Anomalocaridids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Schinderhannes Schinderhannes bartelsi Schinderhannes bartelsi is an anomalocarid known from one specimen from the lower Devonian Hunsrück Slates. Its discovery was astonishing because previously, anomalocaridids had only been known from exceptionally preserved fossil beds from the Cambrian, 100 million years earlier.Anomalocaridids...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Kühl, Briggs, & Rust	Lower Devonian	Hunsrück Slate Hunsrück Slate The Hunsrück Slate is a Lower Devonian lithostratigraphic unit, a type of rock strata, in the German regions of the Hunsrück and Taunus. It is a lagerstätte famous for exceptional preservation of a highly diverse fossil fauna assemblage.-Geology:...	Germany

Arachnids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Palaeoperenethis Palaeoperenethis Palaeoperenethis is an extinct monotypic genus of Nursery web spider family Pisauridae, and at present, it contains the single species Palaeoperenethis thaleri...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Selden & Penney	Ypresian	Horsefly Lagerstätte, British Columbia	Canada

Insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Agulla mineralensis Agulla mineralensis Agulla mineralensis is an extinct species of snakefly in the raphidiid genus Agulla. The species is solely known from the Middle Miocene, late Bartovian stage, Pacific Union Site in the Stewart Valley Group, Mineral County, Nevada....	sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Late Barstovian Barstovian The Barstovian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology , typically set from 16,300,000 to 13,600,000 years BP, a period of . It is usually considered to overlap the Langhian and Serravallian...	Stewart Valley Group	United States	only described Neogene snakefly fossil
Allorapisma Allorapisma Allorapisma is an extinct genus of moth lacewing containing the single species Allorapisma chuorum, which existed in what is now Washington during the Eocene period....	gen et sp nov	Valid	Makarkin & Archibald	Ypresian	Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation Klondike Mountain Formation The Klondike Mountain Formation is an early Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in the southern most of a string of highland subtropical/Temperate lakes in Washington state and British Columbia. The formation is best known for exceptionally well preserved plant and insect fossils...	United States
Apis (Cascapis) nearctica Apis nearctica Apis nearctica is an extinct species of honey bee which existed in what is now the United States, during the middle Miocene period. It was described by Michael S. Engel, Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz, and Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn in 2009, and is the first fossil honey bee described from the New World....	sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular... , Hinojosa-Diaz, & Rasnitsyn	Middle Miocene		United States	The first fossil honey bee Honey bee Honey bees are a subset of bees in the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests out of wax. Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus Apis...  from the New World.
Aspidopleura Aspidopleura Aspidopleura is an extinct monotypic genus of parasitic wasp in the Eupelmidae subfamily Neanastatinae and at present, it contains the single species Aspidopleura baltica...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Gibson	Eocene	Baltic amber
Brevivulva Brevivulva Brevivulva is an extinct genus of parasitic wasp in the Eupelmidae subfamily Neanastatinae and contains the single species Brevivulva electroma...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Gibson	Eocene	Baltic amber
Cimbrophlebia brooksi Cimbrophlebia Cimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of Mecoptera which existed during the Eocene period. It contains the species Cimbrophlebia brooksi, Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis, Cimbrophlebia leahyi, and Cimbrophlebia westae....	sp nov	Valid	Archibald	Ypresian	Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation	United States
Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis Cimbrophlebia Cimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of Mecoptera which existed during the Eocene period. It contains the species Cimbrophlebia brooksi, Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis, Cimbrophlebia leahyi, and Cimbrophlebia westae....	sp nov	Valid	Archibald	Ypresian	Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia	Canada
Cimbrophlebia leahyi Cimbrophlebia Cimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of Mecoptera which existed during the Eocene period. It contains the species Cimbrophlebia brooksi, Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis, Cimbrophlebia leahyi, and Cimbrophlebia westae....	sp nov	Valid	Archibald	Ypresian	Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia	Canada
Cimbrophlebia westae Cimbrophlebia Cimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of Mecoptera which existed during the Eocene period. It contains the species Cimbrophlebia brooksi, Cimbrophlebia flabelliformis, Cimbrophlebia leahyi, and Cimbrophlebia westae....	sp nov	Valid	Archibald	Ypresian	Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation	United States
Denaeaspis Denaeaspis Denaeaspis is an extinct genus of tortoise beetle in the family Chrysomelidae and containing a single species Denaeaspis chelonopsis...	gen et sp nov	valid	Chaboo & Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Lutetian Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between and . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Middle Eocene subepoch...	Parachute Member, Green River Formation Green River Formation The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes. The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, a dark layer during the growing season and a light-hue inorganic layer in winter. Each pair of layers is called a varve and...	United States	One of the oldest tortoise beetles
Eosacantha Eosacantha Eosacantha is an extinct genus of tortoise beetle in the family Chrysomelidae and containing a single species Eosacantha delocranioides...	gen et sp nov	valid	Chaboo & Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Lutetian Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between and . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the Middle Eocene subepoch...	Parachute Member, Green River Formation Green River Formation The Green River Formation is an Eocene geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes. The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, a dark layer during the growing season and a light-hue inorganic layer in winter. Each pair of layers is called a varve and...	United States	One of the oldest tortoise beetles
Leptofoenus pittfieldae Leptofoenus pittfieldae Leptofoenus pittfieldae is an extinct species of wasp in the family Pteromalidae known from early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola...	sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic
Metapelma archetypon Metapelma archetypon Metapelma archetypon is an extinct species of parasitic wasp in the Eupelmidae genus Metapelma. The species is solely known from the Early Eocene Baltic amber deposits in the Baltic Sea region of Europe. Of the thirty seven described species in the genus Metapelma, M...	sp nov	Valid	Gibson	Eocene	Baltic amber
Neanaperiallus Neanaperiallus Neanaperiallus is an extinct monotypic genus of parasitic wasp in the Eupelmidae subfamily Neanastatinae containing only a single species, Neanaperiallus masneri...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Gibson	Eocene	Baltic amber
Nesagapostemon Nesagapostemon Nesagapostemon is an extinct monotypic genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae. At present, it contains the single species Nesagapostemon moronei....	gen et sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic
Nymphes georgei Nymphes georgei Nymphes georgei is an extinct species of lacewing which existed in Washington during the Eocene period....	sp nov	Valid	Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge	Ypresian	Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation	United States
Oligochlora semirugosa Oligochlora Oligochlora is an extinct genus of sweat bee in the Halictidae subfamily Halictinae. The genus currently contains six species, all of which are known from the early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola....	sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic
Pronymphes hoffeinsorum Pronymphes Pronymphes is an extinct genus of lacewing which existed during the Eocene period. It contains two species, Pronymphes mengeana and P. hoffeinsorum....	Valid	Archibald, Makarkin, Ansorge	Priabonian	Yantarny [=Palmnicken], Kaliningradskaya Oblast’	Russia
Termitaradus mitnicki Termitaradus mitnicki Termitaradus mitnicki is an extinct species of true bug in the family Termitaphididae known only from early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola....	sp nov	Valid	Engel Michael S. Engel Michael S. Engel is an American paleontologist and entomologist. He has undertaken field work in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and the Western Hemisphere, and published more than 300 papers in scientific journals. He was trained at the University of Kansas where in 1993 he received a B.S. in Cellular...	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic

Cephalopods

Three new species of extinct Octopoda

Octopus

The octopus is a cephalopod mollusc of the order Octopoda. Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms, and like other cephalopods they are bilaterally symmetric. An octopus has a hard beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms...

 discovered in 2009. The species - Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae - lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arm

Cephalopod arm

A cephalopod arm is distinct from a tentacle, though the terms are often used interchangeably.Generally, cephalopod arms have suckers along most of their length, as opposed to tentacles, which have suckers only near their ends. Octopuses have eight arms and no tentacles, while squid and cuttlefish...

s, muscles, rows of suckers, ink

Cephalopod ink

Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the species of octopus belonging to the suborder Cirrina, are able to release ink....

, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin

Berlin

Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...

, Germany

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...

. The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon

Lebanon

Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...

.

