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Ribose, primarily occurring as D-ribose, is an organic compound
Organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered Inorganic compound....
 that occurs widely in nature. It is an aldopentose, that is a monosaccharide
Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
 containing five carbon
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 atoms that, in its acyclic
Acyclic

Acyclic can refer to:* in chemistry, a compound which is not Cyclic compound, e.g. alkanes and acyclic aliphatic compounds* in mathematics:** a directed acyclic graph...
 form, has an aldehyde
Aldehyde

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double bond to an oxygen atom , is called the aldehyde group....
 functional group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
 at one end. Typically, this species exists in the cyclic form, as depicted in the upper right. It was first reported in 1905 by Phoebus Levene
Phoebus Levene

Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group....
. It comprises the backbone of RNA
RNA

Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
, a biopolymer that is the basis of genetic transcription
Transcription (genetics)

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. RNA synthesis, or transcription, is the process of transcribing DNA nucleotide sequence information into RNA sequence information....
.






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Ribose, primarily occurring as D-ribose, is an organic compound
Organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered Inorganic compound....
 that occurs widely in nature. It is an aldopentose, that is a monosaccharide
Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are the most basic unit of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystal solids....
 containing five carbon
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 atoms that, in its acyclic
Acyclic

Acyclic can refer to:* in chemistry, a compound which is not Cyclic compound, e.g. alkanes and acyclic aliphatic compounds* in mathematics:** a directed acyclic graph...
 form, has an aldehyde
Aldehyde

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double bond to an oxygen atom , is called the aldehyde group....
 functional group
Functional group

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules....
 at one end. Typically, this species exists in the cyclic form, as depicted in the upper right. It was first reported in 1905 by Phoebus Levene
Phoebus Levene

Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene, M.D. was a Russian-American biochemist who studied the structure and function of nucleic acids. He characterized the different forms of nucleic acid, DNA from RNA, and found that DNA contained adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, deoxyribose, and a phosphate group....
. It comprises the backbone of RNA
RNA

Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
, a biopolymer that is the basis of genetic transcription
Transcription (genetics)

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. RNA synthesis, or transcription, is the process of transcribing DNA nucleotide sequence information into RNA sequence information....
. It is related to deoxyribose
Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose, also known as D-Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group in its linear structure....
, as found in DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
, by the removal of one hydroxy group. Once phosphorylated, ribose can become a subunit of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
, NADH, and several other compounds that are critical to metabolism
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....
.

Isomerism

D-ribose has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon atom as D-glyceraldehyde.


Phosphorylation

In biology, D-ribose must be phosphorylated by the cell before it can be used. Ribokinase
Ribokinase

In enzymology, a ribokinase is an enzyme that catalysis the chemical reactionThus, the two substrate of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate and D-ribose, whereas its two product are adenosine diphosphate and D-ribose 5-phosphate....
 catalyzes this reaction by converting D-ribose to D-ribose-5-phosphate. Once converted, D-ribose-5-phosphate is available for the manufacturing of the nucleotides tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
 and histidine
Histidine

Histidine is one of the 20 standard amino acids present in proteins. In the nutritional sense, in humans, histidine is considered an essential amino acid, but only in children....
, or for use in the pentose phosphate pathway
Pentose phosphate pathway

The pentose phosphate pathway is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose sugars. There are two distinct phases in the pathway....
.

Use as a supplement


D-ribose is often marketed as a supplement for bodybuilders with a common recommended daily dose being 5 g, even though most studies have found no evidence that it is helpful for endurance, recovery or increasing muscle mass in healthy people.

D-ribose has also been used to reduce fatigue in fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia , meaning muscle and connective tissue pain , is a disorder classified by the presence of chronic widespread pain and a heightened and painful response to gentle Somatosensory system ....
 and chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic fatigue syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is the most common name given to a poorly understood, variably debilitating disorder or disorders of uncertain etiology....
. A 2006 study concluded that D-ribose (5 g three times a day) was effective in the treatment of FM and CFS. 66% of the 41 participants found the supplement helpful and it produced improvement in all the areas tested: energy, sleep, mental clarity, pain intensity and well-being. The study was not placebo controlled, however.

See also


  • Arabinose
    Arabinose

    Arabinose is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula Carbon5Hydrogen10Oxygen5 and a molar mass of 150.13 g/mol....
  • Deoxyribose
    Deoxyribose

    Deoxyribose, also known as D-Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group in its linear structure....
  • Formose reaction
    Formose reaction

    The formose reaction, discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1861, involves the formation of sugar from formaldehyde. Formose is a contraction of formaldehyde and aldose....
  • Lyxose
    Lyxose

    Lyxose is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula 5105....
  • Ribulose
    Ribulose

    Ribulose is a ketopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has chemical formula 5105....
  • Ribokinase
    Ribokinase

    In enzymology, a ribokinase is an enzyme that catalysis the chemical reactionThus, the two substrate of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate and D-ribose, whereas its two product are adenosine diphosphate and D-ribose 5-phosphate....
  • Xylose
    Xylose

    Xylose, or wood sugar, is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and including an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula 5105....
  • Xylulose
    Xylulose

    Xylulose is a ketopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has the chemical formula 5105....


External links

  • on the website of China Greatvista Chemicals
    China Greatvista Chemicals

    China Greatvista Chemicals is a chemical and pharmaceutical supplier and manufacturer of high quality biochemicals, amino acids, pharmaceutical intermediates, herb extracts, oleochemicals, agrochemicals, dyes and pigments, industrial and specialty chemicals, surfactants and cleaning chemicals, for the applications in scientific and industrial...