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Permian Tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Permian Period
Permian

The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian system" after the ancient kingdom...
.

During this time, amphibian
Amphibian

Amphibians , such as frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians, are cold-blooded animals that metamorphose from a juvenile, water-breathing form to an adult, air-breathing form....
s remained common, including various Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli

Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant Labyrinthodontia that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods....
 and Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli

Lepospondyli are a group of small but diverse Carboniferous to early Permian amphibians. Six different clades are known, the Acherontiscus, Adelospondyli, A?stopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea, and between them they include newt-like, eel- or snake-like, and lizard-like forms, along with species that don't fit any current category....
. Synapsid
Synapsid

Synapsids , also known as theropsids , are a class of animals that includes mammals and everything closer to mammals than to other living amniotes....
s became the dominant type of animal, represented by the Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur

The pelycosaurs were primitive Late Paleozoic synapsid amniotes. Some species were quite large and could grow up to 3 meters or more, although most species were much smaller....
s during the Early Permian and Therapsids during the Middle and Late Permian, and distinguished by the appearance and possession of mammal-like characteristics (hence the old term "mammal-like reptiles").






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Permian Tetrapods were amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Permian Period
Permian

The PermianThe term "Permian" was introduced into geology in 1841 by Sir Roderick Murchison, president of the Geological Society of London, who identified typical strata in extensive Russian explorations undertaken with Edouard de Verneuil; Murchison asserted in 1841 that he named his "Permian system" after the ancient kingdom...
.

During this time, amphibian
Amphibian

Amphibians , such as frogs, toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians, are cold-blooded animals that metamorphose from a juvenile, water-breathing form to an adult, air-breathing form....
s remained common, including various Temnospondyli
Temnospondyli

Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant Labyrinthodontia that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods....
 and Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli

Lepospondyli are a group of small but diverse Carboniferous to early Permian amphibians. Six different clades are known, the Acherontiscus, Adelospondyli, A?stopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea, and between them they include newt-like, eel- or snake-like, and lizard-like forms, along with species that don't fit any current category....
. Synapsid
Synapsid

Synapsids , also known as theropsids , are a class of animals that includes mammals and everything closer to mammals than to other living amniotes....
s became the dominant type of animal, represented by the Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur

The pelycosaurs were primitive Late Paleozoic synapsid amniotes. Some species were quite large and could grow up to 3 meters or more, although most species were much smaller....
s during the Early Permian and Therapsids during the Middle and Late Permian, and distinguished by the appearance and possession of mammal-like characteristics (hence the old term "mammal-like reptiles"). These were accompanied by Anapsid
Anapsid

An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have temporal fenestra near the Temple s.While "anapsid reptiles" or "anapsida" are traditionally spoken of as if they were a coherent group, it has been suggested that several groups of reptiles that had anapsid skulls may be only distantly related: scientists still debate the exact relationshi...
s or Parareptiles, which included both lizard-like and large herbivorous forms, and primitive diapsid
Diapsid

Diapsids are a group of reptiles that developed two holes in each side of their skulls, about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period....
s.

Classification

The following list of families of Permian tetrapods is based mostly on Benton ed. 1993. The classification follows :

Superclass Tetrapod
Tetrapod

Tetrapods are vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages. Amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs/birds, and mammals are all tetrapods, and even the limbless snakes are tetrapods by descent....
a
  • Class Amphibia
  • Order Temnospondyli
    Temnospondyli

    Temnospondyli are an important and extremely diverse taxon of small to giant Labyrinthodontia that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic periods....
  • Family Edopidae
  • Family Cochleosauridae
    Cochleosauridae

    Cochleosauridae is a family of Temnospondyli.External links...
  • Family Trimerorhachidae
    Trimerorhachidae

    Trimerorhachidae is a family of Temnospondyli....
  • Family Dvinosauridae
  • Family Saurerpetontidae
  • Family Brachyopidae
    Brachyopidae

    Brachyopidae is an extinct scientific classification of Temnospondyl amphibians....
  • Family Actinodontidae
    Actinodontidae

    Actinodontidae is a family of Temnospondyli that lived in the Permian periodof the superfamily Archegosauroidea....
  • Family Intasuchidae
  • Family Archegosauridae
    Archegosauridae

