List of MeSH codes (D12.644)
Encyclopedia
This is part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
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Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- peplomycin --- phleomycins --- peptidoglycan
--- ristocetin
--- sialoglycoproteins --- antigens, cd43 --- glycophorin
--- teicoplanin
--- vancomycin
--- vascular endothelial growth factor b
--- vascular endothelial growth factor c
--- vascular endothelial growth factor d --- vascular endothelial growth factor, endocrine-gland-derived --- cytokines --- autocrine motility factor --- chemokines --- beta-thromboglobulin
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
--- rantes
--- growth substances --- hematopoietic cell growth factors --- colony-stimulating factors --- colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
--- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- erythropoietin
--- erythropoietin, recombinant --- epoetin alfa
--- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
--- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
--- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- interleukin-3 --- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
--- thrombopoietin
--- stem cell factor
--- interleukins --- interleukin-1 --- interleukin-2 --- interleukin-3 --- interleukin-4 --- interleukin-5 --- interleukin-6 --- interleukin-7 --- interleukin-8 --- interleukin-9 --- interleukin-10 --- interleukin-11 --- interleukin-12 --- interleukin-13 --- interleukin-14 --- interleukin-15 --- interleukin-16 --- interleukin-17 --- interleukin-18 --- transforming growth factor beta --- hepatocyte growth factor
--- interferons --- interferon type i
--- interferon type i, recombinant --- interferon alfa-2a --- interferon alfa-2b
--- interferon alfa-2c --- interferon-alpha --- interferon alfa-2a --- interferon alfa-2b
--- interferon alfa-2c --- interferon-beta --- interferon type ii
--- interferon-gamma, recombinant --- lymphokines --- interferon type ii
--- interleukin-2 --- leukocyte migration-inhibitory factors --- lymphotoxin
--- macrophage-activating factors --- interferon type ii
--- macrophage migration-inhibitory factors --- neuroleukin --- suppressor factors, immunologic --- transfer factor
--- monokines --- interleukin-1 --- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- tumor necrosis factors
--- lymphotoxin
--- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- endothelial growth factors --- endothelins --- endothelin-1 --- endothelin-2 --- endothelin-3 --- ephrins --- ephrin-a1 --- ephrin-a2 --- ephrin-a3 --- ephrin-a4 --- ephrin-a5 --- ephrin-b1 --- ephrin-b2 --- ephrin-b3 --- epidermal growth factor
--- fibroblast growth factors --- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- fibroblast growth factor 3 --- fibroblast growth factor 4 --- fibroblast growth factor 5 --- fibroblast growth factor 6 --- fibroblast growth factor 7 --- fibroblast growth factor 8 --- fibroblast growth factor 9 --- fibroblast growth factor 10 --- i-kappa b kinase --- kinins --- bradykinin
--- kallidin
--- kininogens
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
--- kassinin
--- neurokinin a
--- neurokinin b
--- physalaemin
--- substance p
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- parathyroid hormone-related protein
--- platelet-derived growth factor
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis --- somatomedins --- insulin-like growth factor i --- insulin-like growth factor ii --- transforming growth factors --- transforming growth factor alpha --- transforming growth factor beta --- tumor necrosis factors
--- lymphotoxin
--- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- wnt proteins --- wnt1 protein --- wnt2 protein
--- intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
--- activating transcription factor 6 --- adaptor proteins, signal transducing --- caveolin 1 --- caveolin 2 --- cortactin
--- crk-associated substrate protein --- grb2 adaptor protein --- grb7 adaptor protein --- grb10 adaptor protein --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, alpha subunit --- stat1 transcription factor --- stat2 transcription factor --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, gamma subunit --- interferon regulatory factors
--- interferon regulatory factor-1 --- interferon regulatory factor-2 --- interferon regulatory factor-3 --- interferon regulatory factor-7 --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, gamma subunit --- pii nitrogen regulatory proteins --- paxillin
--- protein inhibitors of activated stat --- 14-3-3 proteins --- proto-oncogene proteins c-crk --- proto-oncogene proteins c-vav --- smad proteins --- smad proteins, inhibitory
--- smad6 protein --- smad7 protein --- smad proteins, receptor-regulated --- smad1 protein --- smad2 protein --- smad3 protein --- smad5 protein --- smad8 protein --- smad4 protein --- stat transcription factors --- stat1 transcription factor --- stat2 transcription factor --- stat3 transcription factor --- stat4 transcription factor --- stat5 transcription factor --- stat6 transcription factor --- suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins --- tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated peptides and proteins --- tnf receptor-associated factor 1 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 2 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 3 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 5 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 6 --- adenylate cyclase
--- apoptosis regulatory proteins --- apoptosis inducing factor --- caspases --- caspase 1
--- inhibitor of apoptosis proteins --- neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein --- x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein --- proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 --- bcl-associated death protein --- bcl-2-associated x protein
--- bcl-2 homologous antagonist-killer protein --- bcl-x protein --- bh3 interacting domain death agonist protein --- ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase --- myosin-light-chain kinase --- casein kinases --- casein kinase i --- casein kinase ialpha --- casein kinase idelta --- casein kinase iepsilon --- casein kinase ii --- cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases --- cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases --- beta-adrenergic receptor kinase --- cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases --- protamine kinase --- cyclin-dependent kinases --- cdc2-cdc28 kinases --- cdc2 protein kinase --- cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae --- cyclin-dependent kinase 5
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 9 --- cyclin-dependent kinase 2
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 4
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 6
--- maturation-promoting factor --- cdc2 protein kinase --- eif-2 kinase
--- focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinases --- glycogen synthase kinases --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- gtp-binding protein regulators
--- gtpase-activating proteins --- chimerin proteins --- chimerin 1
--- eukaryotic initiation factor-5 --- ras gtpase-activating proteins --- neurofibromin 1
--- p120 gtpase activating protein --- rgs proteins --- guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors --- guanine nucleotide exchange factors --- eukaryotic initiation factor-2b --- guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 --- proto-oncogene proteins c-vav --- ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor --- ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors --- ras-grf1
--- son of sevenless proteins --- son of sevenless protein, drosophila --- sos1 protein --- guanylate cyclase
--- heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, g12-g13 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gi-go --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi2 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gq-g11 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gs --- gtp-binding protein beta subunits --- gtp-binding protein gamma subunits --- transducin
--- i-kappa b kinase --- i-kappa b proteins --- intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
--- calmodulin
--- calnexin
--- calreticulin
--- gelsolin
--- neuronal calcium-sensor proteins --- guanylate cyclase-activating proteins --- hippocalcin
--- kv channel-interacting proteins --- neurocalcin
