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HabsburgHabsburg was an important ruling house of Europe and is best known as the ruling House of Austria for over six centuries.
Their principal roles were as:
* Kings of Germany, , mostly also crowned as
* Holy Roman Emperors, and
* Rulers of Austria ,
* Kings of Croatia ,
* Kings of Hungary ,
* Kings of Spain ,
* Kings of Portugal ,
* Kings of Bohemia ,
* Kings of Galizia and Lodomeria , and
* Grand Princes of Transylvania .
Other crowns held briefly by the House included:
* Emperor of Mexico
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1250 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies, beginning a 23-year-long interregnum known as the '''great interregnum'''. Frederick II is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
1273 Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum; Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.
1278 Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield, a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages. The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.
1282 Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg dynasty in those territories.
1335 Charles I of Hungary allies with Poland against the Habsburgs and Bohemians
1335 Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia was ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.
1379 Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III
1379 Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between the Habsburg Dukes Albert III and Leopold III
1382 September, 30: Trieste being donated by his inhabitants to Leopold III von Habsburg.
1386 Battle of Sempach: Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.
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Encyclopedia
Habsburg was an important ruling house of Europe and is best known as the ruling House of Austria for over six centuries. Their principal roles were as: - Kings of Germany, , mostly also crowned as
- Holy Roman Emperors, and
- Rulers of Austria ,
- Kings of Croatia ,
- Kings of Hungary ,
- Kings of Spain ,
- Kings of Portugal ,
- Kings of Bohemia ,
- Kings of Galizia and Lodomeria , and
- Grand Princes of Transylvania .
Other crowns held briefly by the House included: Numerous other titles were attached to the crowns listed above. A brief history of the House of HabsburgFrom Counts of Habsburg to Roman EmperorsThe name is derived from the Swiss Habichtsburg , the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries at Habsburg in the former duchy of Swabia in present-day Switzerland . From southwestern Germany the family extended its influence and holdings to the southeastern reaches of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's Austria . Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries . After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy and the marriage of his son Philipp the Handsome with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited Spain, Southern Italy, Austria and the Low Countries. In 1580 his son Philip II inherited Portugal and its colonies, thus ruling over an empire where "the sun does not set". Under Maximilian II, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the Schönbrunn Palace: the Habsburgs' summer palace in Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty. Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish HabsburgsAfter the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I from his brother Emperor Charles V , the dynasty split into one Austrian and one Spanish branch. The Austrian Habsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699. The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 , as did the Austrian Habsburgs in 1740 . However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg had married Francis Stephan, Duke of Lorraine, and their descendants carried on the Habsburg tradition from Vienna under the dynastic name Habsburg-Lorraine. House of Habsburg-Lorraine: the Austrian EmpireOn August 6 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganisation of Germany. However, in anticipation of the loss of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II declared himself hereditary Emperor of Austria on August 11, 1804, three months after Napoleon had declared himself Emperor of France on May 18, 1804. Emperor Francis I of Austria used the official great title: "We, Francis the First, by the grace of God Emperor of Austria; King of Jerusalem, Hungary, Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, and Lodomeria; Archduke of Austria; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Würzburg, Franconia, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola; Grand Duke of Kraków; Grand Prince of Transylvania; Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Sandomir, Masovia, Lublin, Upper and Lower Silesia, Auschwitz and Zator, Teschen, and Friule; Prince of Berchtesgaden and Mergentheim; Princely Count of Habsburg, Gorizia, and Gradisca and of the Tyrol; and Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and Istria". In 1867 effective autonomy was given to Hungary under the terms of the Ausgleich or "compromise" until the Habsburgs' deposition from both Austria and Hungary in 1918 following defeat in World War I. The current head of the Habsburg family is Otto von Habsburg, Emperor Karl's eldest son. Main LineBefore Rudolph rose to German king, the Habsburgs were Counts in what is today southwestern Germany and Switzerland. Ancestors- Guntram the Rich Father of:
- Lanzelin of Altenburg . Besides Radbot, he had sons named Rudolph I, Wernher, and Landolf.
