All Topics  
Convention of Peking

 

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Convention of Peking
 
 
  Topics Convention of Peking Topic Home

The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties, which were concluded between Qing
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
 and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
, France
Second French Empire

The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the French Second Republic and the French Third Republic, in France....
, and Russia
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
.

8 October 1860, at the culmination of the Second Opium War
Second Opium War

The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China from 1856-1860....
, the British and French troops entered the Forbidden City
Forbidden City

The Forbidden City was the China imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, People's Republic of China, and now houses the Palace Museum....
 in Beijing
Beijing

is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
. Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese, Prince Gong
Yixin, Prince Gong

The 1st Prince Gong , commonly known in his days as the Lord Sixth King , was born Yixin , of the Aisin-Gioro clan . He was in charge of the government of China, in the 1860s and 1870s, and is remembered for his strong ties with Westerners and his attempts at opening and modernizing China....
 was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with Lord Elgin and Baron Gros
Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros

Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros was a French ambassador and one of the first daguerrotype. Baron and France charg? d'affaires in Bogot? , Athens and Ambassador to London - during which period he also travelled to China and Japan in 1857 and 1858 ? he produced many famous daguerrotypes ? chief among them those of the Acropolis....
, who represented Britain and France respectively.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Convention of Peking'
Start a new discussion about 'Convention of Peking'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


The Convention of Peking or the First Convention of Peking is the name used for three different treaties, which were concluded between Qing
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 China
China

China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
 and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
, France
Second French Empire

The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the French Second Republic and the French Third Republic, in France....
, and Russia
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
.

Background

On 18 October 1860, at the culmination of the Second Opium War
Second Opium War

The Second Opium War, the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war of the British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China from 1856-1860....
, the British and French troops entered the Forbidden City
Forbidden City

The Forbidden City was the China imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, People's Republic of China, and now houses the Palace Museum....
 in Beijing
Beijing

is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
. Following the decisive defeat of the Chinese, Prince Gong
Yixin, Prince Gong

The 1st Prince Gong , commonly known in his days as the Lord Sixth King , was born Yixin , of the Aisin-Gioro clan . He was in charge of the government of China, in the 1860s and 1870s, and is remembered for his strong ties with Westerners and his attempts at opening and modernizing China....
 was compelled to sign two treaties on behalf of the Qing government with Lord Elgin and Baron Gros
Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros

Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros was a French ambassador and one of the first daguerrotype. Baron and France charg? d'affaires in Bogot? , Athens and Ambassador to London - during which period he also travelled to China and Japan in 1857 and 1858 ? he produced many famous daguerrotypes ? chief among them those of the Acropolis....
, who represented Britain and France respectively. Although Russia had not been a belligerent, Prince Gong also signed a treaty with Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky

Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky was a Russian statesman and diplomat, who played a major role in expansion of the Imperial Russia to the Pacific Ocean....
.

The original plan was to burn down the Forbidden City as punishment for the mistreatment of European prisoners by Qing officials. Because doing so would jeopardize the treaty signing, the plan shifted to burning the Emperor's garden estates of Qingyi Yuán
Summer Palace

The Summer Palace or Yihe yuan is a palace in Beijing, China.The Summer Palace is mainly dominated by Summer Palace#Longevity Hill and the Kunming Lake....
 and Yuánmíng Yuán
Old Summer Palace

The Old Summer Palace, known in China as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness , and originally called the Imperial Gardens , was a complex of palaces and gardens 8 km northwest of the walls of the Imperial City, Beijing in Beijing, built in the 18th and early 19th century, where the emperors of the Qing Dynasty resided and handled...
 instead. The treaties with France and Britain were signed in the Ministry of Rites building immediately south of the Forbidden City on 24 October 1860.

Terms

The area known as Kowloon
Kowloon Peninsula

The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a peninsula that forms the southern part of the main landmass in the territory of Hong Kong, China....
 was originally leased in March 1860. The Convention of Peking ended the lease, and ceded the land formally to the British on 24 October 1860.