--- recoverin
--- map kinase kinase kinases --- map kinase kinase kinase 1 --- map kinase kinase kinase 2 --- map kinase kinase kinase 3 --- map kinase kinase kinase 4 --- map kinase kinase kinase 5 --- proto-oncogene proteins c-mos --- raf kinases --- oncogene proteins v-raf --- proto-oncogene proteins b-raf --- proto-oncogene proteins c-raf --- mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases --- map kinase kinase 1 --- map kinase kinase 2 --- map kinase kinase 3 --- map kinase kinase 4 --- map kinase kinase 5 --- map kinase kinase 6 --- map kinase kinase 7 --- mitogen-activated protein kinases --- extracellular signal-regulated map kinases --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 --- jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
--- mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 --- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
--- mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 --- monomeric gtp-binding proteins --- adp-ribosylation factors --- adp-ribosylation factor 1 --- rab gtp-binding proteins --- rab1 gtp-binding proteins --- rab2 gtp-binding protein --- rab3 gtp-binding proteins --- rab3a gtp-binding protein --- rab4 gtp-binding proteins --- rab5 gtp-binding proteins --- ral gtp-binding proteins --- ran gtp-binding protein --- rap gtp-binding proteins --- rap1 gtp-binding proteins --- ras proteins --- oncogene protein p21(ras) --- proto-oncogene proteins p21(ras) --- rho gtp-binding proteins --- cdc42 gtp-binding protein --- cdc42 gtp-binding protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae --- rac gtp-binding proteins --- rac1 gtp-binding protein --- rhoa gtp-binding protein --- rhob gtp-binding protein --- olfactory marker protein
--- phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein --- phospholipase c gamma --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 70-kda --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 90-kda
--- bradykinin
--- calcitonin
--- calcitonin gene-related peptide
--- carnosine
--- cholecystokinin
--- corticotropin --- corticotropin-releasing hormone
--- delta sleep-inducing peptide
--- fmrfamide
--- galanin
--- galanin-like peptide
--- gastric inhibitory polypeptide --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- gastrins --- glucagon precursors --- glucagon
--- gonadorelin --- motilin
--- melanocyte-stimulating hormones --- alpha-msh --- beta-msh --- gamma-msh --- msh release-inhibiting hormone --- msh-releasing hormone --- neuropeptide y
--- neurophysins
--- neurotensin
--- opioid peptides --- dynorphins --- endorphins --- alpha-endorphin
--- beta-endorphin
--- gamma-endorphin
--- enkephalins --- enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- --- enkephalin, leucine --- enkephalin, methionine --- enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- --- pancreatic polypeptide
--- peptide phi
--- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide --- pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones --- pituitary hormone-releasing hormones --- prolactin release-inhibiting hormone --- prolactin-releasing hormone --- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
--- secretin
--- somatostatin
--- somatotropin-releasing hormone --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
--- kassinin
--- neurokinin a
--- neurokinin b
--- physalaemin
--- substance p
--- vasoactive intestinal peptide
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- lypressin --- oxytocin
--- vasotocin
--- 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine angiotensin ii --- angiotensin iii --- angiotensinogen --- antipain
--- bradykinin
--- kallidin
--- caerulein --- chalones --- delta sleep-inducing peptide
--- dipeptides --- anserine
--- aspartame
--- carnosine
--- enalapril
--- enalaprilat
--- glycylglycine
--- lisinopril
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
--- glutathione
--- glutathione disulfide
--- s-nitrosoglutathione
--- gonadorelin --- buserelin
--- goserelin
--- leuprolide
--- nafarelin
--- triptorelin
--- leupeptins --- netropsin
--- pentagastrin
--- pepstatins --- peptichemio --- peptide t
--- phalloidine --- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
--- tachykinins --- eledoisin
--- kassinin
--- neurokinin a
--- neurokinin b
--- physalaemin
--- substance p
--- technetium tc 99m mertiatide --- teprotide
--- tetragastrin --- thymic factor, circulating --- tuftsin
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- deamino arginine vasopressin --- felypressin
--- lypressin --- ornipressin
--- oxytocin
--- vasotocin
--- beta-endorphin
--- gamma-endorphin
--- enkephalins --- enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- --- enkephalin, leucine --- enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine --- enkephalin, methionine --- d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin --- enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
--- atrial natriuretic factor --- bombesin
--- calcitonin
--- corticotropin-releasing hormone
--- gastric inhibitory polypeptide --- gastrins --- glucagon precursors --- enteroglucagons --- glucagon-like peptide 1 --- glucagon
--- inhibins --- inhibin-beta subunits --- insulin
--- insulin, isophane --- insulin, long-acting --- proinsulin
--- c-peptide
--- leptin
--- motilin
--- msh release-inhibiting hormone --- msh-releasing hormone --- natriuretic peptide, c-type --- pancreatic polypeptide
--- parathyroid hormone-related protein
--- parathyroid hormone
--- teriparatide
--- peptide phi
--- peptide yy
--- pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones --- pituitary hormone-releasing hormones --- pituitary hormones --- pituitary hormones, anterior --- gonadotropins, pituitary --- follicle stimulating hormone --- follicle stimulating hormone, beta subunit --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- luteinizing hormone
--- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- luteinizing hormone, beta subunit --- menotropins
--- urofollitropin
--- growth hormone
--- human growth hormone --- prolactin
--- pro-opiomelanocortin --- corticotropin --- alpha-msh --- cosyntropin
--- lipotropin
--- melanocyte-stimulating hormones --- alpha-msh --- beta-msh --- gamma-msh --- thyrotropin --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- thyrotropin, beta subunit --- pituitary hormones, posterior --- oxytocin
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- deamino arginine vasopressin --- lypressin --- felypressin
--- ornipressin
--- vasotocin
--- placental hormones --- chorionic gonadotropin --- chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- gonadotropins, equine --- placental lactogen
--- relaxin
--- resistin
--- secretin
--- somatostatin
--- thymosin
--- urotensins --- vasoactive intestinal peptide
--- amanitins --- bacitracin
--- capreomycin sulfate --- cyclosporins
--- cyclosporine --- cyclotides
--- dactinomycin --- daptomycin
--- depsipeptides --- valinomycin
--- echinomycin
--- ferrichrome
--- mycobacillin
--- nanotubes, peptide --- nisin
--- octreotide
--- phalloidine --- polymyxins --- colistin
--- polymyxin b
--- streptogramins --- mikamycin
--- pristinamycin
--- streptogramin group a --- streptogramin a
--- streptogramin group b --- streptogramin b
--- vernamycin b --- virginiamycin
--- streptogramin a
--- thiostrepton
--- viomycin
--- enviomycin
--- tyrothricin
--- gramicidin
--- tyrocidine
Mesh
Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...
. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine
United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...
.
Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)
--- antimicrobial cationic peptides
--- defensins --- alpha-defensins --- beta-defensins--- glycopeptides
--- acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamine --- bleomycinBleomycin
Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anticancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2. It works by causing breaks in DNA...
--- peplomycin --- phleomycins --- peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria , forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β- linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid...
--- ristocetin
Ristocetin
Ristocetin is an antibiotic, obtained from Amycolatopsis lurida, previously used to treat staphylococcal infections. It is no longer used clinically because it caused thrombocytopenia and platelet agglutination. It is now used solely to assay those functions in vitro in the diagnosis of conditions...