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Keuppia Keuppia Keuppia is an extinct genus of octopus. It consists of two species, Keuppia hyperbolaris and Keuppia levante, both of which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Both species were found in fossilized form, which is very uncommon for extinct octopuses, as the soft tissue of dead octopuses almost...	Gen et sp nov	Valid	Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis	Upper Cenomanian		Lebanon
Styletoctopus Styletoctopus Styletoctopus is an extinct genus of octopus. The genus consists of the single species Styletoctopus annae, which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Very few octopus species appear in the fossil record, as octopuses consist of soft tissue that usually decomposes before it has time to...	gen et sp nov	Valid	Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis	Upper Cenomanian		Lebanon

Newly named amphibians

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Cratia Cratia Cratia is an extinct frog which existed in Brazil during the lower Cretaceous period. It was named by Ana M. Báez, Geraldo J.B. Moura and Raúl O. Gómez in 2009, and the type species is Cratia gracilis....	Valid	Báez Moura Gómez	Lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation Crato Formation The Crato Formation is a geologic formation of Early Cretaceous age in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It is an important Lagerstätte for palaeontologists. The strata were laid down mostly during the early Albian age, about 108 million years ago, in a shallow inland sea...	Brazil	Possible stem neobatrachia Neobatrachia Neobatrachia are a suborder of the Anura, the order of frogs and toads. This suborder is the most advanced and apomorphic of the three anuran orders alive today; hence its name, which literally means "new frogs"... n
Eurycephalella Eurycephalella Eurycephalella is an extinct genus of frog which existed in what is now Brazil during the lower Cretaceous period. It was named by Ana M. Báez, Geraldo J.B. Moura and Raúl O. Gómez in 2009, and the type species is Eurycephalella alcinae.-Discovery:...	Valid	Báez Moura Gómez	Lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation Crato Formation The Crato Formation is a geologic formation of Early Cretaceous age in northeastern Brazil's Araripe Basin. It is an important Lagerstätte for palaeontologists. The strata were laid down mostly during the early Albian age, about 108 million years ago, in a shallow inland sea...	Brazil	A hyloid
Nannaroter Nannaroter Nannaroter is an extinct genus of tuditanomorph microsaur within the family Ostodolepidae. It is known from only the holotype specimen, which was found in the Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry in Oklahoma. The holotype, a well preserved skull, was found in Early Permian-aged fissure fill deposits in...	Valid	Anderson Scott Reisz Robert R. Reisz Robert Rafael Reisz is a Canadian paleontologist and specialist in the study of early amniote and tetrapod evolution.Robert Reisz was born August 27, 1947, in Oradea, Romania. He received his B.Sc. , M.Sc. and Ph.D. from McGill University as Robert L. Carroll’s first doctoral graduate...	Early Permian		United States	The smallest known ostodolepid Ostodolepidae Ostodolepidae is an extinct family of tuditanomorph microsaurs. They are unique among microsaurs in that they were large, reaching lengths of up to , terrestrial, and presumably fossorial. Ostodolepid remains have been found from Early Permian beds in Texas and Oklahoma.Ostodolepids have elongated...  microsaur Microsauria Microsauria is an extinct order of lepospondyl amphibians from the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods. It is the most diverse and species-rich group of lepospondyls. Recently, Microsauria has been considered paraphyletic, as several other non-microsaur lepospondyl groups such as...
Nesovtriton Nesovtriton Nesovtriton is an extinct genus of cryptobranchoid salamander known from the Late Cretaceous of Byssekty Formation, in Uzbekistan. It was first named by Pavel P. Skutschas in 2009 and the type species is Nesovtriton mynbulakensis....	Valid	Skutschas	Turonian	Bissekty Formation Bissekty Formation The Bissekty Formation is situated in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan, and dates from the late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the early the Turonian to Coniacian stages, it is dated to about 90-85 ma .The Bissekty Formation is characterised by a mix of marine, brackish, freshwater, and...	Uzbekistan	A cryptobranchoid Cryptobranchoidea Cryptobranchoidea is a suborder of salamanders found in the eastern United States, China, and Japan. They are known as primitive salamanders, in contrast to Salamandroidea, or advanced salamander....  salamander Salamander Salamander is a common name of approximately 500 species of amphibians. They are typically characterized by a superficially lizard-like appearance, with their slender bodies, short noses, and long tails. All known fossils and extinct species fall under the order Caudata, while sometimes the extant...
Regalerpeton Regalerpeton Regalerpeton is an extinct genus of cryptobranchoid salamander known from the Early Cretaceous of Huajiying Formation, China. It was first named by Guilin Zhang, Yuan Wang, Marc E.H. Jones and Susan E. Evans in 2009 and the type species is Regalerpeton weichangensis....	Valid	Zhang Wang Jones Evans Susan E. Evans Susan E. Evans is British paleontologist and herpetologist. She is the author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters....	Early Cretaceous	Huajiying Formation Huajiying Formation The Huajiying Formation is a geological formation in Hebei, People's Republic of China. Known for its fossils including primitive birds, the age of the ormation is uncertain. It may represent an early portion of the Jehol Biota, dating to somewhere in the early Cretaceous or late Jurassic periods...	Mainland China	A cryptobranchoid salamander
Spinarerpeton Spinarerpeton Spinarerpeton is an extinct genus of discosauriscid seymouriamorph known from the early Permian of Boskovice Furrow, in the Czech Republic. It was first named by Jozef Klembara in 2009 and the type species is Spinarerpeton brevicephalum. A phylogenetic analysis places Spinarerpeton as the sister...	Valid	Klembara	Early Permian	Boskovice Furrow Boskovice Boskovice is a town in the Czech Republic.-Location:The town is situated in the Drahanská Highlands, about 30–40 km to the north of Brno, the most important city of Moravia.-History:...	Czech Republic	A discosauriscid Discosauriscidae Discosauriscidae is a family of reptiliomorphs of the early Permian group Seymouriamorpha....  seymouriamorph Seymouriamorpha Seymouriamorpha were a small but widespread group of reptiliomorphs. Many seymouriamorphs were terrestrial or semi-aquatic. However, aquatic larvae bearing external gills and grooves from the lateral line system has been found, making them unquestionably amphibians. The adults were terrestrial...

Newly named anapsids

Name	Status	Authors	Discovery year	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Angolachelys Angolachelys Angolachelys is an extinct genus of African eucryptodiran turtle which existed in Angola during the Turonian stage of the Late Cretaceous. The type species is Angolachelys mbaxi- Phylogeny :Cladogram after Mateus et al. ....	Valid	Mateus Jacobs et al.		Turonian (Late Cretaceous)		Angola
Aurorachelys Aurorachelys Aurorachelys gaffneyi is an extinct species of turtle which existed in Canada during the late Cretaceous period, and the only species in the genus Aurorachelys....	Valid	Vandermark Tarduno et al.		Late Cretaceous	Strand Fiord Formation Strand Fiord Formation The Strand Fiord Formation is a Late Cretaceous volcanic component, located on northwestern and west-central Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. The formation contains flood basalts which are found on western Axel Heiberg Island at Dragon Cliffs tall....	Canada
Australothyris Australothyris Australothyris is an extinct genus of basal parareptile known from the middle Permian of Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, South Africa. It was first named by Sean P. Modesto, Diane M. Scott, and Robert R. Reisz in 2009, and the type species is Australothyris smithi.- Phylogeny :Cladogram after...	Valid	Modesto Scott Reisz Robert R. Reisz Robert Rafael Reisz is a Canadian paleontologist and specialist in the study of early amniote and tetrapod evolution.Robert Reisz was born August 27, 1947, in Oradea, Romania. He received his B.Sc. , M.Sc. and Ph.D. from McGill University as Robert L. Carroll’s first doctoral graduate...		Middle Permian	Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone The Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is a geological stratum and is the thickest faunal zone of the Beaufort Group, in which has been found a rich variety of early therapsids. The name refers to Tapinocephalus, a genus of large herbivorous dinocephalian synapsids that lived during the Middle Permian...	South Africa	A basal parareptile Parareptilia Parareptilia is a subclass or clade of reptiles which is variously defined as an extinct group of primitive anapsids, or a more cladistically correct alternative to Anapsida...
Basilochelys Basilochelys Basilochelys is an extinct genus of land turtle which existed from the late Jurassic to the early Cretaceous period. Containing the sole species Basilochelys macrobios, its fossils have been found in the Phu Kradung Formation of Northeast Thailand. It is considered to be the most basal member of...	Valid	Tong Claude et al.		Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous	Phu Kradung Formation Phu Kradung Formation The Phu Kradung Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.-See also:* List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations...	Thailand
Cedrobaena Cedrobaena Cedrobaena is an extinct genus of turtle which existed in the Tiffanian Cedar Point Quarry, Wyoming and in the latest Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, United States. It was first named by Tyler R. Lyson and Walter G. Joyce in 2009 and the type species is Cedrobaena putorius....	Valid	Lyson Joyce		Paleocene	Fort Union Formation Fort Union Formation The Fort Union Formation is a geologic unit containing sandstones, shales, and coal beds in Wyoming, Montana, and parts of adjacent states. In the Powder River Basin, it contains important economic deposits of coal, uranium, and coalbed methane....	United States	New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972
Derrisemys	Junior synonym	Hutchison		Early Paleocene		United States	Junior synonym of Hutchemys.
Eileanchelys Eileanchelys Eileanchelys is an extinct genus of pond turtle from the Middle Jurassic period some 164 million years ago of Britain. It was once the earliest swimming turtle known to science, and was thought to be an evolutionary bridge between early land turtles and sea turtles...	Valid	Anquetin Barrett et al.		Middle Jurassic	Kilmaluag Formation	Kingdom of Scotland
Hutchemys Hutchemys Hutchemys is an extinct genus of softshell turtles from the late Cretaceous to the late Paleocene of New Mexico, Montana, Wyoming and Utah, USA. It was first named by Walter G. Joyce, Ariel Revan, Tyler R. Lyson and Igor G. Danilov in 2009, and the type species is Hutchemys rememdium. H...	Valid	Joyce Revan Lyson Danilov		Paleocene	Fort Union Formation Fort Union Formation The Fort Union Formation is a geologic unit containing sandstones, shales, and coal beds in Wyoming, Montana, and parts of adjacent states. In the Powder River Basin, it contains important economic deposits of coal, uranium, and coalbed methane....   Tullock Formation	United States	A plastomenine softshell turtles Trionychidae Trionychidae is a taxonomic family which comprises a number of turtle genera commonly known as softshells. They are also sometimes called pancake turtles. Softshells consist of some of the world's largest fresh water turtles, though many can adapt to living in highly brackish areas. Members of this...
Kinkonychelys Kinkonychelys Kinkonychelys is an extinct genus of side-necked turtle which existed in Madagascar during the Late Cretaceous period. It contains the single species Kinkonychelys rogersi, named in honor of its discoverer, Raymond R. Rogers...	Valid	Gaffney Eugene S. Gaffney Eugene S. Gaffney is an American paleontologist and leading authority on the evolutionary history of turtles.-Biography:He graduated from Rutgers State University in 1965; and received his PhD in 1969 with a thesis on "The North American Baenoidea and the Cryptodire-Pleurodire Dichotomy" from... Krause David W. Krause David W. Krause is a Canadian-born vertebrate paleontologist currently working as a Distinguished Service Professor at the Stony Brook University Department of Anatomical Sciences. His work primarily focuses on fossils from the Cretaceous period of Madagascar, and he often travels to the island to... Zalmout		Late Cretaceous	Maevarano Formation Maevarano Formation The Maevarano Formation is an Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rock formation found in the Mahajanga Province of northwestern Madagascar. It is most likely Maastrichtian in age, and records a seasonal, semiarid environment with rivers that had greatly varying discharges...	Madagascar
Palatobaena cohen Palatobaena Palatobaena is an extinct genus of baenid turtle. It was first named by Gaffney in 1972 and the type species is Palatobaena bairdi. It based on a fragmentary skull from the Fort Union Formation of the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The two other species are P. gaffneyi and P...	Valid	Lyson Joyce		Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation Hell Creek Formation The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana...	United States	A baenid Baenidae Baenidae is an extinct family of cryptodiran turtles.-External links:* http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/dinosaur_institute/pdf/NHM_DI_proytecto_dino_Erika_Canola_Baenidae_Turtle_experience.pdf...
Peckemys Peckemys Peckemys is an extinct genus of turtle which existed in the Hell Creek Formation, United States during the late Cretaceous period . It was first named by Tyler R. Lyson and Walter G. Joyce in 2009 and the type species is Peckemys brinkman....	Valid	Lyson Joyce		Late Cretaceous	Hell Creek Formation Hell Creek Formation The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana...	United States	A baenid
Plastomenoides	Junior synonym	Hutchison		Early Paleocene		United States	Junior synonym of Hutchemys.
Procolina Procolina Procolina is an extinct genus of procolophonid parareptile known from partial remains found in Early Triassic rocks of Czatkowice 1, Poland. It was first named by Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Mariusz Lubka in 2009 and the type species is Procolina teresae...	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Lubka		early Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A procolophonine procolophonid Procolophonid The Procolophonids - family Procolophonidae - are a group of small reptiles. Skulls have been discovered, roughly 5 cm in diameter....

