Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden
Encyclopedia
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The Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden (DZN, German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
Newspaper
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
) was a German-language
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
nationwide newspaper based in Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The current position of Amsterdam as capital city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands is governed by the constitution of August 24, 1815 and its successors. Amsterdam has a population of 783,364 within city limits, an urban population...
, which was published during almost the entire occupation of the Netherlands in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
from June 5, 1940 to May 5, 1945, the day of the German capitulation in the "Fortress Holland". Its objective was to influence the public opinion in the Netherlands, especially the one of the Germans in this country (residents, staff working for the occupying power, soldiers).
The DZN was part of a group of German occupation newspapers published by the Europa-Verlag. This group was established systematically during the German campaigns and later collapsed gradually due to the recaptures of the Allied Forces. At their peak, these papers exceeded a total circulation of more than a million copies.
Start-up Phase
The DZN replaced the Reichsdeutsche Nachrichten in den Niederlanden (Imperial German News in the Netherlands), which had been published since March 4, 1939 by the Dutch part of the NSDAP/AONSDAP/AO
The NSDAP/AO was the Foreign Organization branch of the National Socialist German Workers Party . AO is the abbreviation of the German compound word Auslands-Organisation...
. At that time there was also the Deutsche Wochenzeitung für die Niederlande (German Weekly Newspaper for the Netherlands), a paper that had been published since the end of the 19th century and was finally discontinued in spring of 1942. It was initially planned that the DZN should replace the Reichsdeutsche Nachrichten in den Niederlanden immediately after its last edition of May 31, but since the DZN was unable to find a printer in time the first edition had to be delayed until June 5.
The DZN and all other occupation newspapers were published by the Europa-Verlag, a subsidiary of the Franz-Eher-Verlag headed by Max Amann
Max Amann
Max Aman was a German Nazi official with the honorary rank of SS-Obergruppenführer, politician and journalist.-Biography:Amann was born in Munich on November 24, 1891...
. Unlike its predecessor, a paper of marginal importance, the DZN was set out to compete with the Dutch press from the very beginning. The recently founded Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen
Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen
Deutsche Zeitung in Norwegen was a daily newspaper published in Norway between 20 May 1940 and 8 May 1945, during the German occupation of Norway. It was the main publication of the German part of the Nazi regime in Norway, and had a circulation of about 40,000 copies.The paper served as a model...
(German Newspaper in Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
) served as a model. As early as July 1940 a stock corporation
Stock corporation
A stock corporation is a for-profit corporation which the ownership of the corporation is expressed by shares of stock. This allows for the ownership of the corporation to be readily determined, as shares are property, and are transferrable as any other property such as money, subject to any...
was founded to publish books, illustrations, magazines and other print products next to the DZN. Details about these activities are hardly known.
Similar to its sister papers, the DZN brought German editors from the Kölnischer Westdeutscher Beobachter and other Nazi papers into its editorial staff, which amounted to a total of approximately ten people. The paper also had offices in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
, Den Haag and Rotterdam
Rotterdam
Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam on the Rotte river, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre...
. The editorial staff was generally unacquainted with the situation in the Netherlands and had to learn the Dutch language
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
first. The lack of knowledge of the latter also led to communication problems with the technical staff, which was brought in from Dutch print shops.
The publishing house, editorial staff and typesetting
Typesetting
Typesetting is the composition of text by means of types.Typesetting requires the prior process of designing a font and storing it in some manner...
were initially located in different buildings at the Voorburgwal, which accommodated almost all important nationwide newspapers of Amsterdam for several decades. In the first weeks the editorial staff lacked even a telephone or teleprinter
Teleprinter
A teleprinter is a electromechanical typewriter that can be used to communicate typed messages from point to point and point to multipoint over a variety of communication channels that range from a simple electrical connection, such as a pair of wires, to the use of radio and microwave as the...
, only a two-way radio
Two-way radio
A two-way radio is a radio that can both transmit and receive , unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives content. The term refers to a personal radio transceiver that allows the operator to have a two-way conversation with other similar radios operating on the same radio frequency...
and a dispatch rider were available. In the fall of 1942 the editorial staff finally moved to the premises of the Telegraaf
De Telegraaf
De Telegraaf is the largest Dutch daily morning newspaper, with a daily circulation of approximately . De Telegraaf is based in Amsterdam...