--- sialoglycoproteins --- antigens, cd43 --- glycophorin
Glycophorin
A Glycophorin is a sialoglycoprotein of the membrane of a red blood cell. It is a membrane-spanning protein and carries sugar molecules. It is heavily glycosylated . Glycophorins are rich in sialic acid, which gives the red cells a very hydrophilic-charged coat...
--- teicoplanin
Teicoplanin
Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic extracted from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, with a similar...
--- vancomycin
Vancomycin
Vancomycin INN is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of "last resort", used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of...
--- intercellular signaling peptides and proteins
--- angiogenic proteins --- angiopoietins --- angiopoietin-1 --- angiopoietin-2 --- angiostatic proteins --- angiostatins --- endostatins --- vascular endothelial growth factors --- vascular endothelial growth factor aVascular endothelial growth factor A
Vascular endothelial growth factor A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.- Function :This gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor /vascular endothelial growth factor family and encodes a protein that is often found as a disulfide linked homodimer...
--- vascular endothelial growth factor b
Vascular endothelial growth factor B
Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene. VEGF-B is a growth factor that belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, of which VEGF-A is the best-known member....
--- vascular endothelial growth factor c
Vascular endothelial growth factor C
Vascular endothelial growth factor C is a VEGF. The human gene encoding it is VEGFC.-Pathological VEGF-C Expression:Lymphedema is caused by an imbalance between lymphatic vessel formation and absorption...
--- vascular endothelial growth factor d --- vascular endothelial growth factor, endocrine-gland-derived --- cytokines --- autocrine motility factor --- chemokines --- beta-thromboglobulin
Beta-thromboglobulin
Beta-thromboglobulin is a protein that is stored in alpha-granules of platelets and released in large amounts after platelet activation.It is a type of Chemokine ligand 7.-Actions:...
--- chemokines, c --- chemokines, cc --- chemokines, cxc --- chemokines, cx3c --- interleukin-8 --- macrophage inflammatory proteins --- macrophage inflammatory protein-1 --- monocyte chemoattractant proteins --- monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 --- platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4
Platelet factor 4 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine ligand 4 . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like...
--- rantes
RANTES
Chemokine ligand 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CCL5 gene. It is also known as RANTES .- Function :...
--- growth substances --- hematopoietic cell growth factors --- colony-stimulating factors --- colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
Filgrastim
Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. ...
--- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin, or its alternatives erythropoetin or erthropoyetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production...
--- erythropoietin, recombinant --- epoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa
Epoetin alfa is human erythropoietin produced in cell culture using recombinant DNA technology. It stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia, commonly associated with chronic renal failure and cancer chemotherapy. Epoetin is marketed under the trade names Procrit and Epogen. Its...
--- granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is a colony-stimulating factor hormone. G-CSF is also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 ....
--- granulocyte colony stimulating factor, recombinant --- filgrastim
Filgrastim
Filgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. It is produced by recombinant DNA technology. The gene for human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is inserted into the genetic material of Escherichia coli. ...
--- granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor --- granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors, recombinant --- interleukin-3 --- macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or M-CSF, is a secreted cytokine which influences hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also produce M-CSF in order to combat intercellular viral infection. M-CSF binds to the Colony...
--- thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene....
--- stem cell factor
Stem cell factor
Stem Cell Factor is a cytokine that binds to the c-Kit receptor . SCF can exist both as a transmembrane protein and a soluble protein...
--- interleukins --- interleukin-1 --- interleukin-2 --- interleukin-3 --- interleukin-4 --- interleukin-5 --- interleukin-6 --- interleukin-7 --- interleukin-8 --- interleukin-9 --- interleukin-10 --- interleukin-11 --- interleukin-12 --- interleukin-13 --- interleukin-14 --- interleukin-15 --- interleukin-16 --- interleukin-17 --- interleukin-18 --- transforming growth factor beta --- hepatocyte growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells...
--- interferons --- interferon type i
Interferon type I
Human type I interferons comprise a vast and growing group of IFN proteins.All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN-α receptor that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains....
--- interferon type i, recombinant --- interferon alfa-2a --- interferon alfa-2b
Interferon alfa-2b
Interferon alfa-2b is an antiviral drug originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich, developed at Biogen, and ultimately marketed by Schering-Plough under the tradename Intron-A...
--- interferon alfa-2c --- interferon-alpha --- interferon alfa-2a --- interferon alfa-2b
Interferon alfa-2b
Interferon alfa-2b is an antiviral drug originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles Weissmann at the University of Zurich, developed at Biogen, and ultimately marketed by Schering-Plough under the tradename Intron-A...
--- interferon alfa-2c --- interferon-beta --- interferon type ii
Interferon type II
A sole member makes up the type II IFNs that is called IFN-γ . Mature IFN-γ is an anti-parallel homodimer, which binds to the IFN-γ receptor complex to elicit a signal within its target cell...
--- interferon-gamma, recombinant --- lymphokines --- interferon type ii
Interferon type II
A sole member makes up the type II IFNs that is called IFN-γ . Mature IFN-γ is an anti-parallel homodimer, which binds to the IFN-γ receptor complex to elicit a signal within its target cell...
--- interleukin-2 --- leukocyte migration-inhibitory factors --- lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin is a lymphokine cytokine.It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them.Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells...
--- macrophage-activating factors --- interferon type ii
Interferon type II
A sole member makes up the type II IFNs that is called IFN-γ . Mature IFN-γ is an anti-parallel homodimer, which binds to the IFN-γ receptor complex to elicit a signal within its target cell...
--- macrophage migration-inhibitory factors --- neuroleukin --- suppressor factors, immunologic --- transfer factor
Transfer factor
Transfer factors are immune molecules that cause antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, primarily delayed hypersensitivity and the production of lymphokines, as well as binding to the antigens themselves. They have a molecular weight of approximately 5000 Daltons and are composed entirely of...
--- monokines --- interleukin-1 --- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- tumor necrosis factors
Tumor necrosis factors
Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...
--- lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin is a lymphokine cytokine.It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them.Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells...
--- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- endothelial growth factors --- endothelins --- endothelin-1 --- endothelin-2 --- endothelin-3 --- ephrins --- ephrin-a1 --- ephrin-a2 --- ephrin-a3 --- ephrin-a4 --- ephrin-a5 --- ephrin-b1 --- ephrin-b2 --- ephrin-b3 --- epidermal growth factor
Epidermal growth factor
Epidermal growth factor or EGF is a growth factor that plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR...
--- fibroblast growth factors --- fibroblast growth factor 1 --- fibroblast growth factor 2 --- fibroblast growth factor 3 --- fibroblast growth factor 4 --- fibroblast growth factor 5 --- fibroblast growth factor 6 --- fibroblast growth factor 7 --- fibroblast growth factor 8 --- fibroblast growth factor 9 --- fibroblast growth factor 10 --- i-kappa b kinase --- kinins --- bradykinin
Bradykinin
Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate , and therefore causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin further lowering blood pressure...
--- kallidin
Kallidin
Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins.Kallidin is a decapeptide that can be converted to bradykinin by the aminopeptidase enzyme....