Article 6 of the Convention between China and the United Kingdom stipulated that China was to cede the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present day Boundary Street
Boundary Street

Boundary Street is a three-lane one-way street in Kowloon, Hong Kong. It runs in the eastbound direction starting at its intersection with Tung Chau Street in the west, and ending at its intersection with Prince Edward Road West in the east, near the former Kai Tak Airport....
, Kowloon
Kowloon

Kowloon refers to an urban area in Hong Kong made up of Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon, bordered by the Lei Yue Mun strait in the east, Mei Foo Sun Chuen and Stonecutters Island in the west, Tate's Cairn and Lion Rock in the north, and Victoria Harbour in the south....
, and Hong Kong
Hong Kong

Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located in Southern China in East Asia, bordering the province of Guangdong to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east, west and south....
 (including Stonecutters Island
Stonecutters Island

Stonecutters Island or Ngong Shuen Chau is a former island in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Following land reclamation, it is now annexed to the Kowloon peninsula....
) in perpetuity to Britain.

The treaty also ceded parts of Outer Manchuria
Outer Manchuria

Outer Manchuria , known in China as Outer Northeast [China] , and Priamurye in Russia, is the territory ceded by China to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860....
 to the Russian Empire. It granted Russia the right to the Ussuri krai
Ussuri krai

Ussuri krai is an unofficial name for a part of Primorsky Krai that consisted of Ussuri and South-Ussuri Okrugs. The name was often used in late Imperial Russia....
, a part of the modern day Primorye
Primorsky Krai

Primorsky Krai also known as Primorye , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Primorsky means "maritime" in Russian, hence the region is sometimes referred to as Maritime Province....
, the territory that corresponded with the ancient Manchu
Manchu

The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....
 province of East Tartary
East Tartary

East Tartary and Maritime Tartary are old names for Manchu territory extending from the Confluence of the River Amur with the River Ussuri to Sakhalin Island....
. See Treaty of Aigun
Treaty of Aigun

The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian-China treaty that established much of the modern border between the Russian Far East and northern China . Its provisions were confirmed by the Beijing Treaty of 1860....
 (1858), Treaty of Nerchinsk
Treaty of Nerchinsk

The Treaty of Nerchinsk was the first treaty between Russia and the Qing Empire. It was signed in Nerchinsk on August 27, 1689 as a result of the Russian-Manchu border conflicts over the region of Priamurye....
 (1689) and Russian-Manchu border conflicts
Russian-Manchu border conflicts

The Russian-Manchu border conflicts were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Manchus and the Cossacks in which the Cossacks tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River....
. The treaty is considered one of the unequal Treaties.

Aftermath

The governments of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 and the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China , commonly known as China, is the largest country in East Asia and the List of countries by population in the world with over 1.3 billion people, approximately a fifth of the world's population....
 (PRC) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong
Sino-British Joint Declaration

The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong, was signed by the Prime Ministers of the People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom governme...
 in 1984, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island

Hong Kong Island is an Islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong in the southern part of Hong Kong. It has a population of 1,268,112 and its population density is 15,915/km?, as of 2006....
, ceded under the Treaty of Nanking
Treaty of Nanking

The Treaty of Nanking or Treaty of Nanjing, signed 29 August 1842, was the Unequal Treaties which marked the end of the First Opium War between the British Empire and Qing Dynasty Empires of 1839-42....
 (1842), and Kowloon
Kowloon Peninsula

The Kowloon Peninsula, commonly referred to as Kowloon, is a peninsula that forms the southern part of the main landmass in the territory of Hong Kong, China....
 (south of Boundary Street), was scheduled to be transferred to the PRC on 1 July 1997.

External links



See also

  • Second Convention of Peking
    Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory

    The Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory or the Second Convention of Peking was a lease signed between Qing Dynasty China and the United Kingdom in 1898....
  • History of Hong Kong
    History of Hong Kong

    Hong Kong began as a coastal island geographically located in southern China. While pockets of settlements had taken place in the region with archaeological findings dating back thousands of years, regularly written records were not made until the engagement of History of China#Qin Dynasty: The Beginning of Imperial China and the British Colo...
  • Imperialism in Asia
    Imperialism in Asia

    Imperialism in Asia traces its roots back to the late fifteenth century with a series of voyages that sought a sea passage to India in the hope of establishing direct trade between Europe and Asia in spices....