Bony fish

Newly named Tetrapodomoprhs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Heddleichthys Heddleichthys Heddleichthys is a genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian , from the end of the Devonian period . It was discovered in Dura Den Formation, Scotland. Heddleichthys is a derived tristichopterid, the first from Britain....	Valid	Snitting	Famennian (Late Devonian)	Dura Den Formation	Kingdom of Scotland
Langlieria Langlieria Langlieria is a genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian , from the end of the Devonian period . It was discovered in Belgium....	Valid	Clément Snitting Ahlberg	Famennian (Late Devonian)	Evieux Formation	Belgium

• Shimada, K. and Everhart, M.J. 2009. First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112(1/2):98-102.

A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Ichthyodectiformes: Saurocephalus) from Jordan, Saurocephalus longicorpus described by Kaddumi (2009)

A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from Jordan, Enchodus harranaensis described by Kaddumi (2009)

Reference:
Kaddumi, H. F. 2009. Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Publications of the Etrnal Rive Museum of Natural History, Amman. 324 pp.

Basal archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Czatkowiella Czatkowiella Czatkowiella is an extinct genus of long-necked archosauromorph known from Early Triassic rocks of Czatkowice 1, Poland. It was first named by Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka and Susan E. Evans in 2009 and the type species is Czatkowiella harae.- Phylogeny :Cladogram after Borsuk−Białynicka & Evans ....	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Evans Susan E. Evans Susan E. Evans is British paleontologist and herpetologist. She is the author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters....	earliest Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A long−necked archosauromorph Archosauromorpha Archosauromorpha is an infraclass of diapsid reptiles that first appeared during the late Permian and became more common during the Triassic. Included in this infraclass are the groups Rhynchosauria, Trilophosauridae, Prolacertiformes, Archosauriformes, and, tentatively, Choristodera...

Aves

• Anfinson, O.A., Lockley, M.G., Kim, S.H., Kim, K.S., and Kim, J.Y. 2009. First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from the Cretaceous of North America: implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology. Cretaceous Research. .
• Lockley, M., Chin, K., Houck, K., Matsukawa, M., and Kukihara, R. 2009. New interpretations of Ignotornis, the first-reported Mesozoic avian footprints: implications for the paleoecology and behavior of an enigmatic Cretaceous bird. Cretaceous Research. .
• Bell, A. and Everhart, M.J. 2009. A new specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of western Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112(1/2):7-14.

Newly named birds
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Alamitornis Alamitornis Alamitornis is an extinct genus of basal ornithuromorph bird, possible within the family Patagopterygidae. Remains have been found from the Upper Cretaceous Los Alamitos Formation in Río Negro Province, Argentina. It was first named by Federico L. Agnolin and Agustín G. Martinelli in 2009 and the...	Valid	Agnolin Martinelli	Late Cretaceous	Los Alamitos Formation Los Alamitos Formation The Los Alamitos Formation is a geological formation in Rio Negro, Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.-Dinosaurs:-Mammaliaforms:-References:...	Argentina
Elbretornis Elbretornis Elbretornis is an extinct genus of enantiornithine which existed in what is now Salta Province, Argentina during the late Cretaceous period. It is known from the holotype PVL 4022, left humerus and associated right radius, ulna, scapula and coracoid, recovered from the El Brete locality , Lecho...	Valid	Walker Dyke	Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation Lecho Formation The Lecho Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Argentina	An enantiornithine.
Jianchangornis Jianchangornis Jianchangornis a genus of basal ornithurine bird. Fossils were recovered from the Jiufotang Formation at Liaoning, People's Republic of China....	Valid	Zhou Zhang Li	Lower Cretaceous (Albian)	Jiufotang Formation Jiufotang Formation The Jiufotang Formation is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms. . It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with...	Mainland China	Basal ornithurine.
Martinavis minor	Valid	Walker Dyke	Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation Lecho Formation The Lecho Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Argentina	An enantiornithine.
M. saltariensis Martinavis Martinavis is an extinct genus of enantiornithine bird which existed in what is now southern France, North America and Salta Province, Argentina during the late Cretaceous period. It was named by Cyril A. Walker, Eric Buffetaut and Gareth J. Dyke in 2007, and the type species is Martinavis...	Valid	Walker Dyke	Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation Lecho Formation The Lecho Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Argentina	An enantiornithine.
M. whetstonei Martinavis Martinavis is an extinct genus of enantiornithine bird which existed in what is now southern France, North America and Salta Province, Argentina during the late Cretaceous period. It was named by Cyril A. Walker, Eric Buffetaut and Gareth J. Dyke in 2007, and the type species is Martinavis...	Valid	Walker Dyke	Maastrichtian	Lecho Formation Lecho Formation The Lecho Formation is a geological formation in Argentina whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Argentina	An enantiornithine.
Rapaxavis Rapaxavis Rapaxavis a genus of enantiornithine bird. Fossils were recovered from the Jiufotang Formation at Liaoning, People's Republic of China....	Valid	Morschhauser Varricchio et al.	Lower Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation Jiufotang Formation The Jiufotang Formation is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms. . It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with...	Mainland China	A longipterygid Longipterygidae Longipterygidae is a family of early enantiornithine birds from the early Cretaceous Period of China. All known specimens come from the Jiufotang Formation and Yixian Formation, dating to the early Aptian age, 122-120 million years ago.-Description:...  enantiornithine.
Shanweiniao Shanweiniao Shanweiniao is an extinct genus of long-beaked enantiornithine bird from Early Cretaceous China. One species is known, Shanweiniao cooperorum. There is one known fossil, a slab and counterslab. The fossil is in the collection of the Dalian Natural History Museum, and has accession number DNHM...	Valid	O'Connor Wang et al.	Lower Cretaceous	Yixian Formation Yixian Formation The Yixian Formation is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans 11 million years during the early Cretaceous period...	Mainland China	A longipterygid enantiornithine.
Talpanas Talpanas Talpanas is an extinct genus of duck containing only the species Talpanas lippa. It was first described by Andrew L. Iwaniuk, Storrs L. Olson, and Helen F. James in the journal Zootaxa in November 2009. It was endemic to the Hawaiian island of Kauai where the fossil remains were unearthed in the...	Valid	Olson James	Holocene		United States	A Hawaiian duck that probably lived a kiwi Kiwi Kiwi are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae.At around the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world... -like lifestyle.

Crurotarsans

• Delfino, M., and Smith, T. 2009. A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of 'Crocodylus' depressifrons Blainville, 1855 (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea) based on the Early Eocene remains from Belgium. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156(1):140-167. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00478.x.