--- kininogens
Kininogens
Kininogens are proteins that are defined by their role as precursors for kinin, but that also can have additional roles.The two main types are:...
--- kininogen, high-molecular-weight --- kininogen, low-molecular-weight --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- kassinin
Kassinin
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog....
--- neurokinin a
Neurokinin A
Neurokinin A is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptide neurotransmitters. It is produced from the same preprotachykinin A gene as the neuropeptide substance P. It has various roles in the body of humans and other animals...
--- neurokinin b
Neurokinin B
Neurokinin B is a tachykinin peptide.It is found in higher concentration in pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia and can bind the immune-cloaking molecule phosphocholine....
--- physalaemin
Physalaemin
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964....
--- substance p
Substance P
In the field of neuroscience, substance P is a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A are produced from a polyprotein precursor...
--- neuregulins --- neuregulin-1 --- parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells . However, it also has normal functions.- Function :PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone...
--- platelet-derived growth factor
Platelet-derived growth factor
In molecular biology, platelet-derived growth factor is one of the numerous growth factors, or proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation , the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue. Uncontrolled...
--- proto-oncogene proteins c-sis --- somatomedins --- insulin-like growth factor i --- insulin-like growth factor ii --- transforming growth factors --- transforming growth factor alpha --- transforming growth factor beta --- tumor necrosis factors
Tumor necrosis factors
Tumor necrosis factors refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause cell death . The first two members of the family to be identified were:...
--- lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin is a lymphokine cytokine.It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them.Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells...
--- tumor necrosis factor-alpha --- wnt proteins --- wnt1 protein --- wnt2 protein
--- intracellular signaling peptides and proteinsIntracellular signaling peptides and proteinsIntracellular signaling peptides and proteins are peptides and proteins found inside the cell that serve to transmit extracellular signals to intracellular effectors....
--- activating transcription factor 6 --- adaptor proteins, signal transducing --- caveolin 1 --- caveolin 2 --- cortactinCortactin
Cortactin is a monomeric protein located in the cytoplasm of cells that can be activated by external stimuli to promote polymerization and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, especially the actin cortex around the cellular periphery. It is present in all cell types...
--- crk-associated substrate protein --- grb2 adaptor protein --- grb7 adaptor protein --- grb10 adaptor protein --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, alpha subunit --- stat1 transcription factor --- stat2 transcription factor --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, gamma subunit --- interferon regulatory factors
Interferon regulatory factors
Interferon regulatory factors are proteins which regulate transcription of interferons .They are used in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway....
--- interferon regulatory factor-1 --- interferon regulatory factor-2 --- interferon regulatory factor-3 --- interferon regulatory factor-7 --- interferon-stimulated gene factor 3, gamma subunit --- pii nitrogen regulatory proteins --- paxillin
Paxillin
Paxillin is a signal transduction adaptor protein discovered in 1990 in the laboratory of Keith Burridge and should not be confused with the neurotoxin paxilline. The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains that target paxillin to focal adhesions, it is presumed through a direct...
--- protein inhibitors of activated stat --- 14-3-3 proteins --- proto-oncogene proteins c-crk --- proto-oncogene proteins c-vav --- smad proteins --- smad proteins, inhibitory
Smad proteins, inhibitory
I-SMAD or Inhibitor SMAD is a subclass of SMADs that are involved in the modulation of transforming growth factor beta ligands. This class includes SMAD6 and SMAD7. They compete with SMAD4 and consequently regulate the transcription of its gene products....
--- smad6 protein --- smad7 protein --- smad proteins, receptor-regulated --- smad1 protein --- smad2 protein --- smad3 protein --- smad5 protein --- smad8 protein --- smad4 protein --- stat transcription factors --- stat1 transcription factor --- stat2 transcription factor --- stat3 transcription factor --- stat4 transcription factor --- stat5 transcription factor --- stat6 transcription factor --- suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins --- tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated peptides and proteins --- tnf receptor-associated factor 1 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 2 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 3 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 5 --- tnf receptor-associated factor 6 --- adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase is part of the G protein signalling cascade, which transmits chemical signals from outside the cell across the membrane to the inside of the cell ....
--- apoptosis regulatory proteins --- apoptosis inducing factor --- caspases --- caspase 1
Caspase 1
Caspase 1 is an enzyme that proteolytically cleaves other proteins, such as the precursor forms of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-β and interleukin 18, into active mature peptides...
--- inhibitor of apoptosis proteins --- neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein --- x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein --- proto-oncogene proteins c-bcl-2 --- bcl-associated death protein --- bcl-2-associated x protein
Bcl-2-associated X protein
The Bcl-2–associated X protein, or Bax is a protein of the Bcl-2 gene family. It promotes apoptosis by competing with Bcl-2 proper.The BAX gene was the first identified pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family....
--- bcl-2 homologous antagonist-killer protein --- bcl-x protein --- bh3 interacting domain death agonist protein --- ca(2+)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase --- myosin-light-chain kinase --- casein kinases --- casein kinase i --- casein kinase ialpha --- casein kinase idelta --- casein kinase iepsilon --- casein kinase ii --- cyclic nucleotide-regulated protein kinases --- cyclic amp-dependent protein kinases --- beta-adrenergic receptor kinase --- cyclic gmp-dependent protein kinases --- protamine kinase --- cyclin-dependent kinases --- cdc2-cdc28 kinases --- cdc2 protein kinase --- cdc28 protein kinase, s cerevisiae --- cyclin-dependent kinase 5
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5
Cell division protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK5 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the cyclin-dependent kinase family.-Physiological Role:...
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 9 --- cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 also known as cell division protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene.-Function:...
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 is part of the cyclin-dependent kinase family.It is regulated by Cyclin D.-Interactions:Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 has been shown to interact with SERTAD1, CDC37, CEBPA, PCNA, Cyclin D3, Cyclin D1, CDKN2C, MyoD, P16, CDKN2B, Drebrin-like and CDKN1B.-External links:...
--- cyclin-dependent kinase 6
Cyclin-dependent kinase 6
Cell division protein kinase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK6 gene.It is regulated by Cyclin D.-Interactions:Cyclin-dependent kinase 6 has been shown to interact with CDKN2C, P16, PPM1B, Cyclin D3, Cyclin D1 and PPP2CA....
--- maturation-promoting factor --- cdc2 protein kinase --- eif-2 kinase
EIF-2 kinase
eIF-2 is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates eIF-2.There are four forms in mammals:* EIF2AK1: heme-regulated inhibitor kinase * EIF2AK2: the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase * EIF2AK3: PEK/PERK* EIF2AK4: GCN2...
--- focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinases --- glycogen synthase kinases --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- gtp-binding protein regulators
GTP-binding protein regulators
GTP-binding protein regulators regulate G proteins in several different ways. Small GTPases act as molecular switches in signaling pathways, which act to regulate functions of other proteins. They are active or 'ON' when it is bound to GTP and inactive or 'OFF' when bound to GDP...