, owned by the Holdert group, where the publishing house was already based. The typesetting was moved there later, too, so all departments of the paper were finally united in a single building. Earlier that year, in spring, there had also been talks about a purchase of De Telegraaf, which had been canceled though. The Holdert group took also care of the printing of the DZN, which was one of the reasons to forbid the De Telegraaf and its sister newspaper Het Nieuws van den Dag after the war from 1945 to 1949 as collaboration papers.
Frequency, volume and sections
The DZN came out in the afternoon on Weekdays and in the morning on Sundays at a price of nine cent (20 ReichspfennigGerman reichsmark
The Reichsmark was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig.-History:...
in Germany). The six-column newspaper consisted initially of eight pages on Weekdays and twelve to fourteen pages on Sundays. The increasing lack of paper later reduced the number of pages of the Dutch press drastically, less so for the DZN, which was privileged considerably in terms of rationing of paper.
Since the DZN had a reputable self-image, it oriented itself to the high standards of the German papers Das Reich
Das Reich
Das Reich is the name of:* a German SS-division, see 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich* a national socialist newspaper, see Das Reich * the main work of German right-wing intellectual Friedrich Hielscher...
and Frankfurter Zeitung
Frankfurter Zeitung
The Frankfurter Zeitung was a German language newspaper that appeared from 1856 to 1943. It emerged from a market letter that was published in Frankfurt...
regarding layout and variety of columns. The latter were divided into the usual sections politics, economy, feuilleton
Feuilleton
Feuilleton was originally a kind of supplement attached to the political portion of French newspapers, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism, a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles...
, sports and advertisements, but adjusted to the local competitors. According to the first editor-in-chief Emil Frotscher the paper emphasized on a "clean layout, stringent organization, good mixture of news and opinion section [and] a very extensive amount of illustration." In the case that no current photos were available the DZN adopted the Dutch method of illustrating the paper with archived ones. This concept was completed by the frequent use of map sketches. Another concession was made by the use of Antiqua instead of a "German" font.
Content and surveillance of the DZN
The content of the DZN consisted primary of news and reports, the situation in the Netherlands was covered rather sparsely, with the exception of notifications from the ReichskommissariatReichskommissariat Niederlande
The Reichskommissariat Niederlande, literally "Reich Commissariat of the Netherlands", was the civilian occupation regime set up by Nazi Germany in the German-occupied Netherlands during World War II. Its full title in German was the Reichskommissariat für die besetzten niederländischen Gebiete...
. The paper saw its "Seite des Tages" (featured page) as its show-piece, which contained an exceptionally amount of pictures and emphasized on article series and reports. The DZN remained especially faithful to its concept to adapt itself to the rich illustration of the Dutch press with its page "Bilder vom Tage" (pictures of the day). The local news served as a "serialized tourist guide" (Gabriele Hoffmann) and featured places of interest. The maritime shipping was another recurring subject due to its great interest to the Germans. The rest of the content consisted of serial novels, short stories, reviews and cultural essays. The DZN also borrowed articles from other newspapers, sometimes translated ones. The obligatory speeches from Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
and Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. As one of Adolf Hitler's closest associates and most devout followers, he was known for his zealous oratory and anti-Semitism...
were not missing as well as appeals from Göring
Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring, was a German politician, military leader, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. He was a veteran of World War I as an ace fighter pilot, and a recipient of the coveted Pour le Mérite, also known as "The Blue Max"...
to the public and, for example, an interview with Reichskommissar
Reichskommissar
Reichskommissar , in German history, was an official gubernatorial title used for various public offices during the period of the German Empire and the Nazi Third Reich....
Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart was a Chancellor of Austria, lawyer and later Nazi official in pre-Anschluss Austria, the Third Reich and for wartime Germany in Poland and the Netherlands...
. Columnists included, apart from Goebbels and Seyss-Inquart, other high-ranking officials or well-known contributors like Otto Dietrich
Otto Dietrich
Dr. Otto Dietrich was an SS-Obergruppenführer, the Third Reich's Press Chief, and a confidant of Adolf Hitler.-Biography:...
, Walter Gross
Walter Gross
Dr. Walter Gross was a German physician appointed to create the Office for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare for the NSDAP...
, Karl Haushofer
Karl Haushofer
Karl Ernst Haushofer was a German general, geographer and geopolitician. Through his student Rudolf Hess, Haushofer's ideas may have influenced the development of Adolf Hitler's expansionist strategies, although Haushofer denied direct influence on the Nazi regime.-Biography:Haushofer belonged to...
