German Austria

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German Austria

The Republic of German Austria was the initial rump state

Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion or military occupation....
successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Austria-Hungary

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
for areas with a predominantly ethnic German

Ethnic German

Ethnic Germans , also collectively referred to as the German diaspora, are those who are considered, by themselves or others, to be of Germans origin ethnicity, not necessarily born or living within the present-day Germany, holding its citizenship or speaking the German language....
population. It claimed an area of 118,311 km² with 10.4 million inhabitants including the current area of the Republic of Austria and other German-speaking areas of the former Austrian Imperial lands (Cisleithania

Cisleithania

Cisleithania was the name of the Austria part of Austria-Hungary, the Dual monarchy created in 1867 and dissolved in 1918. The Cisleithanian lands continued to constitute the Austrian Empire....
) of Austria-Hungary. These included the province of Bolzano-Bozen and the town of Tarvisio

Tarvisio

Tarvisio is a town in Italy located in the northeastern part of the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the province of Udine, in the Val Canale, at the border of both Austria and Slovenia....
, both now in Italy; southern Carinthia

Carinthia (province)

Carinthia is both a historical and a statistical region in the north of Slovenia. It is occasionally referred to as Slovene Carinthia in English in order to distinguish it from the neighbouring Austrian Carinthia ....
and southern Styria, now in Slovenia

Slovenia

Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north....
, and Sudetenland

Sudetenland

Sudetenland is the German language name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Czech Silesia associated with Bohemia....
proper and German Bohemia

German Bohemia

German Bohemia was a region in Czech Republic established, for a short period of time, after the World War I. It included parts of northern and western Bohemia once largely populated by ethnic Germans....
(later also part of Sudetenland), now in the Czech Republic.

b|left|235px|Map showing [[Austrian German]]-inhabited areas (in rose) in western Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1911 In Habsburg

Habsburg

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spanish Empire and the Austrian Empire....
Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary

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Encyclopedia

The Republic of German Austria was the initial rump state

Rump state

A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger government, left with limited powers or authority after a disaster, invasion or military occupation....
successor to the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Austria-Hungary

World War I

Ethnic German

Cisleithania

Tarvisio

Carinthia (province)

Slovenia

Sudetenland

German Bohemia

History

thumb|left|235px|Map showing [[Austrian German]]-inhabited areas (in rose) in western Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1911

In Habsburg

Habsburg

Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Kaiserlich und k?niglich Monarchy was a state in Central Europe ruled by the House of Habsburg, constitutionally a personal union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary....
, "German Austria" was an unofficial term used to describe areas of the empire inhabited by ethnic Germans. With the impending collapse of the empire in late 1918, ethnic German deputies to the Cisleithanian Austrian parliament (Reichsrat
Reichsrat (Austria)

Reichsrat was the Austrian Parliament from 1861 to 1918. It consisted of the Herrenhaus and the Abgeordnetenhaus .Cisleithania was officially called "The kingdoms and lands represented in the Reichsrat" ....
) last elected in 1911 sought to form a new rump state of German Austria. It declared a "provisional national assembly of the independent German Austrian state" and elected Franz Dinghofer of the German National Movement, Jodok Fink of the Christian Social Party, and Karl Seitz

Karl Seitz

Karl Seitz was an Austrian politician and the first President of AustriaKarl Seitz was born in Vienna, then capital of the Austria-Hungary empire, as the son of a struggling small-time coal trader....
of the Social Democratic Workers' Party as assembly presidents. Karl Renner

Karl Renner

Chancellor of Austria

The Chancellor of Austria is the head of government in Austria. The chancellor's deputy is the Vice Chancellor of Austria. Before 1918, the equivalent office was the Minister-President of Austria....
. The assembly included representatives from Bohemia

Bohemia

History...
, Moravia

Moravia

Moravia is a Historical regions of Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. It takes its name from the Morava River, Central Europe which rises in the northwest of the region....
, and Austrian Silesia

Austrian Silesia

The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia was an Autonomy region of the Austrian Empire and part of the Kingdom of Bohemia. It is also known as Austrian Silesia , and despite the official name it only included parts of Upper Silesia, while none of Lower Silesia was within its borders....
who refused to adhere to the new state of Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918 until 1992 . On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia....
which had been declared on October 28 1918.

On November 11 1918, Emperor Charles I relinquished power and, on November 12, German Austria was officially declared a republic. The provisional national assembly drafted provisional constitution that stated that "German Austria is a democratic republic" (Article 1) and "German Austria is a component of the German Republic

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was the democracy and republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918....
" (Article 2). Later plebiscites in the provinces of Tyrol and Salzburg yielded majorities of 98 and 99% in favor of a unification with Germany. On November 22, the national assembly officially laid claim to all ethnic German areas of Cisleithania. However, the Allies of World War I

Allies of World War I

File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svgThe Entente Powers were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The main allies were the Russian Empire, French Third Republic, the British Empire, Kingdom of Italy , the Empire of Japan, and the United States....
opposed such a move and German Austria was largely powerless to resist the forces of Italy, Czechoslovakia, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes from seizing territory.