--- gtpase-activating proteins --- chimerin proteins --- chimerin 1
Chimerin 1
Chimerin 1, also known as alpha-1-chimerin, n-chimerin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CHN1 gene.Chimerin 1 is a GTPase activating protein specific for RAC GTP-binding proteins. It is expressed primarily in the brain and may be involved in signal transduction.This gene encodes...
--- eukaryotic initiation factor-5 --- ras gtpase-activating proteins --- neurofibromin 1
Neurofibromin 1
Neurofibromin 1 also known as neurofibromatosis-related protein NF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NF1 gene. Mutations in the NF1 gene are associated with neurofibromatosis type I .- Function :NF1 encodes the protein neurofibromin, which appears to be a negative regulator of the...
--- p120 gtpase activating protein --- rgs proteins --- guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors --- guanine nucleotide exchange factors --- eukaryotic initiation factor-2b --- guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 --- proto-oncogene proteins c-vav --- ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor --- ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors --- ras-grf1
Ras-GRF1
Ras-GRF1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Its function is to release guanosine diphosphate, GDP, from the signaling protein RAS, thus increasing the activity of RAS by allowing it to bind to guanosine triphosphate, GTP, returning it to its active state. In this way, Ras-GRF1 has a key role...
--- son of sevenless proteins --- son of sevenless protein, drosophila --- sos1 protein --- guanylate cyclase
Guanylate cyclase
-Reaction:Guanylate cyclase catalyzes the reaction of guanosine triphosphate to 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate and pyrophosphate:-Types:...
--- heterotrimeric gtp-binding proteins --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, g12-g13 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gi-go --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunit, gi2 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gq-g11 --- gtp-binding protein alpha subunits, gs --- gtp-binding protein beta subunits --- gtp-binding protein gamma subunits --- transducin
Transducin
Transducin is a heterotrimeric G protein that is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones .- Mechanism of action :...
--- i-kappa b kinase --- i-kappa b proteins --- intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins are proteins that act in the second messenger system.Examples include:* calmodulin* calnexin* calreticulin* gelsolin...
--- calmodulin
Calmodulin
Calmodulin is a calcium-binding protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells...
--- calnexin
Calnexin
Calnexin is a 90kDa integral protein of the endoplasmic reticulum . It consists of a large N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short , acidic cytoplasmic tail....
--- calreticulin
Calreticulin
Calreticulin also known as calregulin, CRP55, CaBP3, calsequestrin-like protein, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALR gene....
--- gelsolin
Gelsolin
Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly. Gelsolin is one of the most potent members of the actin-severing gelsolin/villin superfamily, as it severs with nearly 100% efficiency...
--- neuronal calcium-sensor proteins --- guanylate cyclase-activating proteins --- hippocalcin
Hippocalcin
Hippocalcin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HPCA gene.Hippocalcin is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor family of proteins. It is expressed in mammalian brains especially in the hippocampus...
--- kv channel-interacting proteins --- neurocalcin
Neurocalcin
Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor family of proteins. It expressed in mammalian brains. It possesses a Ca2+/myristoyl switch...
--- recoverin
Recoverin
Recoverin is a 23 kilodalton neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye. It plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule which regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin...
--- map kinase kinase kinases --- map kinase kinase kinase 1 --- map kinase kinase kinase 2 --- map kinase kinase kinase 3 --- map kinase kinase kinase 4 --- map kinase kinase kinase 5 --- proto-oncogene proteins c-mos --- raf kinases --- oncogene proteins v-raf --- proto-oncogene proteins b-raf --- proto-oncogene proteins c-raf --- mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases --- map kinase kinase 1 --- map kinase kinase 2 --- map kinase kinase 3 --- map kinase kinase 4 --- map kinase kinase 5 --- map kinase kinase 6 --- map kinase kinase 7 --- mitogen-activated protein kinases --- extracellular signal-regulated map kinases --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 --- jnk mitogen-activated protein kinases --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK9 gene.-Interactions:Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 has been shown to interact with TOB1, Grb2, MAPK8IP2, P53, MAPK8IP3 and MAPK8IP1.-Further reading:...
--- mitogen-activated protein kinase 10 --- p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis....
--- mitogen-activated protein kinase 11 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 12 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 --- mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 --- monomeric gtp-binding proteins --- adp-ribosylation factors --- adp-ribosylation factor 1 --- rab gtp-binding proteins --- rab1 gtp-binding proteins --- rab2 gtp-binding protein --- rab3 gtp-binding proteins --- rab3a gtp-binding protein --- rab4 gtp-binding proteins --- rab5 gtp-binding proteins --- ral gtp-binding proteins --- ran gtp-binding protein --- rap gtp-binding proteins --- rap1 gtp-binding proteins --- ras proteins --- oncogene protein p21(ras) --- proto-oncogene proteins p21(ras) --- rho gtp-binding proteins --- cdc42 gtp-binding protein --- cdc42 gtp-binding protein, saccharomyces cerevisiae --- rac gtp-binding proteins --- rac1 gtp-binding protein --- rhoa gtp-binding protein --- rhob gtp-binding protein --- olfactory marker protein
Olfactory marker protein
Olfactory marker protein is a protein involved in signal transduction....
--- phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein --- phospholipase c gamma --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 70-kda --- ribosomal protein s6 kinases, 90-kda
--- neuropeptides
--- angiotensins --- angiotensin i --- angiotensin ii --- angiotensin iii --- bombesinBombesin
Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of a frog. It has two known homologs in mammals called neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide. It stimulates gastrin release from G cells. It activates three different G-protein-coupled receptors known as BBR1, -2, and -3. It...
--- bradykinin
Bradykinin
Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate , and therefore causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin further lowering blood pressure...
--- calcitonin
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium , opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone . Calcitonin has been found...
--- calcitonin gene-related peptide
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Calcitonin gene related peptide is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides, which in humans exists in two forms, α-CGRP and β-CGRP. α-CGRP is a 37-amino acid peptide and is formed from the alternative splicing of the calcitonin/CGRP gene located on chromosome 11...
--- carnosine
Carnosine
Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues....
--- cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein...
--- corticotropin --- corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone , originally named corticotropin-releasing factor , and also called corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response...
--- delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta sleep-inducing peptide, abbreviated DSIP, is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle ofrecipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities....
--- fmrfamide
FMRFamide
FMRFamide is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus. First identified in Hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria it is thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation...
--- galanin
Galanin
Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors....
--- galanin-like peptide
Galanin-like peptide
Galanin-like peptide is a neuropeptide present in humans and other mammals. It is a 60-amino acid polypeptide produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. It is involved in the regulation of appetite and may also have other roles such as in inflammation,...
--- gastric inhibitory polypeptide --- gastrin-releasing peptide --- gastrins --- glucagon precursors --- glucagon
Glucagon
Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is...
--- gonadorelin --- motilin
Motilin
Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene.Motilin is secreted by endocrine M cells that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Based on amino acid sequence, motilin is unrelated...