, Erich Hilgenfeldt, Fritz Hippler
Fritz Hippler
Fritz Hippler was a German filmmaker who ran the film department in the Propaganda Ministry of the Third Reich, under Joseph Goebbels. He is most famous as director of the propaganda film Der ewige Jude ....
, Curt Hotzel, Otto Marrenbach, Giselher Wirsing and Hans Friedrich Blunck, but it is likely that many of these columns were not published exclusively in the DZN.
Amann claimed after his arrest that for his papers it was not enough to contain just Nazi propaganda, since they were destined for foreign countries, but in fact they did not differ much in "phrasemongering and clichés" (Oron J. Hale) from the German papers. The general news consisted accordingly often of front propaganda and other well known elements of the Nazi propaganda like agitations against the Bolshevism and the alleged World Jewry. To the Dutch people the DZN took up the opposite stance and presented itself in an advertising tone. Its aim was to suggest a return to normality under the new order. In such fields as culture and economic relations the DZN pointed at real connections or those invoked by propaganda between the Netherlands and Germany. In doing so, the newspaper twisted "typical Dutch" as to make it seem analogous to "typical German". On the other hand the editorial staff inserted Dutch phrases in their articles to show that they finally settled at their place of activity.
The DZN was surveiled by several authorities: the press department of the Reichskommissariat in Den Haag under Willi Janke, the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda under Joseph Goebbels and the Pressepolitisches Amt under Otto Dietrich
Otto Dietrich
Dr. Otto Dietrich was an SS-Obergruppenführer, the Third Reich's Press Chief, and a confidant of Adolf Hitler.-Biography:...
. This surveillance did not always work smoothly. The Ministry complained from time to time about a neglect of demands. An example for this is the confiscation of an edition which featured the "treason" of Rudolf Hess
Rudolf Hess
Rudolf Walter Richard Hess was a prominent Nazi politician who was Adolf Hitler's deputy in the Nazi Party during the 1930s and early 1940s...
. Hans Fritzsche
Hans Fritzsche
Hans Georg Fritzsche was a senior German Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium.- Career :...
, an official of the Ministry who had ordered the confiscation, questioned afterwards in a ministerial conference the loyalty of the DZN. Mistakes in the news coverage frequently drew criticism, too. Two from five fines issued to Dutch newspapers in the first eight months of 1942 had to be paid by the DZN. The pretense to be as convincing as possible led once in a while to a point when articles had to be sent in several times until all objections were cleared up. In such matters the advertising character of the DZN played again the decisive role.
Circulation and readership
The initial circulation of the DZN was about 30,000 copies and did not exceed this value in the first months. If this value is taken as a basis the paper found itself in the mid of the other ten nationwide Dutch papers by the end of 1940, with this position it had fulfilled its mission to compete against its local competitors at that time. It has to be considered though that the German authorities in the respective occupied countries usually guaranteed to Amann a minimum purchase of 30-40,000 copies. In May 1942 it was finally stated that the DZN had a circulation of 54,500. But this growth did not apply for the DZN alone, some of the other Dutch newspapers experienced a considerable growth between 1940 and 1943, too. If the DZN held its circulation from 1942 the next year, it would have retained its status. Several papers were forbidden or forced to merge during the occupation, others ceased to exist, so that the DZN had to do with much less competition, although the nazification of the remaining press had been urged since 1941 anyway. The effect of supply and demand had vanished since 1940, this effect was specifically insignificant to the DZN, which had to fulfill a role given by the German government.The distribution area of the DZN was not limited to the Netherlands alone, Germany and other countries received copies of the paper, too. Its sense of mission was not limited to the general public, in fact it saw itself as a model for the remaining Dutch press, which was struggling with the Gleichschaltung
Gleichschaltung
Gleichschaltung , meaning "coordination", "making the same", "bringing into line", is a Nazi term for the process by which the Nazi regime successively established a system of totalitarian control and tight coordination over all aspects of society. The historian Richard J...
and tried to cope with it in a balancing act, sometimes also with subtle sabotage. The DZN tried to demonstrate how a "proper" paper should look ilke journalistically under the new order, and even advised other Dutch papers during the daily press conferences to reprint articles from it. Apart from other papers, the Dutch public of the DZN consisted primary of the economy, it was also read by a politically interested public and collaborators of the occupying power. With its political line the DZN was contrary to the positions of the Dutch national socialists NSB
National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in legislative elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s...
though, who opposed an integration of the Netherlands into a Greater German Reich. For this reason the NSB were not privileged by the DZN, even though it saw itself as a protector of them.
