reached at ecliptic longitude 270°, right ascension 18 hours at the first point of the sign of Capricorn around 22 December.
In any case it must be stressed that although these traditional
signs have given their names to the solstices and equinoxes, in reality, the cardinal points are currently situated in the
constellations of Pisces, Taurus, Virgo and Sagittarius respectively.
Ecliptic and planets
Most planets go in orbits around the sun which are almost in the same plane as the Earth's orbital plane, differing by a few degrees at most. As such they always appear close to the ecliptic when seen in the sky. Mercury with an orbital
inclination of 7° is an exception.
Pluto at 17°, previously held the title. The intersection line of the ecliptical plane and another planet's orbital plane is called the nodal line of that planet, and the nodal line's intersection points on the celestial sphere are the
ascending node and the diametrically opposite
descending node. Only when an inferior planet passes through one of its nodes can a transit over the Sun take place.
Inclination and nodal lines, as almost all other orbital elements, change slowly over the centuries due to perturbations from the other planets.
Ecliptic and Moon
The orbit of the
Moon is inclined by about 5° on the ecliptic. Its nodal line is not fixed either, but regresses over a full circle every 18.6 years. This is the cause of
nutation and
lunar standstill. The moon crosses the ecliptic about twice per month. If this happens during
new moon a
solar eclipse occurs, during
full moon a
lunar eclipse. This was the way the ancients could trace the ecliptic along the sky; they marked the places where eclipses could occur.
Ecliptic and star coordinates
Up to the 17th century, starmaps and positions in star catalogues were always given in ecliptical coordinates. It was not until astronomers started to use telescopes to measure star positions that equatorial coordinates came in use, and so exclusively that nowadays ecliptical coordinates are no longer used. This is not always desirable. A planetary conjunction for example would be much more illustratively described by ecliptic coordinates than equatorial.
Also see
zodiacal coordinates.
References
External links