Newly named crurotarsans
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Armadillosuchus Armadillosuchus Armadillosuchus is an extinct genus of sphagesaurid crocodylomorph. It was described in February 2009 from the Late Cretaceous Bauru Basin of Brazil. Sphagesaurids share a number of mammal-like features in their teeth and jaws, although they are unrelated to mammals...	Valid	Marinho Carvalho	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation Adamantina Formation The Adamantina Formation is a geological formation in Brazil whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation...	Brazil	Notosuchia Notosuchia Notosuchia is a suborder of primarily Gondwanan mesoeucrocodylian crocodylomorphs that lived during the Cretaceous. Fossils have been found from South America, Africa, and Asia... n with heavy, armadillo-like body armor consisting of flexible bands and rigid shields
Barcinosuchus Barcinosuchus Barcinosuchus is an extinct genus of carnivorous metasuchian from the early Cretaceous period. It is a peirosaurid which lived during the early Cretaceous period in what is now Chubut Province, Argentina. It is known from the holotype MPEF-PV 3095, which consists of skull, mandible, and...	Valid	Leardi Pol	Aptian - Albian	Cerro Barcino Formation Cerro Barcino Formation The Cerro Barcino Formation is a geological formation in South America whose strata span the mid-late Cretaceous period. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Argentina	A peirosaurid Peirosauridae Peirosauridae is a Gondwanan family of mesoeucrocodylians that lived during the Cretaceous period. It was a clade of terrestrial crocodyliforms that evolved a rather dog-like form, and were terrestrial carnivores. It was phylogenetically defined in 2004 as the most recent common ancestor of...
Collilongus Collilongus Collilongus is an extinct genus of small archosauriform, possibly a rauisuchian, known from Early Triassic rocks of Czatkowice 1, Poland. It was first named by Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Andriej G. Sennikov in 2009. The type and only known species is Collilongus rarus...	Valid	Borsuk−Białynicka Sennikov	Early Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	Possible rauisuchia Rauisuchia Rauisuchia is a group of predatory and mostly large Triassic archosaurs. As a clade, Rauisuchia includes these Triassic forms and all crocodylomorphs, which are descendants of Triassic rauisuchians. The group in its traditional sense is paraphyletic, because it does not include crocodylomorph... n
Coringasuchus Coringasuchus Coringasuchus is a genus of mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliform, perhaps a notosuchian. It is known from fossils including cranial material discovered in rocks of the early Cenomanian-age Upper Cretaceous Alcântara Formation, Cajual Island, northeastern Brazil. Coringasuchus was described by A.W.A....	Valid	Kellner Pinheiro et al.	Early Cenomanian	Alcântara Formation Alcântara Formation The Alcântara Formation is a geological formation in northeastern Brazil whose strata date back to the Upper Cretaceous.-Fishes:-Crurotarsans:-Ornithodirans:...	Brazil
Duerosuchus Duerosuchus Duerosuchus is an extinct genus of crocodilian. Remains have been found from Corrales del Vino in Zamora, Spain, and are middle Eocene in age...	Valid	Santiago Andrés	Middle Eocene		Spain
Hypselorhachis Hypselorhachis Hypselorhachis is a genus of extinct reptile, possibly a ctenosauriscid archosaur related to Ctenosauriscus. It lived during the Triassic Period. It is currently known only from a single vertebra found from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds in Tanzania....	Valid	Butler Barrett et al.	Middle Triassic	Manda Beds	Tanzania	Possible ctenosauriscid Ctenosauriscidae Ctenosauriscidae is an extinct family of pseudosuchian archosaurs within the clade Poposauroidea. Ctenosauriscids existed in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America during the Early Triassic to the Middle Triassic period . All species had large "sails" on their backs...
Kaprosuchus Kaprosuchus Kaprosuchus is an extinct genus of mahajangasuchid crocodyliform. It is known from a single nearly complete skull collected from the Upper Cretaceous Echkar Formation of Niger. The name means "boar crocodile" from the Greek kapros and souchos in reference to its unusually large caniniform teeth...	Valid	Sereno Paul Sereno Paul Callistus Sereno is an American paleontologist from the University of Chicago who discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents. He has conducted excavations at sites as varied as Inner Mongolia, Argentina, Morocco, and Niger... Larson	Upper Cretaceous	Echkar Formation	Niger	Unusual large mahajangasuchid Mahajangasuchidae Mahajangasuchidae is an extinct family of neosuchian crocodyliforms. It currently contains two genera, Mahajangasuchus and Kaprosuchus, both of which lived during the Late Cretaceous in Gondwana...  with hypertrophied caniniform teeth and posteriorly projecting horns
Khoratosuchus Khoratosuchus Khoratosuchus is an extinct genus of neosuchian crocodylomorph which existed in northeast Thailand during the early Cretaceous period. Its type species is Khoratosuchus jintasakuli. Khoratosuchus is the youngest and most advanced Mesozoic crocodyliform yet known from Thailand...	Valid	Lauprasert Cuny et al.	Early Cretaceous		Thailand	Youngest Mesozoic crocodyliform yet known from Thailand Thailand Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
Laganosuchus Laganosuchus Laganosuchus is an extinct genus of stomatosuchid crocodyliform. Fossils have been found from Niger and Morocco and date back to the Upper Cretaceous. The name means "pancake crocodile" from the Greek laganon and souchos in reference to the shallow depth of the skull, which is characteristic of...	Valid	Sereno Paul Sereno Paul Callistus Sereno is an American paleontologist from the University of Chicago who discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents. He has conducted excavations at sites as varied as Inner Mongolia, Argentina, Morocco, and Niger... Larson	Cenomanian	Echkar Formation  Kem Kem Beds Kem Kem Beds The Kem Kem Beds is a geological formation in Morocco and Algeria whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous...	Niger  Morocco
Miadanasuchus Miadanasuchus Miadanasuchus is an extinct genus of trematochampsid which existed in Maevarano Formation of Madagascar during the late Cretaceous period . It was first named by Erin L. Rasmusson Simons and Gregory A. Buckley in 2009 and the type species is Miadanasuchus oblita....	Valid	Simons Buckley	Campanian	Maevarano Formation Maevarano Formation The Maevarano Formation is an Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rock formation found in the Mahajanga Province of northwestern Madagascar. It is most likely Maastrichtian in age, and records a seasonal, semiarid environment with rivers that had greatly varying discharges...	Madagascar	A new genus for "Trematochampsa" oblita (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1979)
Morrinhosuchus Morrinhosuchus Morrinhosuchus is an extinct genus of notosuchian crocodyliform from the Late Cretaceous Adamantina Formation of Brazil. It is known from a mandible and a portion of the front of the skull collected from the municipality of Monte Alto in São Paulo state...	Valid	Iori Carvalho	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation Adamantina Formation The Adamantina Formation is a geological formation in Brazil whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation...	Brazil	Notosuchian from Brazil
Penghusuchus Penghusuchus Penghusuchus is an extinct genus of tomistomine gavialid crocodilian. It is known from a skeleton found in Upper Miocene rocks of Penghu Island, off of Taiwan. It appears to be related to two other fossil Asian tomistomines: Tomistoma petrolica of southeastern China and Toyotamaphimeia...	Valid	Shan Wu et al.	Late Miocene		Republic of China	A tomistomine crocodilia Crocodilia Crocodilia is an order of large reptiles that appeared about 84 million years ago in the late Cretaceous Period . They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria... n.
Polonosuchus Polonosuchus Polonosuchus is a genus of rauisuchian known from the late Triassic of Poland.It was described as Teratosaurus silesiacus in 2005 by Tomasz Sulej, and was transferred to the genus Polonosuchus by Brusatte et al. in 2009....	Valid	Brusatte Butler et al.	Late Carnian		Poland	A new genus for "Teratosaurus" silesiacus (Sulej, 2005)
Yacarerani Yacarerani Yacarerani is an extinct genus of Late Cretaceous notosuchian crocodylomorph. Fossils have been found in 2002 from central Bolivia in Amboró National Park and are Turonian-Santonian in age. The genus was recently described in 2009 in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology...	Valid	Novas Pais et al.	Late Cretaceous		Bolivia

Research

• A new study on theropod furculae is published.
• A "detailed description of the skull and mandible of the Chinese cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis" is published.

• Knoll, F., Padian, K., and de Ricqles, A. 2009. Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: Implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy. Gondwana Research. .
• Matthews, J. C., Brusatte, S. L., Williams, S. A., and Henderson, M. D., 2009, The first Triceratops bonebed and its implications for gregarious behavior: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 286-290.
• Williamson, T. E., Carr, T. D., Williams, S. A., and Tremaine, K., 2009, Early ontogeny of pachycephalosaurine squamosals as revealed by juvenile specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, eastern Montana: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 291-294.
• Bittencourt, J.S., and A.W.A. Kellner. 2009. The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970. Zootaxa 2079:1-56.
• Chin, K., Hartman, J.H., and Roth, B. 2009. Opportunistic exploitation of dinosaur dung: fossil snails in coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Lethaia 42(2):185-198. .
• Maidment, S.C.R., and Porro, L.B. 2009. Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia. .
• Gates, T.A., and Farke, A.A. 2009. Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of a hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation of Wyoming, USA. Cretaceous Research. .
• Moratalla, J.J., and Hernán, J. 2008. Los Cayos S y D: dos afloramientos con icnitas de saurópodos, terópodos y ornitópodos en el Cretácico Inferior del área de Los Cayos (Cornago, La Rioja, España). Estudios Geológicos 64(2):161-173. .
• Taylor, M.P., Wedel, M.J., and Naish, D. 2009. Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (2): 213–220.