Final year
When it seemed that in the beginning of September 1944 the Netherlands were facing their immediately forthcoming liberation (Dolle DinsdagDolle Dinsdag
Dolle Dinsdag is a Dutch name for Tuesday 5 September 1944. On this day many rumours were spreading in the occupied Netherlands that the liberation by Allied forces was at hand...
), the majority of the editorial staff tried to leave the country, resulting in a great personnel crisis. After that the then editor E.C. Privat was replaced immediately, the DZN continued its publication until the very end, even though it had now lost its distribution area of the southern Netherlands. Since the train strikes that had also started in that month led to a limitation of the chain of distribution, a new special Groningen edition was founded by the end of October 1944. Its editor became August Ramminger, who had been head of the Berlin office of the DZN before. This edition was printed on the presses of the forbidden Nieuwsblad van het Noorden. Originally the DZN wanted to rent the print shop, but after the publishing house of the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden resisted to that it was confiscated.
The last edition of the DZN was just a hectography in A5
Paper size
Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today there is one widespread international ISO standard and a localised standard used in North America . The paper sizes affect writing paper, stationery, cards, and some printed documents...
-format, which contained the Wehrmachtbericht
Wehrmachtbericht
The Wehrmachtbericht was a daily radio report on the Großdeutscher Rundfunk of Nazi Germany, published by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht regarding the military situation on all fronts of World War II....
. The end of the DZN also finally meant the end for a German press in the Netherlands.
Influence on the Dutch public
Since the circulation of the DZN did not exceed 30,000 copies in the beginning and was distributed mainly to institutions of the occupying power, the paper was at least for that time almost completely deprived from the perception of the general public. That it later reached an average circulation of 50,000 copies does not distract from the fact that the attempts of the DZN to influence the Dutch public in the open sale failed completely. The paper was dismissed as propaganda anyway, and the Dutch had already been disappointed by their own press. Christoph Sauer, who analyzed the paper also linguistically, comes to the conclusion that the members of the NSB were probably also no readers of the DZN for the reasons mentioned above. There were already few reasons for them to read the DZN since the NSB had its own newspaper, the Nationale Dagblad, since 1938.The German occupying power and the DZN were constantly cherishing illusions about the influence of the paper on the Dutch public. An example for this is Seyss-Inquarts claim from July 1940 in a situation report that half of the readership of the DZN were Dutch. Even when the strikes of February 1941 showed the failure of the German propaganda attempts the paper went to the extent of claiming that the "congeneric blood raises its voice louder and louder". The propaganda attempts of the DZN and the occupation authorities were in an odd way contrary to Hitler's attitude, who, after he gave the orders for the setup of the administration of the occupation, lost his interest in the Netherlands quickly, which he never visited in his life.
The DZN frequently attacked Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
with its coverage. Its aim was to undermine traditional sympathies of the Dutch for the British empire. The paper saw, as the whole German propaganda, the Dutch and Germans as sister nations. But again the DZN failed to shift the sympathies from the British to the Germans. In contrast to the readership that was actually targeted the DZN and its sister papers were often of more interest to the British and American Military intelligence than the local German press, since they contained valuable information about the actions and intentions of the occupation authorities that were spread over Europe.
Comparison with other influence attempts
It is characteristic for the conceptual failure of the DZN that other propaganda actions attracted a much wider audience. The Abteilung Aktivpropaganda (Department for Active Propaganda) of the Hauptabteilung für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda published De Gil in 1944, a satirical newspaper that was aimed solely at the Dutch public and achieved high circulations during its short time of existence. The radio broadcasts of Max Blokzijl were also a drawing card. But in both cases a high entertainment value played a significant role, they also failed to change the sympathies in the public. The German entertainment films were popular, too, since they served as distraction even when the moviegoers were forced to watch the Die Deutsche WochenschauDie Deutsche Wochenschau
Die Deutsche Wochenschau is a series of German newsreels from 1940 until the end of World War II.After the invasion of Poland , the Nazis consolidated four separate newsreel production efforts into one...
since 1943.