    Archegosauridae is a family of Temnospondyli that lived in the Permian period.GalleryReferences*Ruta, M., Pisani, D., Lloyd, G. T....
  • Family Rhinesuchidae
    Rhinesuchidae

    Rhinesuchidae is a family of Temnospondyli that lived in the Permian and Triassic period.External links...
  • Family Uranocentrodontidae
  • Family Zatrachydidae
    Zatrachydidae

    The Zatrachydidae are a family of Pennsylvanian and Early Permian temnospondyli amphibians, known from North America and Europe. They are distinguished by lateral bony protuberances of the Quadratojugal bone of the skull, and a large opening in the hard palate....
  • Family Eryopidae
    Eryopidae

    Eryopidae are a family of medium to large Permian temnospondyli amphibians, known from North America and Europe. They are defined cladistics as all Eryopoidea with interpterygoid vacuities that are rounded at the front; and large external nares ....
  • Family Parioxyidae
  • Family Peltobatrachidae
  • Family Trematopidae
  • Family Dissorophidae
    Dissorophidae

    Dissorophidae are an extinct taxon of medium-sized, Temnospondyli amphibians that flourished during the Late Pennsylvanian and Cisuralian periods in what is now North America and Europe....
  • Family Micromelerpetontidae
    Micromelerpetontidae

    The Micromelerpetontidae was a family of Temnospondyli....
  • Family Branchiosauridae
  • Family Amphibamidae


  • Superorder Lepospondyli
    Lepospondyli

    Lepospondyli are a group of small but diverse Carboniferous to early Permian amphibians. Six different clades are known, the Acherontiscus, Adelospondyli, A?stopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea, and between them they include newt-like, eel- or snake-like, and lizard-like forms, along with species that don't fit any current category....
  • Order Aïstopoda
    Aïstopoda

    A?stopoda are an order of highly specialised snake-like amphibians known from the Carboniferous and Cisuralian of Europe and North America, ranging from tiny forms only 5 cm to nearly a meter in length....
  • Family Phlegethontiidae


  • Order Nectridea
    Nectridea

    Nectridea is an extinct order of lepospondyli amphibians from the Carboniferous period, of which the famous Diplocaulus was a member....
  • Family Diplocaulidae
  • Family Scincosauridae
  • Family Urocordylidae


  • Order Lysorophia
    Lysorophia

    Lysorophia are an order of aquatic Carboniferous and Permian amphibians, which resembled small snakes.The skull is lightly built and open, with large Orbit and fenestrae....
  • Family Lysorophidae
    Lysorophia

    Lysorophia are an order of aquatic Carboniferous and Permian amphibians, which resembled small snakes.The skull is lightly built and open, with large Orbit and fenestrae....


  • Order Microsauria
    Microsauria

    Microsauria is an extinct Order of lepospondyli amphibians from the Carboniferous period and survived into early Permian. This group was composed of the most varied group of "lepospondyls," with terrestrial types that lived like lizards, burrowing types with legs, and aquatic types that kept their larval gills into adult life....
  • Family Microbrachidae
  • Family Brachyslechidae
  • Family Tuditanidae
  • Family Hapsidopareiontidae
  • Family Pantylidae
  • Family Gymnarthridae
  • Family Ostodolepididae
  • Family Rhynchonkidae
  • Family Cocytinidae


  • Superorder Reptiliomorpha
    Reptiliomorpha

    Reptiliomorpha is a name given either to reptile-like Labyrinthodontia, or to amniotes and the amphibians from which they evolved....
  • Order Anthracosauria
    Anthracosauria

    Anthracosauria refers to a group of extinct reptile-like amphibians that flourished during the Carboniferous and Cisuralian periods, although precisely which species are included depends on one's definition of the taxon....
  • Family Eogyrinidae
    Eogyrinidae

    The Eogyrinidae were an extinct family of large, long-bodied tetrapods that lived in the rivers of the Late Carboniferous Geologic period....
  • Family Archeriidae
    Archeriidae

    Archeriidae was a family of Embolomeri that lived in the Permian period. Typical genus was Archeria....
  • Family Chroniosuchidae
  • Family Bystrowianidae


  • Order Seymouriamorpha
    Seymouriamorpha

    Seymouriamorpha are a small but widespread group of reptiliomorpha. Many seymouriamorphs were terrestrial or semi-aquatic. However, small aquatic larvae bearing external gills were found, making them unquestionably amphibians....
  • Family Seymouriidae
  • Family Discosauriscidae
    Discosauriscidae

