Industry

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Industry

An industry (from Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
industrius, "diligent, industrious") is the manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
of a good or service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics

Economics

File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpgEconomics is the Social sciences that studies the Production theory basics, Distribution , and Consumption of Good and Service ....
and urban planning

Urban planning

Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use planning and transport planning, to explore a very wide range of aspects of the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and communities....
industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
of raw materials into goods and products.

There are four key industrial economic sector

Economic sector

The economy may be classified into subdivisions called sectors in several ways. Sectors may be further subdivided into subsectors....
s: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining

Mining

Mining is the extraction of value minerals or other geology materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or seam. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, limestone, oil shale, Sodium chloride and potash....
and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining

Refinery

A refinery is composed of a group of chemical engineering Unit processing and unit operations used for refining certain materials or converting materials into products of value....
, construction

Construction

In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking....
, and manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law

LAW

LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
and medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry.

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Encyclopedia

An industry (from Latin

Latin

Manufacturing

Economics

File:Ballard Farmers' Market - vegetables.jpgEconomics is the Social sciences that studies the Production theory basics, Distribution , and Consumption of Good and Service ....
and urban planning

Urban planning

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
of raw materials into goods and products.

There are four key industrial economic sector

Economic sector

Mining

Refinery

A refinery is composed of a group of chemical engineering Unit processing and unit operations used for refining certain materials or converting materials into products of value....
, construction

Construction

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law

LAW

LAW may refer to:* Anti-tank warfare, e.g. the US Army M72 LAW or the British Army LAW 80*Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights ...
and medicine

Medicine

Public sector

The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by and for the government, whether national, regional or local/municipal....
and private sector

Private sector

In economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private profit and is not controlled by the state. By contrast, enterprises that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector....
, with industry generally categorized as private.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in Europe

Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
an and North America

North America

North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
n countries during the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel

Steel

Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight , depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten....
and coal

Coal

Coal is a readily combustion black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. The harder forms, such as anthracite, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure....
production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system in which wealth, and the means of producing wealth, are private property and controlled rather than commonly, publicly, or state-owned and controlled....
economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ship

Steamboat

A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam engine, typically driving propellers or paddlewheels....
s began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth

Wealth

Wealth is an abundance of valuable material possessions or resources. The word is derived from the old English wela, which is from an Indo-European word stem....
. Following the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries—more than agriculture

Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
's share.

Many developed countries (for example the UK, the U.S., and Canada) and many developing/semi-developed countries (People's Republic of China, India etc.) depend significantly on industry. Industries, the countries they reside in, and the economies of those countries are interlinked in a complex web of interdependence.

History

Proto-industry

Early industries involved manufacturing goods for trade, including weapons, clothing, pottery. In medieval Europe, industry became dominated by the guilds in cities and towns, who mutual support for the member's interests, and maintained standards of workmanship and ethical conduct.

Industrial development

The industrial revolution

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomics and cultural conditions in United Kingdom....
led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society. Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line

Assembly line

An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods....
was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation

Automation

Automation or industrial automation or numerical control is the use of control systems such as computers to control industry machinery and industrial processes, reducing the need for human intervention....
was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer

Computer

A computer is a machine that manipulates Data according to a list of Code .The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century , although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier....
and the robot

Robot

A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an Electromechanics which, by its appearance or movements, conveys a sense that it has Intention or Agency of its own....
.

Declining industries

Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in carriage

Carriage

A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people, usually horse-drawn. It is especially designed for private passenger use and for comfort or elegance, though some are also used to transport goods....
manufacturing when the automobile

Automobile

An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle for transportation passengers, which also carries its own car engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally f...
was mass-produced.

A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations toward a post-industrial society

Post-industrial society

A post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a secondary industry to a Tertiary sector of the economy, a diffusion of national and global capital, and mass privatization....
. This is manifested by an increase in the service sector at the expense of manufacturing, and the development of an information-based economy, the so-called informational revolution

Informational revolution

The term information revolution describes current economy, socialand technological trends.Many competing terms have been proposed that focus on different aspects of this societal trend....
. In a post-industrial society, manufacturing is relocated to more economically-favorable locations through a process of offshoring

Offshoring

Offshoring describes the relocation by a company of a business process from one country to another -- typically an operational process, such as manufacturing, or supporting processes, such as accounting....
.