Hadrosaur chewing study

A study titled "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" is published by British paleontologists Mark Purnell

Mark Purnell

Dr Mark Andrew Purnell is a British palaeontologist, Reader of Geology at the University of Leicester.Purnell is an expert in conodont biostratigraphy and conodont palaeobiology, focussing especially on attempts to uncover the function of conodont elements...

, Paul Barrett and student Vince Williams. The paper examined the chewing methods and diet of hadrosaurid

Hadrosaurid

Hadrosaurids or duck-billed dinosaurs are members of the family Hadrosauridae, and include ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus. They were common herbivores in the Upper Cretaceous Period of what are now Asia, Europe and North America. They are descendants of the Upper...

 ("duck billed") dinosaur

Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade and superorder Dinosauria. They were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period until the end of the Cretaceous , when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of...

s from the Late Cretaceous period

Late Cretaceous

The Late Cretaceous is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous series...

. The scientists analyzed hundreds of microscopic scratches on the teeth of a fossilized Edmontosaurus

Edmontosaurus

Edmontosaurus is a genus of crestless hadrosaurid dinosaur. It contains two species: Edmontosaurus regalis and Edmontosaurus annectens. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million years ago,...

 jaw, and believe they determined exactly how a hadrosaur broke down and ate its food, which had previously eluded researchers.

The study found hadrosaurs had a unique way of eating unlike any creature living today. In contrast to a flexible lower jaw joint prevalent in today's mammal

Mammal

Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...

s, hadrosaurs had a unique hinge between the upper jaws and the rest of its skull. The team found the dinosaur's upper jaws pushed outwards and sideways while chewing, as the lower jaw slid against the upper teeth.

The study also concluded that hadrosaurs likely grazed

Grazing

Grazing generally describes a type of feeding, in which a herbivore feeds on plants , and also on other multicellular autotrophs...

 on horsetails and vegetation close to the ground, rather than browsing

Browsing (predation)

Browsing is a type of herbivory in which an herbivore feeds on leaves, soft shoots, or fruits of high growing, generally woody, plants such as shrubs. This is contrasted with grazing, usually associated with animals feeding on grass or other low vegetation...

 higher-growing leaves and twigs. However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion of teeth while chewing. Previous studies found contradictory conclusions, and the issue remains a subject of debate.

The findings were published on June 30, 2009 in the journal, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences...

. Purnell said no previous study had ever employed this method of analyzing microscopic teeth scratches, and that the method could be used to study other areas of scientific research.

New taxa

Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list. ~44 dinosaur genera were erected in 2009.