    Discosauriscidae was a family of Lower Permian Seymouriamorpha....
  • Family Kotlassiidae


Orders/Suborders Uncertain
  • Family Leptorophidae
  • Family Enosuchidae
  • Family Nycleroleridae
  • Family Tokosauridae
  • Family Lanthanosuchidae
  • Family Tseajiidae


  • Order Diadectomorpha
    Diadectomorpha

    Diadectomorpha are a clade of large reptile-like tetrapods that lived in Euramerica during the Carboniferous and Cisuralian periods, and are very close to the ancestry of the Amniota....
  • Family Limnoscelididae
  • Family Diadectidae
    Diadectidae

    Diadectidae are a family of large reptile-like tetrapods that lived in Euramerica during the Carboniferous and Cisuralian periods. They are the very first herbivore tetrapods to appear, and also the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large size....


Series Amniota
  • Class Sauropsida
    Sauropsida

    Sauropsida is a group of amniotes that includes reptiles, dinosaurs, and birds. Among amniotes, sauropsida is distinguished from theropsida , also called synapsids....
  • Subclass Anapsida
  • Family Acleistorhinidae
  • Family Eunotosauridae
  • Family Mesosauridae
  • Family Millerettidae
  • Family Nyctiphruretidae
  • Family Procolophonidae
  • Family Pareiasauridae
    Pareiasaur

    The Pareiasaurs - family Pareiasauridae - are a group of medium-sized to large herbivore anapsid reptiles that flourished during the Permian period....
  • Basal Eureptilia
    Eureptilia

    Eureptilia is one of the two major clades of the Sauropsida, the other being Anapsida . Eureptilia includes not only all Diapsids, but also a number of primitive Permian-Carboniferous forms previously classified under the Anapsida, in the old order "Cotylosauria"....
  • Family Captorhinidae
    Captorhinidae

    Captorhinidae were the earliest and most primitive reptiles. They are a clade of small lizard-like reptiles that date from the late Carboniferous through the Permian....
  • Family Protorothyrididae
    Protorothyrididae

    Protorothyrididae was a clade of small, lizard-like reptiles, possibly the ancestors of turtles and tortoises. Their skulls did not have fenestra, as is also true of modern turtles and tortoises....
  • Subclass Diapsida


  • Order Araeoscelidia
    Araeoscelidia

    Araeoscelidia or Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct diapsid reptiles superficially resembling lizards. It contains the genus Araeoscelis, Petrolacosaurus, the possibly aquatic Spinoaequalis, and less well-known genera such as Kadaliosaurus and Zarcasaurus....
  • Family Araeoscelididae


Orders unspecified
  • Family Weigeltisauridae
  • Family Claudiosauridae
  • Family Heleosauridae


  • Order Younginiformes
    Younginiformes

    Younginiformes is a replacement name for the taxon Eosuchia, proposed by Alfred Romer in 1947.The Eosuchia having become rather a dustbin for many probably distantly-related primitive diapsid reptiles ranging from the late Carboniferous to the Eocene, Romer proposed that this be replaced by Younginiformes, to include the Younginidae and a v...
  • Family Acerosodontosaurus
    Acerosodontosaurus

    Acerosodontosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid reptile....
  • Family Younginidae
  • Family Tangasauridae
    Tangasauridae

    Tangasauridae is a Family of Eosuchia Diapsida. Specimens have been found that are of Permian to Early Triassic in age from the Sakamena Group of western Madagascar....
  • Family Galesphyridae


  • Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha
    Lepidosauromorpha

    Lepidosauromorpha is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs . The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria: extant lizards, snakes, and tuatara....
  • Family Paliguanidae


  • Infraclass Archosauromorpha
    Archosauromorpha

    Archosauromorpha is an Infraclass of diapsid reptiles that first appeared during the late Permian and became more common during the Triassic. Included in this infraclass are the orders Rhynchosauria, Trilophosauridae, Prolacertiformes, Archosauriformes, and, tentatively, the Choristodera....
  • Order Prolacertiformes
    Prolacertiformes

    Prolacertiformes were an order of archosauromorpha reptiles that lived during the Permian and Triassic Periods. Many species seem to have been adapted for an arboreal lifestyle, including the "delta-winged glider" Sharovipteryx, while others, such as Tanystropheus, had extremely long, stiffened necks , and may have been at least part...
  • Family Protorosauridae
    Protorosaurus

    Protorosaurus , a lizard-like reptile of the order Prolacertiformes, is the earliest known archosauromorph. It lived during the Late Permian period in Germany, and grew up to 2 meters in length....