Industrial technology

There are several branches of technology

Technology

Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects an animal species' ability to control and adapt to its Natural environment....
and engineering

Engineering

Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying Technology and science knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and process that safely realize a desired objective and meet specified criteria....
specialised for industrial application. This includes mathematical model

Mathematical model

A mathematical model uses mathematics language to describe a system. Mathematical models are used not only in the natural sciences and engineering disciplines but also in the social sciences ; physicists, engineers, computer sciences, and economists use mathematical models most extensively....
s, patented invention

Invention

An invention is the creation of a new configuration, composition of matter, device, or process. Some inventions are based on pre-existing models or ideas....
s and craft

Craft

A craft is a skill, especially involving practical The Arts. It may refer to a trade or particular art.The terms is often used as part of a longer word ....
skills. See automation

Automation

Industrial design

Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced Product may be improved for marketability and Manufacturing....
, industrial process

Industrial process

Industrial processes are procedures involving chemistry or mechanization steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale....
, industrial arts

Industrial arts

Industrial Arts is an umbrella term originally conceived in the late 19th century to describe educational programs which featured fabrication of objects in wood and/or metal using a variety of hand, power, or machine tools....
and industrial applicability

Industrial applicability

In patent law, industrial applicability or industrial application is a patentability requirement according to which a patent can only be granted for an invention which is susceptible of industry application, i.e....
.

Industry and society

An industrial society

Industrial society

In sociology, industrial society refers to a society with a modernity societal structure. Such a structure developed in the west in the period of time following the industrial revolution....
can be defined in many ways. Today, industry is an important part of most societies and nations. A government must have some kind of industrial policy

Industrial policy

An industrial policy is any government regulation or law that encourages the ongoing operation of, or investment in, a particular industry.An active intervention in industrial development is the policy of most if not all countries in the world....
, regulating industrial placement, industrial pollution

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms ....
, financing and industrial labor.

Industrial labor

In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel

Cartel

A cartel is a formal agreement among firms. It is a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production. Cartels usually occur in an Oligopoly, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve homogeneous products....
of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank

Rank

Rank is a very broad term with several meanings. As a noun it is usually related to a relative position or to some kind of ordering . As an adjective it is used to mean profuse, conspicuous, absolute, or unpleasant, especially in relation to the sense of smell or taste....
and file

File

File or filing may refer to:Tools:* File * Filing * Nail filePaper or computer records:* File folder, a folder for holding loose papers...
members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This movement first rose among industrial workers.

Industry and war

The industrial revolution changed warfare, with mass-produced weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, mobilization

Mobilization

This article describes military mobilization. For other meanings, see Mobilization .Mobilization is the act of assembling and making both troops and supplies ready for war....
, the total war

Total war

Total war is a war of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available Factors of productions at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use their rival's capacity to continue resistance....
concept and weapons of mass destruction

Weapons of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction is a weapon that can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures , natural structures , or the biosphere in general....
. Early instances of industrial warfare

Industrial warfare

Industrial warfare is a period in the history of warfare ranging roughly from the start of the Industrial Revolution to the beginning of the Information Age, which saw the rise of nation-states, capable of creating and equipping large armies and navies through the process of industrialization....
were the Crimean War

Crimean War

The Crimean War, also known in Russia as the Oriental War was fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other....
and the American Civil War

American Civil War

The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
, but its full potential showed during the world wars. See also military-industrial complex

Military-industrial complex

A military-industrial complex is a concept commonly used to refer to policy relationships between governments, national armed forces, and industry support they obtain from the commercial sector in political approval for research, development, production, use, and support for military training, weapons, equipment, and facilities within the n...
, arms industry

Arms industry

The arms industry is a global industry and business which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology and equipment. Arms producing companies, also referred to as Defence contractor or military industry, produce arms mainly for the armed forces of states....
, military industry and modern warfare

Modern warfare

Modern warfare, although present in every historical period of military history, is generally used to refer to the military concepts, military methods and military technology that have come into use during and after the Second World War....
.

Industry and the environment

Organization, management, and economics

Economic views of industry

Philosophers and economists have developed many different views of industry. See physiocrats

Physiocrats

The physiocrats were a group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from the value of land agriculture or land development....
, Adam Smith

Adam Smith

Adam Smith was a Scotland Ethics and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations....
, capitalism

Capitalism

Marxism

Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism holds at its core a Marxist analysis of Critique of capitalism and a theory of social change....
and Colin Clark

Colin Clark

Colin Grant Clark was a United Kingdom economist and statistician who worked in both the United Kingdom and Australia, and who pioneered the use of the gross national product as the basis for studying national economies....
's Sector model

Sector model

The sector model also known as the Hoyt model was proposed in 1939 by economist Homer Hoyt. It is a model of urban land use and modified the concentric zone model of city development....
.

Industry sectors and classification

There are many other different kinds of industries, and they are usually divided into different classes or sectors. The primary sector of industry

Primary sector of industry

The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries....
is agriculture

Agriculture

Mining

Secondary sector of industry

The secondary sector of the economy is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the tertiary sector and the primary sector . Sometimes an additional sector, the "quaternary sector", is defined for the sharing of information ....
is manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the use of machine, tool and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to Industry production, in which raw material are transformed into finished good on a large scale....
- which is what is colloquially meant by the word "industry". The tertiary sector of industry

Tertiary sector of industry

The tertiary sector of economy is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector and the primary sector . Sometimes an additional sector, the "quaternary sector", is defined for the sharing of information ....
is service production. Sometimes one talks about a quaternary sector of industry

Quaternary sector of industry

The quaternary sector of the economy is an extension of the three-sector hypothesis of industrial evolution. It principally concerns the intellectual services: information generation, information sharing, consultation, education and research and development....
, consisting of intellectual services such as R&D.

By product: chemical industry
Chemical industry

The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to modern world economy, converting raw materials into more than 70,000 different products....
, petroleum industry
Petroleum industry

The petroleum industry includes the global processes of Hydrocarbon exploration, Extraction of petroleum, Oil refinery, transporting , and marketing petroleum List of crude oil products....
, meatpacking industry, hospitality industry
Hospitality industry

The hospitality industry is a $61 billion dollar industry that is fueled by an ongoing need for nourishment. It consisits of multiple groups including management, housekeepers, kitchen workers and servers....
, food industry
Food industry

The food industry is the complex, global collective of diverse businesses that together supply much of the food energy consumed by the world population....
, fish industry, software industry
Software industry

The software industry includes businesses involved in the software development, software maintenance and software publisher of computer software using any business model....
, paper industry, entertainment industry, semiconductor industry
Semiconductor industry

The semiconductor industry is the aggregate collection of companies engaged in the Electronic_design_automation and Fabrication of semiconductor devices....
, cultural industry
Cultural industry

According to international organizations such as UNESCO and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade , cultural industries combine the creation, production, and Distribution of good and Service that are cultural in nature and usually protected by intellectual property rights....
, poverty industry
Poverty industry

The poverty industry refers to a wide-range of money-making activities that attract a large portion of their business from the poverty. Many business types are included in the poverty industry such as: payday loan centers, pawnbroker, casinos, liquor stores, tobacco stores, and credit card companies....
labor-intensive industry - capital-intensive industry
light industry
Light industry

Light industry is usually less Capital intensive than heavy industry, and is more consumer-oriented than business-oriented . Light industry facilities typically have less natural environmental impact than those associated with heavy industry, and zoning laws are more likely to permit light industry near residential areas....
- heavy industry
Heavy industry

Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to light industry. It can mean production of products which are either heavy in weight or in the processes leading to their production....

ISIC

stands for International Standard Industrial Classification

International Standard Industrial Classification

The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities is a United Nations system for classifying economic data. The United Nations Statistics Division describes it in the following terms:...
of all economic activities, the most complete and systematic industrial classification made by United Nations Statistics Division.
ISIC Rev.4 is a standard classification of economic activities arranged so that entities can be classified according to the activity they carry out. The categories of ISIC at the most detailed level (classes) are delineated according to what is, in most countries, the customary combination of activities described in statistical units and considers the relative importance of the activities included in these classes.
While ISIC Rev.4 continues to use criteria such as input, output and use of the products produced, more emphasis has been given to the character of the production process in defining and delineating ISIC classes.

Yahoo!Finance

is also very useful (shows trends of all industrial sectors).