Name	Status	Authors	Discovery year	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Adeopapposaurus Adeopapposaurus Adeopapposaurus is a genus of prosauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Cañón del Colorado Formation of San Juan, Argentina. It was similar to Massospondylus. Four partial skeletons with two partial skulls are known.The type specimen, PVSJ568, includes a skull and most of a skeleton to just...	Valid	Ricardo N. Martínez			Cañón del Colorado Formation Canon del Colorado Formation The Canon del Colorado Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.-See also:...	Argentina
Aerosteon Aerosteon Aerosteon is a genus of allosauroid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of Argentina. Its remains were discovered in 1996 in the Anacleto Formation, dating to the Santonian stage . The type and only known species is A. riocoloradensis...	Valid	Sereno Paul Sereno Paul Callistus Sereno is an American paleontologist from the University of Chicago who discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents. He has conducted excavations at sites as varied as Inner Mongolia, Argentina, Morocco, and Niger... R. N. Martinez et al.			Rio Colorado Formation Rio Colorado Formation The Rio Colorado Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.-Ornithischians:-Sauropods:Titanosaur eggs are known from Neuquen province....	Argentina
Albalophosaurus Albalophosaurus Albalophosaurus is a genus of cerapod ornithischian dinosaur. It was described in 2009 from remains found in 1997 by Yoshinori Kobayashi from the Kuwajima Formation of central Japan, outcropping in Hakusan in the Ishikawa Prefecture...	Valid	Ohashi Barrett			Kuwajima Formation Kuwajima Formation The Kuwajima Formation is an Early Cretaceous geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, including Albalophosaurus yamaguchiorum. The multituberculate mammals Hakusanobaatar matsuoi and Tedoribaatar reini have also been recovered from it....	Japan
Albertonykus Albertonykus Albertonykus is a genus of alvarezsaurid dinosaur from lower Maastrichtian-age rocks of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada. It is known from forelimb and hindlimb remains from multiple individuals. All but two of the specimens come from a bonebed dominated by Albertosaurus...	Valid	Longrich Currie		lower Maastrichtian	Horseshoe Canyon Formation Horseshoe Canyon Formation The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is part of the Edmonton Group and is up to 230m in thickness. It is Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian in age and is composed of mudstone, sandstone, and carbonaceous shales...	Canada
Anchiornis Anchiornis Anchiornis is a genus of small, feathered, deinonychosaurian dinosaur. The genus Anchiornis contains the type species Anchiornis huxleyi, named in honor of Thomas Henry Huxley, an early proponent of biological evolution, and the first to propose a close evolutionary relationship between birds and...	Valid	Xu X. Zhao Q. et al.			Tiaojishan Formation Tiaojishan Formation The Tiaojishan Formation is a geological formation in Hebei and Liaoning, People's Republic of China, dating to the middle-late Jurassic period . It is known for its fossil plants, and is made up mainly of pyroclastic rock interspersed with basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks...	Mainland China
Angulomastacator Angulomastacator Angulomastacator is a genus of duck-billed dinosaur from the Campanian-age Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas...	Valid	J. R. Wagner Lehman			Aguja Formation Aguja Formation The Aguja Formation is a geological formation in North America, exposed in Texas, whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.-Ammonites:-Crurotarsans:...	United States
Arenysaurus Arenysaurus Arenysaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous. It is known from a partial skull and skeleton found in late Maastrichtian-age rocks of the Pyrenees Mountains in Spain. The type species is A. ardevoli, described in 2009 by Pereda-Suberbiola et al., a group of researchers...	Valid	Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa José Ignacio Canudob et al.
Australovenator Australovenator Australovenator is a genus of allosauroid theropod dinosaur from late Albian -age rocks of Australia...	Valid	Hocknull White et al.			Winton Formation Winton Formation The Winton Formation is a Cretaceous formation in central-western Queensland, Australia. The sauropod dinosaur Austrosaurus is found in the early Cretaceous Winton formation....	Australia
Baotianmansaurus Baotianmansaurus Baotianmansaurus is a genus of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur. Its fossils have been found in Upper Cretaceous rocks in Henan, China. The type species is B. henanensis, described in 2009.-External links:*...	Valid	Zhang, X. Lü, J. et al.			Gaogou Formation Gaogou Formation The Gaogou Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Fossil dinosaur eggs have been reported from the formation.-See also:* List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations** List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur trace fossils*** Dinosaur eggs-References:...	Mainland China
Barrosasaurus Barrosasaurus Barrosasaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur, first described by Leonardo Salgado and Rodolfo Coria in 2009. The fossils, consisting of three fossil dorsal vertebrae, are well-preserved but incomplete. They were discovered in the Anacleto Formation of the Neuquén province of western...	Valid	Salgado Coria			Anacleto Formation Anacleto Formation The Anacleto Formation is a geologic formation with outcroppings in the Argentine Patagonian provinces of Mendoza, Río Negro, and Neuquén. It is the youngest formation within the Neuquén Group and belongs to the Río Colorado Subgroup...	Argentina
Ceratonykus Ceratonykus Ceratonykus is a genus of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur that existed in the late Cretaceous period. The discovery of a fragmented skeleton in Mongolia in early 2009 has led scientists to question where alvarezsaurids fit taxonomically into Theropoda.-Description:Ceratonykus was a small,...	Valid	Alifanov Barsbold			Baruungoyot Formation	Mongolia
Diamantinasaurus Diamantinasaurus Diamantinasaurus is a genus of derived titanosaurian dinosaur from late Albian -age rocks of Australia...	Valid	Hocknull White et al.			Winton Formation Winton Formation The Winton Formation is a Cretaceous formation in central-western Queensland, Australia. The sauropod dinosaur Austrosaurus is found in the early Cretaceous Winton formation....	Australia
Elrhazosaurus Elrhazosaurus Elrhazosaurus is a genus of basal iguanodontian dinosaur, known from isolated bones found in Lower Cretaceous rocks of Niger. These bones were initially thought to belong to a species of the related dryosaurid Valdosaurus, but have since been reclassified.-Discovery and history:Elrhazosaurus is...	Valid	Galton			Elrhaz Formation Elrhaz Formation The Elrhaz Formation is a geological formation in Niger whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous...	Niger
Helioceratops Helioceratops Helioceratops is a genus of neoceratopsian dinosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of China. The type species is H. brachygnathus, described in 2009 by a group of paleontologists led by Jin Liyong. Helioceratops was discovered in the Quantou Formation of China's eastern Jilin province and is known...	Valid	Jin Chen et al.			Quantou Formation Quantou Formation The Quantou Formation is a Mesozoic geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus.-See also:* List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations...	Mainland China
Hesperonychus Hesperonychus Hesperonychus was a genus of small, carnivorous dromaeosaurid dinosaur. There is one described species, Hesperonychus elizabethae; the type species was named in honor of the woman who collected it in 1982...	Valid	Longrich Currie			Dinosaur Park Formation Dinosaur Park Formation The Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Judith River Group, a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. It was laid down over a period of time between about 76.5 and 75 million years ago. The formation is made up of deposits of a high-sinuosity fluvial system, and is capped...	Canada	Smallest known dinosaur from North America.
Jintasaurus Jintasaurus Jintasaurus is a genus of hadrosauriform dinosaur described by Hai-Lu You and Da-Qing Li in 2009. The type species is J. meniscus. Jintasaurus lived during the Early Cretaceous of what is now Gansu, northwestern China. The discovery supports the theory that hadrosaurs originated in Asia....	Valid	You Li			Xinminpu Group	Mainland China
Kemkemia Kemkemia Kemkemia is a genus of theropod dinosaur living in the Cretaceous, described from a single fossil in 1999 recovered from Morocco by an Italian team searching for fossil invertebrates....	Valid	Cau Maganuco			Kem Kem Beds Kem Kem Beds The Kem Kem Beds is a geological formation in Morocco and Algeria whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous...	Morocco
Kinnareemimus	Valid	Buffetaut Suteethorn Tong			Sao Khua Formation Sao Khua Formation The Sao Khua Formation is a middle member of the Khorat Group. It consists of an alteration of grayish-reddish brown siltstone and clay, and pale red to yellowish-gray, fine to medium-grained sandstone. Rare pale red to light gray conglomerates, containing carbonate pebbles, are also characteristic...	Thailand
Kol Kol (dinosaur) Kol is a genus of alvarezsaurid theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. The type specimen was excavated from the Ukhaa Tolgod locality of the Djadochta Formation, dating to about 75 million years ago. It is believed to have been about twice the size of the contemporary Shuvuuia...	Valid	Turner Nesbitt Norell			Djadochta Formation Djadochta Formation The Djadochta Formation is situated in central Asia and dates from the Late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the early Campanian, possibly starting in the latest Santonian, it is dated somewhat uncertainly at about 84-75 mya...	Mongolia
Leshansaurus Leshansaurus Leshansaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Mid to Late Jurassic Dashanpu Formation of what is now China. It was described in 2009 by a team of Chinese paleontologists. The type species is L. qianweiensis. Fossils of Leshansaurus were discovered in strata from the Shangshaximiao...	Valid	Li Peng et al.			Shangshaximiao Formation	Mainland China
Levnesovia Levnesovia Levnesovia is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. It was related to Bactrosaurus. The type species is L. transoxiana. The genus name honours the late Russian paleontologist Lev Nesov, and the specific name refers to the ancient region Transoxiana...	Valid	Sues Averianov			Bissekty Formation Bissekty Formation The Bissekty Formation is situated in the Kyzyl Kum desert of Uzbekistan, and dates from the late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the early the Turonian to Coniacian stages, it is dated to about 90-85 ma .The Bissekty Formation is characterised by a mix of marine, brackish, freshwater, and...	Uzbekistan	The oldest Hadrosauroidea Hadrosauroidea Hadrosauroidea is a clade or superfamily of ornithischian dinosaurs that includes the "duck-billed" dinosaurs, or hadrosaurids, and their close relatives. Many primitive hadrosauroids, such as the sail-backed Ouranosaurus, have traditionally been included in a paraphyletic "Iguanodontidae"... n
Limusaurus Limusaurus Limusaurus is a genus of toothless herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic Upper Shishugou Formation in the Junggar Basin of western China. Limusaurus is also the first definitely known ceratosaur from Eastern Asia, including China...	Valid	Xu			Shishugou Formation Shishugou Formation The Shishugou Formation is a geological formation in Xinjiang, China, whose strata date back to the Late Jurassic period. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Mainland China	The first Asian ceratosaur to be discovered
Luoyanggia Luoyanggia Luoyanggia is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur first reported from the Ruyang Basin, Henan Province of central China in 2009. The formation dates to the Cenomanian stage of the late Cretaceous period, around 96 million years ago. The type species is L. liudianensis....	Valid	Lü Xu et al.			Mangchuan Formation	Mainland China	An oviraptorosaur
Malarguesaurus Malarguesaurus Malarguesaurus is a genus of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Its fossils, consisting of tail vertebrae, chevrons, ribs, and limb bones, were found in the late Turonian-early Coniacian-age Portezuelo Formation of the Neuquén Group...	Valid	González Riga Previtera Pirrone			Portezuelo Formation Portezuelo Formation The Portezuelo Formation is a geologic formation outcropping in the Mendoza, Río Negro and Neuquén provinces of Argentina. It is the fourth-oldest formation in the Neuquén Group and the older of the two formations in the Río Neuquén Subgroup...	Argentina
Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus is a genus of ankylosaurine ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous. It was named in 2009 by Clifford A. Miles and Clark J. Miles and the type species is Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani. The generic name is explained by the describers as meaning "man-bull reptile";...	Valid	Clifford A. Miles Clark J. Mikes
Miragaia Miragaia (dinosaur) Miragaia is a genus of stegosaurid dinosaur. Its fossils have been found in Upper Jurassic rocks in Portugal...	Valid	Mateus Maidment Christiansen			Sobral Formation Sobral Formation The Sobral Formation is a palaeontological formation located in Antarctica. It dates to the Danian stage of the Lower Paleocene period.Spectacular fossils documenting the wildlife soon after the dinosaurs became extinct are found in this formation. One of the most significant sites is on Seymour...	Portugal	Long necked stegosaur.
Owenodon Owenodon Owenodon is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur known from a partial lower jaw discovered in Early Cretaceous-age rocks of Durlston Bay, Dorset, United Kingdom. The specimen, NHM R2998, comes from the Purbeck Limestone, dating to the middle Berriasian stage...	Valid	Galton			Purbeck Limestone
Panphagia Panphagia Panphagia is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur described in 2009. It lived 231 million years ago, during the late Ladinian age of the mid Triassic period , in what is now northwestern Argentina...	Valid	Martinez Alcober			Ischigualasto Formation	Argentina	The most basal known sauropodomorph.
Qiaowanlong Qiaowanlong Qiaowanlong is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. Fossils belonging to the genus were found in 2007 from the Yujinzi Basin of Gansu, China, and were described in 2009 in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The remains come from a geological formation called the Xinminpu Group, dating to the Early...	Valid	You Li			Xinminpu Group	Mainland China
Raptorex Raptorex Raptorex is a dubious genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. Its fossil remains consist of a single juvenile specimen probably uncovered in Mongolia, or possibly northeastern China. The type species is R. kriegsteini, described in 2009 by Sereno and colleagues. The genus name is derived from Latin ,...		Sereno Paul Sereno Paul Callistus Sereno is an American paleontologist from the University of Chicago who discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents. He has conducted excavations at sites as varied as Inner Mongolia, Argentina, Morocco, and Niger... Brusatte et al.			Yixian Formation Yixian Formation The Yixian Formation is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans 11 million years during the early Cretaceous period...	Mainland China	Tyrannosauroidea Tyrannosauroidea Tyrannosauroidea is a superfamily of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that includes the family Tyrannosauridae as well as more basal relatives. Tyrannosauroids lived on the Laurasian supercontinent beginning in the Jurassic Period...
Ruyangosaurus Ruyangosaurus Ruyangosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur recovered from the Late Cretaceous Mangchuan Formation of China. The type species is R. giganteus, described in 2009 by a group of scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Henan Geological Museum.Along with Huanghetitan and Daxiatitan,...	Valid	Lu Xu et al.			Mangchuan Formation	Mainland China
Shaochilong Shaochilong Shaochilong is a genus of carcharodontosaurid dinosaur from the mid Cretaceous Ulansuhai Formation of China . The type species, S...	Valid	Brusatte Benson et al.			Ulansuhai Formation Ulansuhai Formation The Ulansuhai Formation is a geological formation in Inner Mongolia, north China. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Mainland China
Shidaisaurus Shidaisaurus Shidaisaurus is a genus of basal tetanuran theropod dinosaur. Its fossil was found in early Middle Jurassic-age rocks of the Upper Lufeng Formation in Yunnan, China. It is known from a partial skeleton, holotype DML-LCA 9701-IV, found at the bottom of an assemblage of nine dinosaur individuals,...	Valid	Wu Currie et al.			Upper Lufeng Formation	Mainland China
Sinotyrannus Sinotyrannus Sinotyrannus is a genus of large basal proceratosaurid dinosaur, a relative of tyrannosaurids which flourished in North America and Asia during the Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods. Sinotyrannus is known from a single incomplete fossil specimen including a partial skull, from the Early...	Valid	Ji Ji Zhang			Jiufotang Formation Jiufotang Formation The Jiufotang Formation is an Early Cretaceous geological formation in Chaoyang, Liaoning which has yielded fossils of feathered dinosaurs, primitive birds, pterosaurs, and other organisms. . It is a member of the Jehol group. The exact age of the Jiufotang has been debated for years, with...	Mainland China
Skorpiovenator Skorpiovenator Skorpiovenator is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous period of Argentina.The type species, Skorpiovenator bustingorryi, is known from a single, nearly complete skeleton missing only most of the forelimbs and parts of the tail...	Valid	Canale Scanferla et al.			Huincul Formation Huincul Formation The Huincul Formation is a geologic formation that outcrops in Río Negro and Neuquén provinces of Argentina. It is the second formation in the Río Limay Subgroup, the oldest subgroup within the Neuquén Group...	Argentina
Spinophorosaurus Spinophorosaurus Spinophorosaurus is a genus of early sauropod dinosaur from Niger. It was recovered in a rock formation belonging to the lower part of the Irhazer Group, the age of which is unknown but may be Middle Jurassic or older. It is unusual for having spiked osteoderms, probably from the tail, similar to...		Remes Ortega et al.			Irhazer Group	Niger	Sauropoda Sauropoda Sauropoda , or the sauropods , are an infraorder of saurischian dinosaurs. They had long necks, long tails, small heads , and thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land...
Tatankacephalus Tatankacephalus Tatankacephalus is a basal genus of ankylosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous.Its fossil has been collected from the Cloverly Formation of central Montana during 1996, 1997 and 1998, in the region of the Middle Dome in Wheatland County. The type species is T. cooneyorum,...	Valid	Parsons Parsons			Cloverly Formation Cloverly Formation The Cloverly Formation are Lower Cretaceous strata located in Montana and Wyoming, in the western United States. The term now includes strata that had formerly been called the Dakota Formation in central and southern Wyoming.-Members:...	United States
Tawa Tawa (dinosaur) Tawa is a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic period. It is estimated to have been 2 m long...	Valid	Nesbitt Smith et al.			Chinle Formation Chinle Formation The Chinle is a geologic formation that is spread across the U.S. states of northern Arizona, Nevada, Utah, western New Mexico, and western Colorado. The Chinle is controversially considered to be synonymous to the Dockum Group in eastern Colorado, eastern New Mexico, southwestern Kansas, the...	United States
Tethyshadros Tethyshadros Tethyshadros is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from Italy.The genus was named and described by Italian paleontologist Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia in 2009. Its only and type species is Tethyshadros insularis. The genus name refers to the Tethys Ocean and the Hadrosauroidea...	Valid	Dalla Vecchia			Liburnia Formation	Italy
Tianyulong Tianyulong Tianyulong is a genus of heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur. The only species is T. confuciusi, whose remains were discovered in Jianchang County, Western Liaoning Province, China...	Valid	Zheng You et al.			Tiaojishan Formation Tiaojishan Formation The Tiaojishan Formation is a geological formation in Hebei and Liaoning, People's Republic of China, dating to the middle-late Jurassic period . It is known for its fossil plants, and is made up mainly of pyroclastic rock interspersed with basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks...	Mainland China
Wintonotitan Wintonotitan Wintonotitan is a genus of titanosauriform dinosaur from late Albian -age rocks of Australia. It is known from partial postcranial remains.-Description and history:...	Valid	Hocknull White et al.			Winton Formation Winton Formation The Winton Formation is a Cretaceous formation in central-western Queensland, Australia. The sauropod dinosaur Austrosaurus is found in the early Cretaceous Winton formation....	Australia
Xianshanosaurus Xianshanosaurus Xianshanosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of what is now China. It was described in 2009 by a team of Chinese paleontologists. The type species is X. shijiagouensis....	Valid	Lü Xu et al.			Mangchuan Formation	Mainland China	A sauropod
"Xinghesaurus"	Nomen nudum Nomen nudum The phrase nomen nudum is a Latin term, meaning "naked name", used in taxonomy...	Hasegawa Carpenter et al.					Name published without scientific description in Japanese guidebook "Dinosaur Expo 2009: The Miracle of Deserts"
Zanabazar Zanabazar (dinosaur) Zanabazar is a genus of troodontid dinosaur, which lived during the Late Cretaceous period in Mongolia.Fossils of this theropod have been found in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. Originally classified as a new species of the genus Saurornithoides by Rinchen Barsbold in 1974, based on a small...	Valid	Norell Makovicky et al.			Nemegt Formation Nemegt Formation The Nemegt Formation is a geological formation dating from the Late Cretaceous sedimentary from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. It overlies and sometimes forms folds with the Barun Goyot Formation. It consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, birds and a...	Mongolia

