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Acyl
 
 
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An acyl group (IUPAC name: alkanoyl) is a functional group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
 derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl
Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
 groups from an oxoacid
Oxoacid

An oxoacid is an acid which contains oxygen. More specifically, it is an acid which:#contains oxygen;#contains at least one other Chemical element;...
.. In organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
, the acyl group is usually derived from a carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
 of the form RC
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 OH
Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
. It therefore has the formula RC
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
(=O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
)-, with a double bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms (i.e. a carbonyl group), and a single bond between R and the carbon. Acyl groups can also be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acid
Sulfonic acid

Sulfonic acid usually refers to a member of the class of organic acids with the general formula R-S2-OH, where R is usually a hydrocarbon side chain....
s, phosphonic acid
Phosphonic acid

In inorganic chemistry, phosphonic acid is a phosphorus oxoacid with a formula of H3PO3, more commonly known as phosphorous acid....
s, and some others.

Acyl halides can be used in Friedel-Crafts acylation to introduce the acyl moiety in an aromatic compound.

In biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
, acyl CoA
Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the Fatty acid metabolism#Synthesis and Fatty acid metabolism#.CE.B2-Oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvic acid in the citric acid cycle....
s are derivates of fatty acid
Fatty acid

In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturation or Unsaturated compound....
 metabolism, with acetyl CoA as an example.






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An acyl group (IUPAC name: alkanoyl) is a functional group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
 derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl
Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
 groups from an oxoacid
Oxoacid

An oxoacid is an acid which contains oxygen. More specifically, it is an acid which:#contains oxygen;#contains at least one other Chemical element;...
.. In organic chemistry
Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a discipline within chemistry which involves the science study of the structure, properties, composition, chemical reaction, and preparation of chemical compounds that contain carbon....
, the acyl group is usually derived from a carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
 of the form RC
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 OH
Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
. It therefore has the formula RC
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
(=O
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
)-, with a double bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms (i.e. a carbonyl group), and a single bond between R and the carbon. Acyl groups can also be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acid
Sulfonic acid

Sulfonic acid usually refers to a member of the class of organic acids with the general formula R-S2-OH, where R is usually a hydrocarbon side chain....
s, phosphonic acid
Phosphonic acid

In inorganic chemistry, phosphonic acid is a phosphorus oxoacid with a formula of H3PO3, more commonly known as phosphorous acid....
s, and some others.

Acyl halides can be used in Friedel-Crafts acylation to introduce the acyl moiety in an aromatic compound.

In biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
, acyl CoA
Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the Fatty acid metabolism#Synthesis and Fatty acid metabolism#.CE.B2-Oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvic acid in the citric acid cycle....
s are derivates of fatty acid
Fatty acid

In chemistry, especially biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid often with a long unbranched aliphatic tail , which is either saturation or Unsaturated compound....
 metabolism, with acetyl CoA as an example. They are actually thiol esters.

Examples

The names of acyl groups are typically derived from the corresponding acid by substituting the acid ending -ic with the ending -yl as shown in the table below. Note that methyl, ethyl
Ethyl group

In chemistry, an ethyl group is an alkyl functional group derived from ethane . It has the chemical formula -Carbon2Hydrogen5 and is very often abbreviated -Et....
, propyl
Propyl

In organic chemistry, propyl is a three-carbon alkyl substituent with chemical formula -Carbon3Hydrogen7. It is the substituent form of the alkane propane....
, butyl
Butyl

In organic chemistry, butyl is a four-carbon alkyl radical with chemical formula -C4H9 . It is derived from either of the two isomers of the alkane called butane....
 etc. end in -yl are not acyl but alkyl
Alkyl

An alkyl is a univalent Radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms, arranged in a chain. The Alkyls form homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+1....
 groups, derived from alkane
Alkane

Alkanes, also known as paraffins, are chemical compounds that consist only of the elements carbon and hydrogen , wherein these atoms are linked together exclusively by single bonds without any cyclic structure ....
s.

Acyl group name
(R-CO-)		Corresponding carboxylic acid name
(R-CO-OH)
commonsystematiccommonsystematic
formylmethanoylformic acid
Formic acid

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is hydrogencarbonoxygenOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stingers....
methanoic acid
acetyl
Acetyl

In organic chemistry, acetyl , is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -CarbonOxygenCarbonHydrogen3. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac ....
ethanoylacetic acid
Acetic acid

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment , and freezes at 16.7 Celsius to a colourless crystalline solid....
ethanoic acid
propionylpropanoylpropionic acid
Propionic acid

Propionic acid is a naturally-occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula CarbonHydrogen3CH2COxygenOH. In the pure state, it is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor....
propanoic acid
benzoyl
Benzoyl

In organic chemistry, benzoyl is the acyl of benzoic acid, with structure C6H5CO-. It should not be confused with benzyl, which is the radical or ion formed from the removal of one of the methyl hydrogens of toluene ....
benzoic acid
Benzoic acid

Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 , is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid....
acrylpropenoylacrylic acid
Acrylic acid

Acrylic acid or prop-2-enoic acid is a chemical compound and it is the simplest unsaturated compound carboxylic acid with a vinyl group at the alpha carbon position and a carboxylic acid terminus....
propenoic acid


Acyl species

In acyloxy groups the acyl group is bonded to oxygen: R-C=O-O-R' where R-C=O is the acyl group.

Acylium ions are cations of the type R-C+=O and play an important role as intermediates in organic reaction
Organic reaction

Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions and organic redox reaction....
s for example the Hayashi rearrangement
Hayashi rearrangement

The Hayashi rearrangement is the chemical reaction of ortho-benzoylbenzoic acids catalysis by sulfuric acid or phosphorus pentoxide.This reaction proceeds through electrophilic acylium ion attack with a Spiro compound intermediate ...
.

See also

  • Acylation
    Acylation

    In chemistry, acylation is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent....
  • Functional group
    Functional group

    In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....