On September 10 1919, Chancellor Karl Renner

Karl Renner

Karl Renner was an Austrian politician. He was born in Untertannowitz and died in Vienna. He is called the Father of the Republic because he was the 1st President of Austria in 1919/20 and refounded the Republic in 1945 that lasts till today....
, signed the Treaty of Saint Germain and it was ratified by the national assembly on October 21. According to its provisions, the name of the republic was changed from "German Austria" to "Austria" and any efforts for the country to unify with Germany were banned. Article 88 of the treaty, sometimes called the Anschluss

Anschluss

The ' , also known as the ', was the 1938 unification of Austria into Gro?deutschland by Nazi Germany.Austria was merged into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938....
prohibition, states that "the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations

League of Nations

The League of Nations was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919?1920. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members....
." Likewise, in the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaty at the end of World War I. It ended the declaration of war between German Empire and Allies of World War I....
dictating the terms of peace for Germany, there was a prohibition of unification. With these changes and the settling of Austria's frontiers, the era of the First Austrian Republic

First Austrian Republic

In Austrian history, the First Republic encompasses the period following the breakup of the Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I, up to World War II....
began.

Subdivisions

German Austria originally consisted of nine provinces (Provinzen) including:

Upper Austria
Upper Austria

Upper Austria is one of the nine States of Austria or Bundesl?nder of Austria. Its capital is Linz. Upper Austria borders on Germany and the Czech Republic, as well as on the other Austrian states of Lower Austria, Styria , and Salzburg ....
(Oberösterreich), all of the current Austrian state of Upper Austria plus the Bohemian Forest region
Bohemian Forest Region

The Bohemian Forest Region is a historical region in the Czech Republic. It includes parts of southwestern Bohemia in the Bohemian Forest once largely populated by ethnic Germans....
(Böhmerwaldgau) now in the South Bohemian Region
South Bohemian Region

South Bohemian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mostly in the southern part of its historical land of Bohemia, with a small part in southwestern Moravia....
of the Czech Republic
Lower Austria
Lower Austria

Lower Austria is one of the nine Bundesland or Bundesl?nder in Austria. The capital of Lower Austria is Sankt P?lten — the most recent capital town in Austria....
(Niederösterreich), all of the current Austrian state of Lower Austria plus German South Moravia
German South Moravia

German South Moravia was a historical region of Czechoslovakia. It includes parts of northern and western Moravia once largely populated by ethnic Germans....
(Deutschsüdmähren), now divided between the Czech regions of South Bohemia, Vysocina
Vysocina Region

Vysocina Region , is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located partly in the south-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia and partly in the south-west of the historical region of Moravia....
, and South Moravia
South Moravian Region

South Moravian Region is an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located in the south-western part of its historical region of Moravia, with exception of Jobova Lhota, that belongs to Bohemia....
German Bohemia
German Bohemia

German Bohemia was a region in Czech Republic established, for a short period of time, after the World War I. It included parts of northern and western Bohemia once largely populated by ethnic Germans....
(Deutschböhmen), areas of western Bohemia that were later part of Sudetenland from 1938-45, now part of the Czech Republic
Sudetenland
Sudetenland

Sudetenland is the German language name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of Czechoslovakia inhabited mostly by ethnic Germans, specifically the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Czech Silesia associated with Bohemia....
proper, i.e. the historical Czech regions of northern Moravia
Moravia

Moravia is a Historical regions of Central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. It takes its name from the Morava River, Central Europe which rises in the northwest of the region....
and Czech Silesia
Czech Silesia

Czech Silesia is one of the three Czech lands and a section of the Silesia historical region. It is located in the north-east of the Czech Republic, predominantly in Moravian-Silesian Region, with a section in northern Olomouc Region....
(Austrian Silesia)
Styria
Duchy of Styria

The history of Styria concerns the region roughly corresponding to the modern state of Styria from its settlement by Slavs in the Dark Ages until the present....
(Steiermark), most of historical Styria
Duchy of Styria

The history of Styria concerns the region roughly corresponding to the modern state of Styria from its settlement by Slavs in the Dark Ages until the present....
including the current Austrian state of Styria
Styria (state)

Styria is a States of Austria or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. In area, it is the second largest of the nine Austrian states, covering 16,388 km?....
and the north-eastern part of the Slovenian informal region of Lower Styria
Lower Styria

Lower Styria is a historical region in northeastern Slovenia, comprising the southern third of the former Styria ....
.
Salzburg
Salzburg (state)