--- melanocyte-stimulating hormones --- alpha-msh --- beta-msh --- gamma-msh --- msh release-inhibiting hormone --- msh-releasing hormone --- neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter found in the brain and autonomic nervous system."NPY has been associated with a number of physiologic processes in the brain, including the regulation of energy balance, memory and learning, and epilepsy." The main effect is increased food...
--- neurophysins
Neurophysins
Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus...
--- neurotensin
Neurotensin
Neurotensin is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin release and has significant interaction with the dopaminergic system...
--- opioid peptides --- dynorphins --- endorphins --- alpha-endorphin
Alpha-endorphin
Alpha-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide whose amino acid sequence is: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr....
--- beta-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
β-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system.The amino acid sequence is:...
--- gamma-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin is an endorphin....
--- enkephalins --- enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- --- enkephalin, leucine --- enkephalin, methionine --- enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- --- pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acids and has molecular weight about 4200 Da....
--- peptide phi
Peptide PHI
Peptide PHI is a peptide which functions as a hormone.It plays a role in the regulation of prolactin in humans....
--- pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide --- pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones --- pituitary hormone-releasing hormones --- prolactin release-inhibiting hormone --- prolactin-releasing hormone --- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone , also called thyrotropin-releasing factor , thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary...
--- secretin
Secretin
Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn...
--- somatostatin
Somatostatin
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.Somatostatin...
--- somatotropin-releasing hormone --- tachykinins --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- kassinin
Kassinin
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog....
--- neurokinin a
Neurokinin A
Neurokinin A is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptide neurotransmitters. It is produced from the same preprotachykinin A gene as the neuropeptide substance P. It has various roles in the body of humans and other animals...
--- neurokinin b
Neurokinin B
Neurokinin B is a tachykinin peptide.It is found in higher concentration in pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia and can bind the immune-cloaking molecule phosphocholine....
--- physalaemin
Physalaemin
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964....
--- substance p
Substance P
In the field of neuroscience, substance P is a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A are produced from a polyprotein precursor...
--- vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide also known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP is a peptide hormone containing 29 amino acid residues that is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain...
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- lypressin --- oxytocin
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth...
--- vasotocin
Vasotocin
Vasotocin is an oligopeptide hybrid of oxytocin and vasopressin found in all non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, amphibians and in fetal mammals. In mammals it appears to have similar biological properties to both oxytocin and vasopressin...
--- oligopeptides
--- amanitins --- angiotensins --- angiotensin i --- angiotensin ii --- angiotensin amide --- saralasinSaralasin
Saralasin is a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. It is an angiotensin II analogue, containing sarcosine-1 and alanine-8, hence the name ....
--- 1-sarcosine-8-isoleucine angiotensin ii --- angiotensin iii --- angiotensinogen --- antipain
Antipain
Antipain is an oligopeptide used in biochemical research as a protease inhibitor. Specifically, it is an inhibitor of trypsin and papain....
--- bradykinin
Bradykinin
Bradykinin is a peptide that causes blood vessels to dilate , and therefore causes blood pressure to lower. A class of drugs called ACE inhibitors, which are used to lower blood pressure, increase bradykinin further lowering blood pressure...
--- kallidin
Kallidin
Kallidin is a bioactive kinin formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the action of kallikreins.Kallidin is a decapeptide that can be converted to bradykinin by the aminopeptidase enzyme....
--- caerulein --- chalones --- delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta sleep-inducing peptide
Delta sleep-inducing peptide, abbreviated DSIP, is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle ofrecipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities....
--- dipeptides --- anserine
Anserine
Anserine is a dipeptide found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals, and birds.It is an antioxidant and helps reduce fatigue....
--- aspartame
Aspartame
Aspartame is an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener used as a sugar substitute in some foods and beverages. In the European Union, it is codified as E951. Aspartame is a methyl ester of the aspartic acid/phenylalanine dipeptide. It was first sold under the brand name NutraSweet; since 2009 it...
--- carnosine
Carnosine
Carnosine is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues....
--- enalapril
Enalapril
Enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and some types of chronic heart failure. ACE raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. ACE inhibitors like enalapril prevent this effect. Enalapril has been shown to lower the death rate in...
--- enalaprilat
Enalaprilat
Enalaprilat is the active metabolite of enalapril. It is the first dicarboxylate-containing ACE inhibitor and was developed partly to overcome these limitations of captopril...
--- glycylglycine
Glycylglycine
Glycylglycine is the dipeptide of glycine, making it the simplest peptide.The compound was first synthesized by Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau in 1901 by boiling 2,5-diketopiperazine with hydrochloric acid....
--- lisinopril
Lisinopril
Lisinopril is a drug of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor class that is primarily used in treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and heart attacks and also in preventing renal and retinal complications of diabetes. Its indications, contraindications and side effects are as...
--- n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is a formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become "metabolically activated" N-Formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine is...
--- glutathione
Glutathione
Glutathione is a tripeptide that contains an unusual peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain...
--- glutathione disulfide
Glutathione disulfide
Glutathione disulfide is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the coenzyme NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione reductase...
--- s-nitrosoglutathione
S-Nitrosoglutathione
S-Nitrosoglutathione is an endogenous S-nitrosothiol that plays a critical role in nitric oxide signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO. NO coexists in cells with SNOs that serve as endogenous NO carriers and donors...
--- gonadorelin --- buserelin
Buserelin
Buserelin is a Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist . By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone...
--- goserelin
Goserelin
Goserelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone superagonist , also known as a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist. Structurally, it is a decapeptide...
--- leuprolide
Leuprolide
Leuprorelin or leuprolide acetate is a GnRH analog. Proper Sequence: Pyr-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Leu-Leu-Arg-Pro-NHEt - Mode of action:Leuprolide acts as an agonist at pituitary GnRH receptors...
--- nafarelin
Nafarelin
Nafarelin is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist . By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone...
--- triptorelin
Triptorelin
Triptorelin, a decapeptide , is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist used at the acetate or pamoate salts. By causing constant stimulation of the pituitary, it decreases pituitary secretion of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone...
--- leupeptins --- netropsin
Netropsin
Netropsin is an oligopeptide with antibiotic and antiviral activity.Netropsin was discovered by Finlay et al. and first isolated from the actinobacterium Streptomyces netropsis. It belongs to the class of pyrrole-amidine antibiotics...
--- pentagastrin
Pentagastrin
Pentagastrin is a synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid as the pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin test.Pentagastrin binds to the cholecystokinin-B...
--- pepstatins --- peptichemio --- peptide t
Peptide T
Peptide T is an HIV entry inhibitor discovered in 1986 by National Institutes of Health researchers. Peptide T, and its modified analog Dala1-peptide T-amide , a drug in clinical trials, is a short peptide derived from the HIV envelope protein gp120 which blocks binding and infection of viral...
--- phalloidine --- thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone , also called thyrotropin-releasing factor , thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin by the anterior pituitary...