  • Division Archosaur
    Archosaur

    Archosaurs are a group of diapsid reptiles represented by modern birds and crocodilians. This group also includes extinct non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs and relatives of crocodiles....
    ia/ Order "Thecodont
    Thecodont

    Thecodont , now considered an obsolete term, was formerly used to describe a diverse range of early archosaurs that first appeared in the Latest Permian and flourished until the end of the Triassic period....
    ia"
  • Family Proterosuchidae
    Proterosuchidae

    Proterosuchidae are an early, possibly paraphyletic, assemblage of Basal archosauriformes whose fossils are known from the Latest Permian of Russia and the Early Triassic of southern Africa, Russia, China, Australia, and Antarctica....


  • Class Synapsida
  • Order Pelycosaur
    Pelycosaur

    The pelycosaurs were primitive Late Paleozoic synapsid amniotes. Some species were quite large and could grow up to 3 meters or more, although most species were much smaller....
    ia
  • Family Eothyrididae
    Eothyrididae

    The Eothyrididae were a small group of very primitive, insectivore synapsids. Only two genera are known, Eothyris and Oedaleops, both from the early Permian of North America....
  • Family Caseidae
    Caseidae

    The Caseidae were a widespread group of very primitive herbivorous synapsids, which appeared during the later early Permian and persisted until the late middle Permian....
  • Family Varanopseidae
    Varanopseidae

    Varanopidae is a family of synapsid pelycosaurs that resemble monitor lizards and may have had the same lifestyle, hence their name. No varanopids developed a sail like Dimetrodon, were small ranging from lizard-sized animals to the size of a dog....
  • Family Ophiacodontidae
    Ophiacodontidae

    Ophiacodontidae were pelycosaur synapsids. They appeared in the late Carboniferous period. Archaeothyris, and Clepsydrops were among the earliest Ophiacodontids....
  • Family Edaphosauridae
    Edaphosauridae

    The Edaphosauridae are a family of mostly large advanced, Late Pennsylvanian to Cisuralian pelycosaurs.They were the earliest known herbivore amniotes, and along with the Diadectidae the earliest known herbivorous tetrapods....
  • Family Sphenacodontidae
    Sphenacodontidae

    The Sphenacodontidae are a family of small to large, advanced, carnivore, Late Pennsylvanian to Guadalupian pelycosaurs. Primitive forms were generally small in size , but during the later part of the early Permian these animals grew progressively larger , to become the Apex predator of their environments....


  • Order Therapsida
  • Tetraceratops
    Tetraceratops

    'Tetraceratops insignis' was a lizard-like synapsid. It lived during the Early Permian period. According to a recent, controversial report, T....


  • Suborder Biarmosuchia
    Biarmosuchia

    The Biarmosuchia, also known as the Eotitanosuchia and the Phthinosuchia are an assemblage of primitive Permian Therapsida that represent either a paraphyletic stem group or a very early off-shoot of the main Therapsid tree....
  • Family Phthinosuchidae
  • Family Biarmosuchidae
    Biarmosuchus

    Biarmosuchus tener was a Therapsida that lived around 255 mya during the late Permian period. It was discovered in the Perm region of Russia....
  • Family Ictidorhinidae
  • Family Burnetiidae
    Burnetiidae

    The Burnetiids were a family belonging to the Biarmosuchian clade that lived in the Permian Period. This family contains Bullacephalus, Burnetia, Lemurosaurus, Lobalopex, Niuksenitia, Paraburnetia and Proburnetia....
  • Family Eotitanosuchidae
    Eotitanosuchus

    Eotitanosuchus olsoni was a Therapsid occurring in the town of Ochyor in Perm Krai, Russia, in channel flood deposits along with Biarmosuchus tener, Estemmenosuchus uralensis and Estemmenosuchus mirabilis....