Salzburg is a Bundesland or Land of Austria with an area of 7,154 km?, located adjacent to the Germany border. With 529,085 inhabitants it is one of the country's smaller states in terms of population....
, all of the current Austrian state of Salzburg
Carinthia
Duchy of Carinthia

The Duchy of Carinthia was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 976 until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918....
(Kärnten), all of historical Carinthia
Duchy of Carinthia

The Duchy of Carinthia was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire from 976 until the dissolution of the Empire in 1806, and a crownland of Austria-Hungary until its dissolution in 1918....
including the current Austrian state of Carinthia
Carinthia (state)

Carinthia is the southernmost Austrian States of Austria or Land. Situated within the Eastern alps it is chiefly noted for its mountains and lakes....
, the Slovenia
Slovenia

Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west, the Adriatic Sea to the southwest, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north....
n unofficial region of Carinthia
Carinthia (province)

Carinthia is both a historical and a statistical region in the north of Slovenia. It is occasionally referred to as Slovene Carinthia in English in order to distinguish it from the neighbouring Austrian Carinthia ....
, the Slovenian municipality of Jezersko
Jezersko, Slovenia

Jezersko is a municipality in northern Slovenia. It lies immediately south of the Seebergsattel border crossing between Slovenia and Austria. The main activities that locals engage in are tourism, cattle breeding and forestry....
and the now Italian communes of Tarvisio
Tarvisio

Tarvisio is a town in Italy located in the northeastern part of the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the province of Udine, in the Val Canale, at the border of both Austria and Slovenia....
, Malborghetto Valbruna
Malborghetto Valbruna

Malborghetto Valbruna is a comune in the Province of Udine in the Italy region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 100 km northwest of Trieste and about 50 km northeast of Udine, on the border with Austria....
and Pontebba
Pontebba

Pontebba is a comune in the Province of Udine in the Italy region Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is located about 100 km northwest of Trieste and about 50 km north of Udine, on the border with Austria....
German Tyrol
German Tyrol

German Tyrol is a historical region in the Alps now divided between Austria and Italy. It includes largely ethnic German areas of historical County of Tyrol: the States of Austria of Tyrol and the Regions of Italy known as the Alto Adige/S?dtirol but not the largely Italian language-speaking Autonomous Province of Trento ....
(Deutschtirol), most of historical Tyrol
County of Tyrol

The county of Tyrol was a independent county within the Holy Roman Empire, and later a Austria of Cisleithanian Austrian Empire. Today its territory is divided between the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/S?dtirol and the Austrian state of Tyrol ....
including the current Austrian state of Tyrol
Tyrol (state)

Tyrol is a States of Austria or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical region of Tyrol....
and the Italian province of Bolzano-Bozen, but not Trento
Province of Trento

The Province of Trento , often referred simply as Trentino, is an Autonomous area Provinces of Italy of Italy. In the local languages, typically the word Trentin is used....
Vorarlberg
Vorarlberg

Vorarlberg is the westernmost and wealthiest States of Austria of Austria. Though it is the second smallest in terms of area , it borders three countries; Germany , Switzerland and Liechtenstein....
, all of the current Austrian state of Vorarlberg

Several German minority populations in Moravia, including German populations in Brünn (Brno

Brno

Brno is the second-largest city in the Czech Republic. It was founded in 1243, although the area had been settled since the 5th century. Today Brno has 403,304 inhabitants and is the seat of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court, Supreme Prosecutor's Office and Ombudsman....
), Iglau (Jihlava

Jihlava

Jihlava is a city in the Czech Republic. Jihlava is a centre of the Vysocina Region, situated on the Jihlava river on the ancient frontier between Moravia and Bohemia, and is the oldest mining town in the Czech Republic, ca....
), and Olmütz (Olomouc

Olomouc

Olomouc is a city in Moravia, in the east of the Czech Republic. The city is located on the Morava River, Central Europe river and is the ecclesiastical metropolis of Moravia....
) also attempted to proclaim their union with German Austria but failed. The areas now outside of the current Republic of Austria often had significant non-German minorities and occasionally non-German majorities and were quickly taken by troops of the respective countries they were to eventually join. On the other hand, ethnic Germans in the western part of the Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary , which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1920 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe....
that formed a majority in the area known as German West Hungary and agitated to join to Austria were successful and the area became the state of Burgenland

Burgenland

Burgenland is the easternmost and least populous Bundesland or Land of Austria. It consists of two Statutarstadt and seven districts with in total 171 municipalities....
.

Trivia

Despite the prohibition on the use of the term German Austria, the republic's unofficial national anthem from 1920–29 was "German Austria, you wonderful country" ("Deutschösterreich, du herrliches Land") with words penned by then Chancellor Karl Renner

Karl Renner

German Austria

History

Subdivisions

Trivia

See also