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Empress Gemmei
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(661 – December 29, 721) was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This sovereign is sometimes identified as Empress Genmyo. She was the fifth woman to ascend to the Chrysanthemum Throne. Her reign spanned the years from 707 through 715.
re her ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name (her imina) was Abe-hime.
Empress Gemmei was the fourth daughter of Emperor Tenji; and she was a younger sister of Empress Jito by a different mother.
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(661 – December 29, 721) was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. This sovereign is sometimes identified as Empress Genmyo. She was the fifth woman to ascend to the Chrysanthemum Throne. Her reign spanned the years from 707 through 715.
Genealogy
Before her ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, her personal name (her imina) was Abe-hime.
Empress Gemmei was the fourth daughter of Emperor Tenji; and she was a younger sister of Empress Jito by a different mother. Her mother, Mei-no-Iratsume (also known as Soga-hime), was a daughter of Udaijin Soga-no-Kura-no-Yamada-no-Ishikawa-no-Maro (also known as Soga Yamada-no O-omi).
Events of Gemmei's life
Gemmei became the consort (nyogo) of Crown Prince Kusakabe no Miko, who was the son of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jito. After the death of their son Emperor Mommu in 707, she acceded to the throne. At least one account suggests that she accepted the role of empress because Emperor Mommu felt his young son, her grandson, was still too young to withstand the pressures which attend becoming emperor.
- August 16, 707 (Keiun 4, the 15th day of the 6th month): In the 11th year of Mommu-tenno 's reign (????211?), the emperor died; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by the emperor's mother, who held the throne in trust for her young grandson. Shortly thereafter, Empress Gemmei is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).
- 707 (Keiun 4): Deposits of copper was reported to have been found in Musashi province in the region which includes modern day Tokyo;
- 708 (Keiun 5):, The era name was about to be changed to mark the accession of Empress Gemmei; but the choice of Wado as the new nengo for this new reign became a way to mark the welcome discovery of copper in the Chichibu District of what is now Saitama Prefecture. The Japanese word for copper is do; and since this was indigenous copper, the "wa" (the ancient Chinese term for Japan) could be combined with the "do" (copper) to create a new composite term -- "wado" -- meaning "Japanese copper."
- June 3, 708 (Wado 1, 11th day of the 4th month): A sample of the newly discovered Musashi copper from was presented in Gemmei's Court where it was formally acknowledged as Japanese copper; and a mint was established in Omi province.
- 708 (Wado 1, 3rd month): Fuijwara no Fuhito was named Minister of the Right (Udaijin) . Iso-kami Maro was Minister of the Left (Sadaijin).
- 709 (Wado 2, 3rd month): There was an uprising against governmental authority in Mutsu province and in Echigo province. Troops were promptly dispatched to subdue the revolt.
- 709 (Wado 2, 5th month): Ambassadors arrived from Silla, bringing an offer of tribute. He visited Fujiwara no Fuhito to prepare the way for further visits.
- 710 (Wado 3, 3rd month): Empress Gemmei established her official residence in Nara. In the last years of the Mommu's reign, the extensive preparations for this projected move had begun; but the work could not be completed before the late-emperor's untimely death. Shortly after the nengo was changed to Wado, an Imperial Rescript was issued concerning the establishment of a new capital at the Heijo-kyo at Nara in Yamato province. It had been customary since ancient times for the capital to be moved with the beginning of each new reign. However, Emperor Mommu decided not to move the capital, preferring instead to say at the Fujiwara Palace which had been established by Empress Jito. Empress Gemmei's palace was named Nara-no-miya.
- 711 (Wado 4, 3rd month): The Kojiki was published in three volumes. This work presented a history of Japan from a mythological period of god-rulers up through the 28th day of the 1st month of the fifth year of Empress Suiko's reign (597). Emperor Temmu failed to bring the work to completion before his death in 686. Empress Gemmei, along with other court officials, deserve credit for continuing to patronize and encourage the mammoth project.
- 712 (Wado 5): The Mutsu province was separated from Dewa province.
- 713 (Wado 6, 3rd month): Tamba province was separated from Tango province; Mimasaka province was divided from Bizen province; and Hyuga province was divided from Osumi province.
- 713 (Wado 6): The compilation of Fudoki was begun with the imprimatur of an Imperial decree; and copies of the census of the provinces of Izumo, Harima, Hitachi and two other provinces still exist. This work was intended to described of all provinces, cities, mountains, rivers, valleys and plains. It is intended to become a catalog of the plants, trees, birds, and mammals of Japan. It also intended to contain information about all of the remarkable events which, from ancient times to the present, have happened in the country.
- 713 (Wado 6): The road which traverses Mino province and Shinano province was widened to accommodate travelers; and the road was widened in the Kiso District of modern Nagano Prefecture.
After Empress Gemmei transferred the seat of her government to Nara, this mountain location remained the capital throughout the succeeding seven reigns. In a sense, the years of the Nara period developed into one of the more significant consequences of her comparatively short reign.
Gemmei had initially planned to remain on the throne until her grandson might reach maturity. However, in 715, Gemmei did abdicate in favor of Mommu's older sister who then became known as Empress Gensho. Gensho was eventually succeeded by her younger brother, who then became known as Emperor Shomu.
- 715 (Wado 8): Gemmei resigns as empress in favor of her daughter, who will be known as Empress Gensho.
The Empress reigned for eight years. Although there were seven other reigning empresses, their successors were most often selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline, which is why some conservative scholars argue that the women's reigns were temporary and that male-only succession tradition must be maintained in the 21st century. Empress Gemmei, who was followed on the throne by her daughter, remains the sole exception to this conventional argument.
After abdicating, she was known as Daijo-tenno; and she was only the second woman after Empress Jito to claim this title. Gemmei lived in retirement for seven years until her death at the age of 61. Gemmei's Imperial misasagi or mausoleum can be visited today in Narazaka-cho, Nara City. The "mountain shape" misasagi was named Nahoyama-no-higashi no misasagi.
Poetry
The Man'yoshu includes a poem written said to be composed by Empress Gemmei in 708 (Wado 1) -- and this anthology also includes a reply created by one of the ladies of her court
Listen to the sounds of the warriors' elbow-guards;
Our captain must be ranging the shields to drill the troops.
-- Gemmei-tenno
Reply:
Be not concerned, O my Sovereign;
Am I not here,
I, whom the ancestral gods endowed with life,
Next of kin to yourself?
-- Minabé-hime
Kugyo
Kugyo is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Gemmei's reign, this apex of the Daijo-kan included:
Eras of Gemmei's reign
The years of Genmei's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengo.
See also
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