  • Suborder Dinocephalia
    Dinocephalia

    Dinocephalia are a cladistics of large early Therapsida that flourished during the Guadalupian, but became extinct leaving no descendants.Apart from the Biarmosuchia and the Eotitanosuchus olsoni, the Dinocephalia are the least advanced among the therapsids, although still uniquely specialised in their own way....
  • Family Estemmenosuchidae
    Estemmenosuchidae

    Estemmenosuchidae are a Family of large, very early herbivore mammal-like reptiles that flourished during the Middle Permian period. They are distinguished by horn-like structures, probably for Animal communication or agonistic behavior....
  • Family Anteosauridae
    Anteosauridae

    The Anteosauridae or Anteosaurinae are a Family or subfamily of very large carnivore Dinocephalia that are known from the Middle Permian of Russia and South Africa ....
  • Family Titanosuchidae
    Titanosuchidae

    The titanosuchids were carnivorous to omnivorous Tapinocephalia dinocephalians. As with other tapinocephalids, they had thick-skulls probably for head-butting....
  • Family Tapinocephalidae
    Tapinocephalidae

    The Tapinocephalidae are an advanced family of Tapinocephalia. They were all herbivores. They were giants of their time, weighing from 500 to 1000 kg and possibly over 1 or 2 tonnes in weight....


  • Suborder Gorgonopsia
    Gorgonopsia

    Gorgonopsia is a suborder of therapsid synapsids. Their name is a reference to the Gorgons of Greek mythology. Like other therapsids, gorgonopsians were at one time called "mammal-like reptiles", though in most current classifcation systems, they are not true reptiles, but instead are much more closely related to true mammals....
  • Family Gorgonopsidae
    Gorgonopsia

    Gorgonopsia is a suborder of therapsid synapsids. Their name is a reference to the Gorgons of Greek mythology. Like other therapsids, gorgonopsians were at one time called "mammal-like reptiles", though in most current classifcation systems, they are not true reptiles, but instead are much more closely related to true mammals....


  • Suborder Anomodont
    Anomodont

    The Anomodontia are one of the three major groups of therapsids, an extinct group of animals commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles." They were mostly toothless herbivorous....
    ia/Dicynodont
    Dicynodont

    The Dicynodontia are a taxon of Therapsids or mammal-like reptiles. Dicynodonts were small to large Herbivore animals with two tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'....
    ia
  • Family Dromasauridae
  • Family Otsheriidae
  • Family Galeopidae
  • Family Venjukoviidae
  • Family Eodicynodontidae
  • Family Endothiodontidae
  • Family Cryptodontidae
  • Family Aulacephalodontidae
  • Family Dicynodontidae
  • Family Pristerodontidae
  • Family Emydopidae
  • Family Robertiidae
  • Family Kingoriidae
  • Family Pristerognathidae


  • Suborder Therocephalia
    Therocephalia

    Therocephalians are an extinct lineage of eutheriodont therapsids that lived throughout the middle and late Permian and into the Triassic. The therocephalians are named after their large skulls, which, along with their teeth, suggest that most were successful carnivores....
  • Family Hofmeyeriidae
  • Family Euchambersiidae
  • Family Whaitsiidae
  • Family Ictidosuchidae
  • Family Scaloposauridae
  • Family Lycideopsidae


  • Suborder Cynodont
    Cynodont

    Cynodonts, or 'dog teeth', are a taxon of Therapsids which includes modern mammals and their extinct close relatives. They were one of the most diverse groups of therapsids....
    ia
  • Family Dviniidae
  • Family Procynosuchidae
    Procynosuchidae

    Procynosuchidae, along with Dviniidae, were the earliest cynodonts. They appeared around 260 million years ago, and were most abundant during the latest Permian time , shortly before the Permian-Triassic extinction event....
  • Family Galesauridae
    Galesauridae

    Galesauridae, along with the family Thrinaxodontidae and the large clade Eucynodontia make up the unranked taxon called Epicynodontia. Galesaurids first appeared in the very latest Permian period, just a million years before the greatest extinction of all time, the Permian-Triassic extinction event....

See also

  • Carboniferous tetrapods
    Carboniferous tetrapods

    Carboniferous Tetrapods include amphibians and reptiles that lived during the Carboniferous.During this time, amphibians were the predominant tetrapods, and included the Temnospondyli, Lepospondyli, and Reptiliomorpha/Batrachosauria....