Counts of Habsburg- Radbot of Klettgau, built the Habsburg castle . Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of Sundgau in the Alsace, and Albrecht I.
- Werner I, Count of Habsburg . Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, who was reeve of Muri from 1111 - 1141 after the death of Otto II.
- Otto II of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg" Father of:
- Werner II of Habsburg Father of:
- Albrecht III of Habsburg , d. 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Father of:
- Rudolph II of Habsburg Father of:
- Albrecht IV of Habsburg, ; father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king Rudolph I of Germany. Between Albrecht IV and his brother Rudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the Aargau and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III.
Kings of Germany- Rudolph I was king of Germany from 1273 - 1291.
Dukes of AustriaIn the late Middle Ages, when the Habsburgs expanded their territories in the east, they often ruled as dukes of the Duchy of Austria which covered only what is today Lower Austria and the eastern part of Upper Austria. The Habsburg possessions also included Styria, and then expanded west to include Carinthia and Carniola in 1335 and Tyrol in 1363. Their original scattered possessions in the southern Alsace, south-western Germany and Vorarlberg were collectively known as Further Austria. The Habsburg dukes gradually lost their homelands south of the Rhine and Lake Constance to the expanding Old Swiss Confederacy. Unless mentioned explicitly, the dukes of Austria also ruled over Further Austria until 1379, after that year, Further Austria was ruled by the Princely Count of Tyrol. Names in italics designate dukes who never actually ruled. - Rudolph II, son of Rudolph I, duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282 - 1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
- Albert I , son of Rudolph I and brother of the above, duke from 1282 - 1308; was Holy Roman Emperor from 1298 - 1308. See also below.
- Rudolph III, oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298 - 1307
- Frederick the Handsome , brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 - 1330; officially co-regent of emperor Louis IV since 1325, but never ruled.
- Leopold I, brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 - 1326.
- Albert II , brother of the above, duke of Vorderösterreich from 1326 - 1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330 - 1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Otto the Jolly , brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330 - 1339 , duke of Carinthia after 1335.
- Rudolph IV the Founder , oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358 - 1365, Duke of Tyrol after 1363.
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the Treaty of Neuberg, Albert keeping the Duchy of Austria and Leopold ruling over Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Windish March, Tyrol, and Further Austria. Albertine line: Dukes of Austria- Albert III , duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions.
- Albert IV , duke of Austria 1395 - 1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.
- Albert V , duke of Austria 1404 - 1439, Holy Roman Emperor from 1438 - 1439 as Albert II. See also below.
- Ladislaus Posthumus, son of the above, duke of Austria 1440 - 1457.
Leopoldine line: Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol- Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
- William , son of the above, 1386 - 1406 duke in Inner Austria
- Leopold IV, son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395 - 1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406 - 1411 duke of Inner Austria
Leopoldine-Inner Austrian sub-line- Ernest the Iron , 1406 - 1424 duke of Inner Austria, until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
- Frederick V , son of Ernst, became emperor Frederick III in 1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of Sigismund
Sigismund of Austria, Duke [i], then Archduke [i] of Further Austria [i] was a Habsburg [i] archdu ...
1439 - 1446 and of Ladislaus Posthumus 1440 - 1452. See also below.
- Albert VI , brother of the above, 1446 - 1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458 - 1463
Leopoldine-Tyrol sub-line
Sigismund of Austria, Duke [i], then Archduke [i] of Further Austria [i] was a Habsburg [i] archdu ...
, also spelled Siegmund or Sigmund, 1439 - 1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.
Reuniting of Habsburg possessions Sigismund had no children and adopted Maximilian I, son of duke Frederick V . Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the Duchy of Austria after the death of Matthias Corvinus, who resided in Vienna and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 - 1490.
German Kings and Holy Roman Emperors previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Kings of Hungary previous to the reunion of the Habsburg possessions
Main Line: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria
Spanish Habsburgs: Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal See also: Portuguese House of Habsburg
The War of the Spanish Succession took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.
Austrian Habsburgs: Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria |
