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Halford John Mackinder
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Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (15 February 1861–6 March 1947) was an English geographer and one of the founding fathers of Geopolitics.
as born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, the son of a doctor, and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough (now Queen Elizabeth's High School), Epsom College and Christ Church, Oxford.
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Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (15 February 1861–6 March 1947) was an English geographer and one of the founding fathers of Geopolitics.
Early life and education
He was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, the son of a doctor, and educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Gainsborough (now Queen Elizabeth's High School), Epsom College and Christ Church, Oxford. At Oxford he started studying natural sciences, specialising in zoology under Henry Nottidge Moseley, who had been the naturalist on Challenger expedition. When he turned to the study of history, he remarked that he was returning "to an old interest and took up modern history with the idea of seeing how the theory of evolution would appear in human development". He was a strong proponent of treating both physical geography and human geography as a single discipline. Mackinder served as President of the Oxford Union in 1883.
Work and achievements
In 1887 he was appointed as Reader in Geography at the University of Oxford, where he introduced the teaching of the subject. As Mackinder himself put it, "a platform has been given to a geographer." This was arguably at the time the most prestigious academic position for a British geographer. In 1895, he was one of the founders of the London School of Economics. At Oxford, Mackinder was the driving force behind the creation on a School of Geography in 1899. In the same year, 1899 he led an expedition to climb Mount Kenya.
In 1902 the publication of "Britain and The British Seas", which included the first comprehensive geomorphology of the British Isles.
He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb.
In 1904 Mackinder gave a paper on "The Geographical Pivot of History" at the Royal Geographical Society, in which he formulated the Heartland Theory. This is often considered as a, if not the, founding moment of Geopolitics, as a field of study, although Mackinder did not use the term. Whilst the Heartland Theory initially received little attention outside geography, this theory would influence the foreign policies of world powers ever after.
He helped found the University of Reading in 1892, and the Geographical Association in 1893 which promoted (and promotes) the teaching of geography in schools. He was GA chair from 1913 to 1946 and President from 1916.
Possibly disappointed at not getting a full Chair, Mackinder left Oxford and became director of the London School of Economics between 1903 and 1908. After 1908, he concentrated on advocating the cause of imperial unity and only was involved in lecturing part-time. He was elected to Parliament in January 1910 as Unionist Party member for the Glasgow Camlachie constituency and was defeated in 1922. He was knighted in the 1920 New Year Honours for his services as an MP.
His next major work was in 1919 - - was a perspective on the 1904 work in the light of peace treaties and Woodrow Wilson's idealism. This contains his most famous quote: "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the heartland commands the World Island; Who rules the World Island commands the World." This message was composed for world statesmen at the Treaty of Versailles; the emphasis on East Europe as the strategic route to the Heartland was interpreted as requiring a strip of buffer state to separate Germany and Russia. These were created by the peace negotiators but proved to be ineffective bulwarks in 1939. Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).
The importance of Mackinder
Mackinder's work paved the way for the establishment of geography as a distinct discipline in the United Kingdom. Oxford would not appoint a Chair until 1934, but the University of Liverpool and University of Wales, Aberystwyth both appointed Chairs in 1917. Mackinder was given a personal chair at the London School of Economics in 1923. His role in fostering the teaching of geography is probably greater than any single British geographer.
Influence on Nazi strategy
The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the German school of Geopolitik, in particular by its main proponent Karl Haushofer. Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas. The German interpretation of the Heartland Theory is referred to explicitly (without mentioning the connection to Mackinder) in The Nazis Strike, the second of Frank Capra's Why We Fight series of American World War II propaganda films.
Mackinder on geography
"...the science whose main function is to trace the interaction of man in society and so much of his environment as varies locally."
"The science of distribution. The science, that is, which traces the arrangement of things in general on the Earth's surface."
Mackinder is also credited with introducing two new terms into the dictionary : "manpower" , "heartland".
Footnotes
Works
- Halford J. Mackinder, “Man-Power as a Measure of National and Imperial Strength”, National and English Review, XIV, 1905.
- Mackinder, HJ. 1905. "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February.
- The Rhine: its valley & history. London: Chatto & Windus: 1908.
- Mackinder, Halford J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. NY: Holt, 1919.
- Mackinder, HJ. 1943. 'The round world and the winning of the peace', Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943) 595-605.
Bibliography
- Brian Blouet, Global Geostrategy, Mackinder and the Defence of the West, Londres, Frank Cass, 2005.
- Geoffrey Parker, Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
External links
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