Literature
- Oron J. Hale: Presse in der Zwangsjacke 1933-45, Droste, Düsseldorf 1965, German translation from The captive press in the Third Reich, University Press, Princeton 1964
- Gabriele Hoffmann: NS-Propaganda in den Niederlanden: Organisation und Lenkung der Publizistik, Verlag Dokumentation Saur, München-Pullach / Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-7940-4021-X (German)
- René Vos: Niet voor publicatie. De legale Nederlandse pers tijdens de Duitse bezetting, Sijthoff, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-218-3752-8 (Dutch)
- Christoph Sauer: Die Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden, in: Markku Moilanen, Liisa Tiittula (editors): Überredung in der Presse: Texte, Strategien, Analysen, de Gruyter, Berlin 1994, ISBN 978-3-11-014346-1, Pages 198-200 (German)
- Jan van de Plasse: Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers / samengesteld door Jan van de Plasse. Red. Wim Verbei, Otto Cramwinckel Uitgever, Amsterdam 2005, ISBN 90-75727-77-1. (Dutch; previous edition: Jan van de Plasse, Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagbladpers, Cramwinckel, Amsterdam 1999, ISBN 90-75727-25-9)
- Huub Wijfjes: Journalistiek in Nederland 1850–2000. Beroep, cultuur en organisatie. Boom, Amsterdam 2004, ISBN 90-5352-949-7. (Dutch)
Online
- Katja Happe: Deutsche in den Niederlanden 1918-1945, published on the internet by the library of the University of Siegen in December 2004 (PDFPortable Document FormatPortable Document Format is an open standard for document exchange. This file format, created by Adobe Systems in 1993, is used for representing documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems....
) (German)
Other sources
- P.A. Donker: Winter '44-'45. Een winter om nimmer te vergeten, Ad. Donker, Bilthoven and Antwerpen 1945. (Dutch) PDF-Version of this book
- Henk Nijkeuter: Drent uit heimwee en verlangen, Van Gorcum, Assen 1996, ISBN 90-232-3175-9 (Dutch)
Further reading
- Karl-Dietrich Abel: Presselenkung im NS-Staat, Colloquium, Berlin 1968 (German)
- Walter Hagemann: Publizistik im Dritten Reich. Ein Beitrag zur Methodik der Massenführung., Hansischer Gildenverlag, Hamburg 1948 (German)
- Gerhard Hirschheld: Nazi Propaganda in Occupied Western Europe: the Case of the Netherlands., in: David Welch (ed.): Nazi Propaganda. The Power and the Limitations, Croom Helm (London/Canberra) u. Barnes & Noble (Totowa, New Jersey) 1983, p. 143−160, ISBN 0-7099-2736-3
- P. Rijser: Nazi Propaganda in bezet Nederland, in Z.A.B. Zeman (ed.): De propaganda van de Nazi's, W. de Haan & Standaard Boekhandel, Hilversum/Antwerpen 1966 (Dutch)
- Christoph Sauer: Nazi-Deutsch für Niederländer. Das Konzept der NS-Sprachenpolitik in der „Deutschen Zeitung in den Niederlanden“ 1940–1945. In: Konrad Ehlich (ed.): Sprache im Faschismus, third edition, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1995 (= Suhrkamp-Taschenbuch Wissenschaft; 760), p. 237–288, ISBN 3-518-28360-X (German)
- Paul Stoop: Niederländische Presse unter Druck. Deutsche auswärtige Pressepolitik und die Niederlande 1933–1940, Saur, München 1987, ISBN 3-598-20547-3 (German)
- Thomas Tavernaro: Der Verlag Hitlers und der NSDAP: Die Franz Eher Nachfolger GmbH, Praesens, Wien 2004, ISBN 3-7069-0220-6 (German)
- Joseph Wulf (ed.): Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich, Siegbert Mohn, Gütersloh 1964 (German)
The Netherlands under German Occupation
- Loe de JongLoe de JongLouis de Jong was a Dutch journalist and historian specialising in the history of the Netherlands in World War II and the Dutch resistance....
: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 14 Teile, SDU, Den Haag 1969–1991 (Dutch) - Konrad Kwiet: Reichskommissariat Niederlande. Versuch und Scheitern nationalsozialistischer Neuordnung. Schriftenreihe der Viertelsjahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1968 (German)
- Werner Warmbrunn: The Dutch under German Occupation: 1940–1945, Stanford University Press, Stanford 1963
Other
- Loe de Jong: De Duitse Vijfde Colonne in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1953 (Dutch), German edition: Die Deutsche Fünfte Kolonne im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1959
- Ivo Schöffer: Het nationaal-socialistische beeld van de geschiedenis der Nederlanden. Een historiografische en bibliografische studie., Neuausgabe von Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2006, ISBN 90-5356-895-6 (Dutch, originally published by Van Loghem Slaterus, Arnheim/Amsterdam 1956)