Pterosaurs

• Lü, J. 2009. A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 83(2):189-199. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00062.x.
• Vullo, R., and Neraudeau, D., 2009, Pterosaur remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Paralic Deposits of Charentes, Western France: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 277-282.

Newly named pterosaurs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Carniadactylus Carniadactylus Carniadactylus is a genus of pterosaur which existed in Europe during the Late Triassic period. The genus contains a single species, Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.-Description:...	Valid	Dalla Vecchia	Late Triassic		Italy	A campylognathoidid with a wingspan of about 70 cm.
Changchengopterus Changchengopterus Changchengopterus is a genus of non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from China . The fossil specimen of the type and only species, Changchengopterus pani, was found in the Tiaojishan Formation and described by Lü in 2009...	Valid	Lü	Middle Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation Tiaojishan Formation The Tiaojishan Formation is a geological formation in Hebei and Liaoning, People's Republic of China, dating to the middle-late Jurassic period . It is known for its fossil plants, and is made up mainly of pyroclastic rock interspersed with basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks...	Mainland China	A primitive long-tailed pterosaur related to Dorygnathus Dorygnathus Dorygnathus was a genus of pterosaur that lived in Europe during the Early Jurassic period, 180 million years ago when shallow seas flooded much of the continent. It had a short 1.5 meter wingspan, and a relatively small triangular sternum, which is where its flight muscles attached. Its skull... .
Ningchengopterus Ningchengopterus Ningchengopterus is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous-age Yixian Formation of China. It is known from a juvenile specimen, holotype CYGB-0035, an almost complete skeleton also showing soft parts, such as the flight membrane and some fur. The type species is N. liuae...	Valid	Lü	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation Yixian Formation The Yixian Formation is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans 11 million years during the early Cretaceous period...	Mainland China	A pterodactyloid known from a juvenile specimen whose fossils preserved details of the flight membrane and fur.
Wukongopterus Wukongopterus Wukongopterus is a genus of basal pterosaur, found in Liaoning, China, from the Daohugou Beds, of the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous. It was unusual for having both an elongate neck and a long tail....	Valid	Wang Kellner Jiang Meng	Late Jurassic	Daohugou Beds Daohugou Beds The Daohugou Beds are a series of fossil-bearing rock deposits located in northeastern China, with the type locality around Daohugou village of Ningcheng County south of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, but extending into southwest Liaoning. The rocks are grey, finely bedded, lacustrine, sandy mudstones...	Mainland China	A primitive long tailed pterosaur. The type specimen shows evidence of the animal having broken its shin while alive.

Basal lepidosauromorphs

Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Pamelina Pamelina Pamelina is an extinct genus of basal kuehneosaurid known from Early Triassic rocks of Czatkowice 1, Poland. It was first named by Susan E. Evans in 2009 and the type species is Pamelina polonica. It is the oldest known member of Kuehneosauridae.- Phylogeny :Cladogram after Evans ....	Valid	Evans Susan E. Evans Susan E. Evans is British paleontologist and herpetologist. She is the author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters....	Early Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A basal kuehneosaurid Kuehneosauridae The kuehneosaurids were a group of small, lizard-like diapsids including Icarosaurus and Kuehneosaurus. They were distinguished from other diapsids by their 'wings', which were really sails of skin held up by bony struts similar to ribs. These sails would have served as gliding tools, but the...
Sophineta Sophineta Sophineta is an extinct genus of basal lepidosauromorph known from Early Triassic rocks of Czatkowice 1, Poland. It was first named by Susan E. Evans and Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka in 2009 and the type species is Sophineta cracoviensis....	Valid	Evans Susan E. Evans Susan E. Evans is British paleontologist and herpetologist. She is the author or co-author of over 100 peer-reviewed papers and book chapters.... Borsuk−Białynicka	earliest Late Olenekian	Czatkowice 1	Poland	A basal lepidosauromorph Lepidosauromorpha Lepidosauromorpha is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs . The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria: extant lizards, snakes, and tuatara...

Plesiosaurs

• In 2009, in Svalbard, Norway a new pliosaur was found by Jorn Hurum. It currently is codenamed as "Predator X
  Predator X
  Predator X is a comic book character, in Marvel Comics' main shared universe. The character is an adversary of Marvel's mutant characters, including the X-Men.-History:...
  
  ."

• O'Keefe, F. R., and Street, H. P., 2009. Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(1):48–57.

Newly named plesiosaurs
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Gallardosaurus Gallardosaurus Gallardosaurus is a genus of pliosaurid plesiosaur from the Caribbean seaway. It contains the single species Gallardosaurus iturraldei. Gallardosaurus was found in middle-late Oxfordian-age rocks of the Jagua Formation of western Cuba...	Valid	Gasparini	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Jagua Formation Jagua Formation The Jagua Formation is a Late Jurassic geologic formation in Pinar del Rio Province, western Cuba. Plesiosaur, pliosaur, pterosaur, metriorhynchid, and turtle remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from its strata....	Cuba
Nichollssaura	Valid	Druckenmiller Russell	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Clearwater Formation Clearwater Formation The Clearwater Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Albian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.It takes the name from Clearweater River. The formation is exposed on the banks of the Athabasca River between Brule Falls and Boiler Falls, as well as along the Christina River, a tributary...	Canada	Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by a isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950

Squamates

Newly named squamates
Name	Status	Authors		Notes	Images
Titanoboa Titanoboa Titanoboa, , meaning "titanic boa," is a genus of snake that lived approximately 58 to 60 million years ago, in the Paleocene epoch, a 10-million-year period immediately following the dinosaur extinction event...	Valid	Head Bloch Hastings Bourque	Cadena Herrera Polly Jaramillo	In February, the fossil Fossil Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants, and other organisms from the remote past... s of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboa Titanoboa Titanoboa, , meaning "titanic boa," is a genus of snake that lived approximately 58 to 60 million years ago, in the Paleocene epoch, a 10-million-year period immediately following the dinosaur extinction event... s) were announced to have been found in the coal mines Coal mining The goal of coal mining is to obtain coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content, and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore and for cement production. In the United States,...  of Cerrejón Cerrejón Cerrejón is a coal mine located in the Guajira department in the north of Colombia. It is the largest mining operation in Colombia and among the largest open-pit coal mines in the world. The legal entity managing the Cerrejón operation is known as Carbones del Cerrejón Ltd... , La Guajira Department of La Guajira La Guajira is a department of Colombia. It occupies most of its namesake peninsula, the Guajira Peninsula in the northeast region of the country, facing the Caribbean Sea and Venezuela in the northern most part of South America... , Colombia Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the... .

Non-mammalian

Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Protuberum Protuberum Protuberum is a genus of traversodontid cynodont known from a single species Protuberum cabralensis, from the Middle Triassic of Brazil....	Valid	Reichel Schultz Soares	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Santa Maria Formation Santa Maria Formation The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a late Ladinian – early Carnian age , and is notable for its fossils of early dinosaurs, including the herrerasaur Staurikosaurus, the basal saurischian Teyuwasu, and the basal sauropodomorph...	Brazil
Raranimus Raranimus Raranimus is an extinct genus of therapsid of the Middle Permian. It was described in 2009 from a partial skull found in 1998 from the Dashankou locality of the Xidagou Formation, outcropping in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, China...	Valid	Liu Rubidge Li	Middle Permian (Roadian)	Xidagou Formation Xidagou formation -Therapsida:-Reptilia:...	Mainland China
Yuanotherium Yuanotherium Yuanotherium minor is an extinct species of synapsid which existed in China during the late Jurassic period. It is the only species in the genus Yuanotherium....	Valid	Hu Meng Clark	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shishugou Formation Shishugou Formation The Shishugou Formation is a geological formation in Xinjiang, China, whose strata date back to the Late Jurassic period. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Mainland China

Mammals

• A study by J. R. Foster is published estimating the body masses of mammals from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation
  Morrison Formation
  The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Late Jurassic sedimentary rock that is found in the western United States, which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America. It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone and is light grey, greenish...
  
   by using
  Regression analysis
  In statistics, regression analysis includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables...
  
   the ratio of dentary length to body mass of modern marsupials as a reference. Foster concludes that Docodon
  Docodon
  Docodon was an omnivorous mammal from the middle to upper Jurassic Period that lived in Europe and North America approximately 175.6 to 144 million years ago. Docodon likely inhabited woodland and stayed in trees out of the reach of predators...
  
   was the most massive mammal genus of the formation at 141g and Fruitafossor
  Fruitafossor
  Fruitafossor was a termite-eating mammal endemic to North America during the Late Jurassic epoch , existing for approximately ....
  
   was the least massive at 6g. The average Morrison mammal had a mass of 48.5g. A graph of the body mass distribution of Morrison mammal genera produced a right-skewed curve, meaning that there were more low-mass genera.

• Fujiwara, S.-I. 2009. Olecranon orientation as an indicator of elbow joint angle in the stance phase, and estimation of forelimb posture in extinct quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10748.

• Fujiwara, S.-I., Kuwazuru, O., Inuzuka, N., and Yochikawa, N. 2009. Relationship between scapular position and structural strength of rib cage in quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10744.

• Mitchell, G., van Sittert, S.J., and Skinner, J.D. 2009. Sexual selection is not the origin of long necks in giraffes. Journal of Zoology. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00573.x.

Newly named mammals
Name	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus Anoiapithecus is an extinct genus of ape thought to be closely related to Dryopithecus. Both genera lived during the Miocene, approximately 12 million years ago...	Valid	Moyà-Solà Alba et al.	Middle Miocene		Spain
Arcantiodelphys Arcantiodelphys Arcantiodelphys is an extinct genus of basal Metatheria which existed in France during the Cenomanian age. It was first named by Romain Vullo, Emmanuel Gheerbrant, Christian de Muizon and Didier Néraudeau in 2009 and the type species is Arcantiodelphys marchandi.- Phylogeny :Cladogram after Vullo...	Valid	Vullo Gheerbrant et al.	Cenomanian		Early Modern France
Corriebaatar Corriebaatar Corriebaatar is the type and only genus of Corriebaataridae, a family of multituberculate mammals. It contains the single species Corriebaatar marywaltersae and represents the first evidence of Australian multituberculates Fossils date back to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous....	Valid	Rich Vickers-Rich et al.	Aptian	Wonthaggi Formation Wonthaggi Formation The Wonthaggi Formation is a geological formation in Victoria, Australia whose strata date back to the Early Cretaceous. It is part of the Strzelecki Group. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation....	Australia	First Australian multituberculate.
Darwinius Darwinius Darwinius is a genus of Adapiformes, a group of basal primates from the Eocene epoch. Its only known species is Darwinius masillae, dated to 47 million years ago based on dating of the fossil site....	Valid	Franzen Gingerich et al.	early Geiseltalian	Messel Formation	Germany
Duerotherium Duerotherium Duerotherium is an extinct genus of anoplotheriine artiodactyl which existed in Iberian Peninsula during the middle Eocene. It was first named by Miguel-Ángel Cuesta and Ainara Badiola in 2009 and the type species is Duerotherium sudrei....	Valid	Cuesta Badiola	Middle Eocene			An anoplotheriine artiodactyl
Eritherium Eritherium Eritherium is an extinct genus of early Proboscidea found in Ouled Abdoun basin , Morocco. It was first named by Emmanuel Gheerbrant in 2009 and the type species is Eritherium azzouzorum. Eritherium is the oldest, smallest and most primitive known elephant relative....	Valid	Gheerbrant	Early Thanetian	Ouled Abdoun basin	Morocco	The oldest, smallest and most primitive elephant relative.
Ganlea Ganlea Ganlea is a fossil primate from central Myanmar, formerly known as Burma. Its age is about 38 million years, living during the late Eocene epoch. Ganlea belongs to the group of anthropoids , and is in the family Amphipithecidae. It is older than any other known anthropoid from Africa, and is the...	Valid	Beard Marivaux et al.	late Middle Eocene	Pondaung Formation	Myanmar
Kahawamys Kahawamys Kahawamys is an extinct genus of thryonomyoid rodent which existed in Nsungwe Formation, Tanzania during the late Oligocene. It was first named by Nancy J. Stevens, Patricia A. Holroyd, Eric M. Roberts, Patrick M. O'connor and Michael D. Gottfried in 2009 and the type species is Kahawamys mbeyaensis....	Valid	Stevens Holroyd et al.	Late Oligocene	Nsungwe Formation	Tanzania	A thryonomyoid rodent
Maiacetus Maiacetus Maiacetus is a genus of early middle Eocene cetacean from Pakistan.-Paleobiology:The genus contains a single species Maiacetus inuus, first described in 2009 on the basis of two specimens, including a specimen which has been interpreted as a pregnant female and its fetus...	Valid	Gingerich ul-Haq et al.	early Middle Eocene	Habib Rahi Formation	Pakistan
Meiconodon Meiconodon Meiconodon is an extinct genus of alticonodontine triconodontid which existed in China during the early Cretaceous period . It was described by Nao Kusuhashi, Yaoming Hu, Yuanqing Wang, Satoshi Hirasawa and Hiroshige Matsuoka in 2009 and the type species is Meiconodon lii....	Valid	Kusuhashi Hu et al.	Aptian/Albian	Fuxin Formation  Shahai Formation	Mainland China	A alticonodontine triconodontid Triconodontidae Triconodontidae is an extinct family of actively mobile mammal, endemic to what would be North America, Europe, and Africa during the Jurassic through Cretaceous periods from 155.7—70.6 mya, existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:...
Nalameryx Nalameryx Nalameryx is an extinct genus of lophiomerycid ruminant which existed in lower Chitarwata Formation, Pakistan during the middle Oligocene. It was first named by Grégoire Métais, Jean-Loup Welcomme and Stéphane Ducrocq in 2009 and the type species is Nalameryx savagei....	Valid	Métais Welcomme Ducrocq	Middle Oligocene	Chitarwata Formation Chitarwata Formation The Chitarwata Formation is a geological formation in western Pakistan, made up of Oligocene and early Miocene terrestrial facies. It is dominated by coastal paleoenvironments ....	Pakistan	A lophiomerycid ruminant Ruminantia Ruminantia includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope. All members of the Ruminantia are ruminants: they digest food in two steps, chewing and swallowing in the normal way to begin with, and then regurgitating the...
Puijila Puijila Puijila darwini is an extinct species of pinniped which lived during the Miocene epoch about 21 to 24 million years ago. Approximately a metre in length, the animal possessed only minimal physical adaptations for swimming...	Valid	Rybczynski Dawson Tedford	Early Miocene		Canada	Extinct genus of pinniped.

Evolutionary biology

• A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.
• A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.

Extinction

A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.

Ichnology

• Bedatou, E., Melchor, R.N., and Genise, J.F. 2009. Complex palaeosol ichnofabrics from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic successions of central Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology.

Paleobiogeography

• Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous

continental tetrapods of Europe: a review. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180(1):57-71. .

Paleoecology

• Nicolas, M., and Rubidge, B.S. 2009. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.