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Somatostatin

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	Topics Somatostatin Topic Home Somatostatin (also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)) is a peptide hormoneFacts About Peptide hormone Peptide hormones are a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living anim... that regulates the endocrine systemEndocrine system The endocrine system is a control system of ductless glands that secrete chemical "instant messengers" called hormones that ... and affects neurotransmissionNeurotransmission Neurotransmission , also called synaptic transmission, is an electrical movement within synapses caused by a propagati... and cell proliferation via interaction with G-protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones. Somatostatin has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one of 14 amino acidAmino acid In chemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups.... s, the other of 28 amino acids. Production Digestive system Somatostatin is secreted in several locations in the digestive system: stomachFacts About Stomach In anatomy, the stomach is an organ in the gastrointestinal tract used to digest food.... intestineIntestine In anatomy, the intestine is the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and o... delta cells of the pancreasPancreas The pancreas is an organ in the digestive system that serves two major functions:... Brain Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrineNeuroendocrine Overview Neuroendocrine cells are a specialized group of nerve cells that produce hormones.... neurons of the periventricular nucleusPeriventricular nucleus The Periventricular nucleus is a composite structure of the hypothalamus.... of the hypothalamusHypothalamus The hypothalamus is a region of the mammalian brain located below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral re... . These neurons project to the median eminenceMedian eminence The median eminence is part of the inferior boundary for the hypothalamus part of the human brain.... , where somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve endings into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation. These blood vessels carry somatostatin to the anterior pituitary gland, where somatostatin inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from somatotropeSomatotrope Somatotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce growth hormone.... cells. The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release; the somatostatin neurons respond to high circulating concentrations of growth hormone and somatomedinSomatomedin Somatomedin is a group of hormones that is produced, when stimulated by somatotropin , to promote cell growth and division .... s by increasing the release of somatostatin, so reducing the rate of secretion of growth hormone. Somatostatin is also produced by several other populations that project centrally - i.e. to other areas of the brain, and somatostatin receptors are expressed at many different sites in the brain. In particular, there are populations of somatostatin neurons in the arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus The arcuate nucleus is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the med... , the hippocampusHippocampus The hippocampus is a part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe .... and the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tractNucleus of the solitary tract The solitary nucleus and tract also known as Nucleus of the Solitary Tract are sensory nuclei that are found in the brainste... . Actions Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, whose actions are spread to different parts of the body: Anterior pituitary In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibit the release of growth hormoneGrowth hormone Growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates growth and... (GH) (thus opposing the effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)) Inhibit the release of thyroid-stimulating hormoneThyroid-stimulating hormone Overview Thyroid-stimulating hormone is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which ... (TSH) Gastrointestinal system Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormoneGastrointestinal hormone Summary Gastrointestinal hormone is one of a group of hormones secreted by various specialized cells in the stomach, pancreas, and s... s GastrinGastrin In humans, gastrin is a hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the stomach.... CholecystokininCholecystokinin Summary Cholecystokinin is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and pro... (CCK) SecretinSecretin Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the Crypts of Lieberkuhn.... MotilinMotilin Motilin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the small intestine that increases gastrointestinal motility and stimulates the... Vasoactive intestinal peptideVasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a peptide hormone containing 28 amino acid residues and is produced in the pancreas.... (VIP) Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) EnteroglucagonEnteroglucagon Enteroglucagon is a peptide hormone derived from preproglucagon.... Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones Inhibits the release of insulinInsulin Overview Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.... Inhibits the release of glucagonGlucagon Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide acting as an important hormone in carbohydrate metabolism.... Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreasPancreas Summary The pancreas is an organ in the digestive system that serves two major functions:... . Synthetic substitutes OctreotideOctreotide Octreotide is an octapeptide that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth... (brand name Sandostatin, Novartis PharmaceuticalsNovartis Summary company_name = Novartis International AG... ) is an octopeptidePeptide Peptides , are the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various a-amino acids.... that mimics natural somatostatin pharmacologically, though is a more potent inhibitor of growth hormoneGrowth hormone Growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesised and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates growth and... , glucagonGlucagon Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide acting as an important hormone in carbohydrate metabolism.... , and insulinInsulin Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism.... than the natural hormone. Further reading