--- tachykinins --- eledoisin
Eledoisin
Eledoisin is an undecapeptide of mollusk origin, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides.It was first isolated from the posterior salivary glands of two mollusk species Eledone muschata and Eledone aldovandi, which belong to the octopod order of Cephalopoda. Other tachykinins from...
--- kassinin
Kassinin
Kassinin is a peptide derived from the Kassina frog....
--- neurokinin a
Neurokinin A
Neurokinin A is a member of the tachykinin family of neuropeptide neurotransmitters. It is produced from the same preprotachykinin A gene as the neuropeptide substance P. It has various roles in the body of humans and other animals...
--- neurokinin b
Neurokinin B
Neurokinin B is a tachykinin peptide.It is found in higher concentration in pregnant women suffering pre-eclampsia and can bind the immune-cloaking molecule phosphocholine....
--- physalaemin
Physalaemin
Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964....
--- substance p
Substance P
In the field of neuroscience, substance P is a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A are produced from a polyprotein precursor...
--- technetium tc 99m mertiatide --- teprotide
Teprotide
Teprotide is nonapeptide which has been isolated from the snake Bothrops jararaca. It is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor , which inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and may potentiate some of the pharmacological actions of bradykinin...
--- tetragastrin --- thymic factor, circulating --- tuftsin
Tuftsin
Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide produced by enzymatic cleavage of the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. It is produced primarily in the spleen.-Function:Its biological activity is related primarily to the immune system function....
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- deamino arginine vasopressin --- felypressin
Felypressin
Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone. It is added to some local anaesthetics such as prilocaine in a concentration of 0.03 IU/ml. Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have affects at all...
--- lypressin --- ornipressin
Ornipressin
Ornipressin is a vasoconstrictor, haemostatic and renal agent....
--- oxytocin
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth...
--- vasotocin
Vasotocin
Vasotocin is an oligopeptide hybrid of oxytocin and vasopressin found in all non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, amphibians and in fetal mammals. In mammals it appears to have similar biological properties to both oxytocin and vasopressin...
--- opioid peptides
--- dynorphins --- endorphins --- alpha-endorphinAlpha-endorphin
Alpha-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide whose amino acid sequence is: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr....
--- beta-endorphin
Beta-endorphin
β-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system.The amino acid sequence is:...
--- gamma-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin
Gamma-endorphin is an endorphin....
--- enkephalins --- enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- --- enkephalin, leucine --- enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine --- enkephalin, methionine --- d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin --- enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)-
--- peptide hormones
--- activins --- inhibin-beta subunits --- adiponectinAdiponectin
Adiponectin is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ADIPOQ gene.- Structure :...
--- atrial natriuretic factor --- bombesin
Bombesin
Bombesin is a 14-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the skin of a frog. It has two known homologs in mammals called neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide. It stimulates gastrin release from G cells. It activates three different G-protein-coupled receptors known as BBR1, -2, and -3. It...
--- calcitonin
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is a 32-amino acid linear polypeptide hormone that is producedin humans primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. It acts to reduce blood calcium , opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone . Calcitonin has been found...
--- corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone , originally named corticotropin-releasing factor , and also called corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response...
--- gastric inhibitory polypeptide --- gastrins --- glucagon precursors --- enteroglucagons --- glucagon-like peptide 1 --- glucagon
Glucagon
Glucagon, a hormone secreted by the pancreas, raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar levels fall too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is...
--- inhibins --- inhibin-beta subunits --- insulin
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle....
--- insulin, isophane --- insulin, long-acting --- proinsulin
Proinsulin
Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to insulin made in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans, specialized regions of the pancreas. In humans, proinsulin is encoded by the INS gene.- Synthesis and post-translational modification :...
--- c-peptide
C-peptide
C-peptide is a protein that is produced in the body along with insulin. First preproinsulin is secreted with an A-chain, C-peptide, a B-chain, and a signal sequence. The signal sequence is cut off, leaving proinsulin...
--- leptin
Leptin
Leptin is a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. It is one of the most important adipose derived hormones...
--- motilin
Motilin
Motilin is a 22-amino acid polypeptide hormone in the motilin family that, in humans, is encoded by the MLN gene.Motilin is secreted by endocrine M cells that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Based on amino acid sequence, motilin is unrelated...
--- msh release-inhibiting hormone --- msh-releasing hormone --- natriuretic peptide, c-type --- pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide
Pancreatic polypeptide is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas predominantly in the head of the pancreas. It consists of 36 amino acids and has molecular weight about 4200 Da....
--- parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a protein member of the parathyroid hormone family. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells . However, it also has normal functions.- Function :PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone...
--- parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone , parathormone or parathyrin, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids...
--- teriparatide
Teriparatide
Teriparatide is a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone, used in the treatment of some forms of osteoporosis. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company.-Administration:...
--- peptide phi
Peptide PHI
Peptide PHI is a peptide which functions as a hormone.It plays a role in the regulation of prolactin in humans....
--- peptide yy
Peptide YY
Peptide YY is a short protein released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding. In humans it appears to reduce appetite.It is also known as PYY, Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine, or Pancreatic Peptide YY3-36....
--- pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones --- pituitary hormone-releasing hormones --- pituitary hormones --- pituitary hormones, anterior --- gonadotropins, pituitary --- follicle stimulating hormone --- follicle stimulating hormone, beta subunit --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH called the LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone , it stimulates Leydig cell...
--- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- luteinizing hormone, beta subunit --- menotropins
Menotropins
Menotropin is an active substance for the treatment of fertility disturbances. It consists of gonadotropins that are extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women, usually luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone...
--- urofollitropin
Urofollitropin
Urofollitropin is a purified form of follicle-stimulating hormone that is manufactured by extraction from human urine and then purified to remove various proteins and other substances. FSH is important in the development of follicles produced by the ovaries...
--- growth hormone
Growth hormone
Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. Growth hormone is a 191-amino acid, single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior...
--- human growth hormone --- prolactin
Prolactin
Prolactin also known as luteotropic hormone is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRL gene.Prolactin is a peptide hormone discovered by Henry Friesen...
--- pro-opiomelanocortin --- corticotropin --- alpha-msh --- cosyntropin
Cosyntropin
Cosyntropin is a synthetic derivative of adrenocorticotropic hormone that is used in the ACTH stimulation test to evaluate and diagnose cortisol disorders...
--- lipotropin
Lipotropin
Lipotropin is a hormone produced by the cleavage of pro-opiomelanocortin . The anterior pituitary gland produces the pro-hormone POMC, which undergoes cleavage to adrenocorticotropin and β-lipotropin .- β-Lipotropin :...
--- melanocyte-stimulating hormones --- alpha-msh --- beta-msh --- gamma-msh --- thyrotropin --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- thyrotropin, beta subunit --- pituitary hormones, posterior --- oxytocin
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that acts primarily as a neuromodulator in the brain.Oxytocin is best known for its roles in sexual reproduction, in particular during and after childbirth...
--- vasopressins --- argipressin --- deamino arginine vasopressin --- lypressin --- felypressin
Felypressin
Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone. It is added to some local anaesthetics such as prilocaine in a concentration of 0.03 IU/ml. Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have affects at all...
--- ornipressin
Ornipressin
Ornipressin is a vasoconstrictor, haemostatic and renal agent....
--- vasotocin
Vasotocin
Vasotocin is an oligopeptide hybrid of oxytocin and vasopressin found in all non-mammalian vertebrates including birds, fish, amphibians and in fetal mammals. In mammals it appears to have similar biological properties to both oxytocin and vasopressin...
--- placental hormones --- chorionic gonadotropin --- chorionic gonadotropin, beta subunit, human --- glycoprotein hormones, alpha subunit --- gonadotropins, equine --- placental lactogen
Placental lactogen
Placental lactogen is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus....
--- relaxin
Relaxin
Relaxin is a protein hormone first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw.The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 , 2 and 3 , and the insulin-like peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6...
--- resistin
Resistin
Resistin also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein is a cysteine-rich protein that in humans is encoded by the RETN gene....
--- secretin
Secretin
Secretin is a hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum, and also separately, water homeostasis throughout the body. It is produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn...
--- somatostatin
Somatostatin
Somatostatin is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.Somatostatin...
--- thymosin
Thymosin
Thymosins are small proteins present in many animal tissues. They are named thymosins because they were originally isolated from the thymus, but most are now known to be present in many other tissues...
--- urotensins --- vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vasoactive intestinal peptide also known as the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or VIP is a peptide hormone containing 29 amino acid residues that is produced in many tissues of vertebrates including the gut, pancreas and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain...
--- peptides, cyclic
--- alamethicinAlamethicin
Alamethicin is a peptide antibiotic, produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride. It contains the non-proteinogenic amino acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid , which strongly induces helical peptide structures...
--- amanitins --- bacitracin
Bacitracin
Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic polypeptides produced by organisms of the licheniformis group of Bacillus subtilis var Tracy, isolation of which was first reported in 1945....
--- capreomycin sulfate --- cyclosporins
Cyclosporins
The cyclosporins are a group of macrolides isolated from fungi.*Cyclosporin A *Cyclosporin B*Cyclosporin C*Cyclosporin D*Cyclosporin E*Cyclosporin F*Cyclosporin G...
--- cyclosporine --- cyclotides
Cyclotides
Cyclotides are small disulfide rich peptides isolated from plants. Typically containing 28-37 amino acids, they are characterized by their head-to-tail cyclised peptide backbone and the interlocking arrangement of their three disulfide bonds. These combined features have been termed the cyclic...
--- dactinomycin --- daptomycin
Daptomycin
Daptomycin is a novel lipopeptide antibiotic used in the treatment of certain infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. It is a naturally occurring compound found in the soil saprotroph Streptomyces roseosporus. Its distinct mechanism of action means that it may be useful in treating infections...
--- depsipeptides --- valinomycin
Valinomycin
Valinomycin is a dodecadepsipeptide antibiotic.Valinomycin is obtained from the cells of several Streptomyces strains, among which "S. tsusimaensis" and S. fulvissimus....
--- echinomycin
Echinomycin
Echinomycin is a peptide antibiotic. It intercalates into DNA at two specific sites, thereby blocking the binding of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha ....
--- ferrichrome
Ferrichrome
Ferrichrome is a cyclic hexa-peptide that forms a complex with iron atoms.Ferrichrome was first isolated in 1952, has been found to be produced by fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Ustilago, and Penicillium....
--- mycobacillin
Mycobacillin
Mycobacillin is an antifungal cyclic peptide. It was first isolated in 1958 from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis....
--- nanotubes, peptide --- nisin
Nisin
Nisin is a polycyclic antibacterial peptide with 34 amino acid residues used as a food preservative. It contains the uncommon amino acids lanthionine , methyllanthionine , didehydroalanine and didehydroaminobutyric acid . These unusual amino acids are introduced by posttranslational modification...
--- octreotide
Octreotide
Octreotide is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though it is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin than the natural hormone...
--- phalloidine --- polymyxins --- colistin
Colistin
Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. Colistin is a mixture of cyclic polypeptides colistin A and B. Colistin is effective against most Gram-negative bacilli and is used as a lingerdoodle. It is one of the last-resort antibiotics for...
--- polymyxin b
Polymyxin B
Polymyxin B is an antibiotic primarily used for resistant gram-negative infections. It is derived from the bacterium Bacillus polymyxa. Polymyxin B is a mixture of two closely related compounds, polymyxin B1 and polymyxin B2. It has a bactericidal action against almost all gram-negative bacilli...
--- streptogramins --- mikamycin
Mikamycin
Mikamycin can refer to:* Mikamycin A* Mikamycin B...
--- pristinamycin
Pristinamycin
Pristinamycin , also spelled pristinamycine, is an antibiotic used primarily in the treatment of staphylococcal infections, and to a lesser extent streptococcal infections. It is a streptogramin group antibiotic, similar to virginiamycin, derived from the bacterium Streptomyces pristinaespiralis...
--- streptogramin group a --- streptogramin a
Streptogramin A
Streptogramin A is group of antibiotics within the larger family of antibiotics known as streptogramins. They are synthesized by the bacteria Streptomyces virginiae...
--- streptogramin group b --- streptogramin b
Streptogramin B
Streptogramin B is a subgroup of the streptogramin antibiotics family. These natural products are cyclic hexa- or hepta depsipeptides produced by various members of the genus of bacteria Streptomyces...
--- vernamycin b --- virginiamycin
Virginiamycin
Virginiamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic similar to pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. It is a combination of pristinamycin IIA and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin is used in the fuel ethanol industry to prevent microbial contamination...
--- streptogramin a
Streptogramin A
Streptogramin A is group of antibiotics within the larger family of antibiotics known as streptogramins. They are synthesized by the bacteria Streptomyces virginiae...
--- thiostrepton
Thiostrepton
Thiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic, derived from several strains of strepromycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii.- History :...
--- viomycin
Viomycin
Viomycin is a member of the tuberactinomycin family, a group of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics exhibiting anti-tuberculosis properties. The tuberactinomycin family is an essential component in the drug cocktail currently used to fight infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis...
--- enviomycin
Enviomycin
Enviomycin is an antibiotic drug, isolated from Streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. tuberacticus. It is used in the treatment of tuberculosis....
--- protein sorting signals
--- nuclear export signals --- nuclear localization signals --- tyrothricinTyrothricinTyrothricin is a cyclic polypeptide-antibiotic mixture from Bacillus brevis. It is a locally effective antibiotic effective against gram-positive bacteria. It is sometimes combined with benzocaine 5 mg to provide relief from sore throats...
--- gramicidinGramicidin
Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of six antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%,and 14% respectively, all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramicidin D are linear pentadecapeptides; that is...
--- tyrocidine
Tyrocidine
Tyrocidine is a mixture of cyclic decapeptides produced by the bacteria Bacillus brevis found in soil. It can be composed of 4 different amino acid sequences, giving tyrocidine A–D . Tyrocidine is the major constituent of tyrothricin, which also contains gramicidin...