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The Treaty of Nerchinsk (Russian: ?????????? ???????, Chinese: ?????, Pinyin: Níbùchu tiáoyue) was the first treaty between Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 and the Qing Empire. It was signed in Nerchinsk
Nerchinsk

Nerchinsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, situated east of Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai and east of Lake Baikal....
 on August 27, 1689 as a result of the Russian-Manchu border conflicts
Russian-Manchu border conflicts

The Russian-Manchu border conflicts were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Manchus and the Cossacks in which the Cossacks tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River....
 over the region of Priamurye. The signatories were Songgotu
Songgotu

Songgotu was a politician during the reign of Emperor Kangxi. He was an uncle of the emperor's official wife, Empress Xiaocheng of the Heseri clan who died during childbirth....
 on behalf of the Qing Emperor and Fedor Golovin
Fedor Golovin

File:Fedor Golovin.PNGCount Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin was the last Russian boyar and the first Russian chancellor, List of Russian Field Marshals, General Admiral ....
 on behalf of the Russian tsars Peter I
Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
 and Ivan V.

According to this treaty, Russia gave up its hope of controlling the land north of the Amur
Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
, but established trade relations
Siberian Route

The Siberian Route , also known as the Moscow Route and Great Route , was a historic route that connected European Russia to Siberia and China....
 with the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 of China.






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The Treaty of Nerchinsk (Russian: ?????????? ???????, Chinese: ?????, Pinyin: Níbùchu tiáoyue) was the first treaty between Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 and the Qing Empire. It was signed in Nerchinsk
Nerchinsk

Nerchinsk is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, situated east of Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai and east of Lake Baikal....
 on August 27, 1689 as a result of the Russian-Manchu border conflicts
Russian-Manchu border conflicts

The Russian-Manchu border conflicts were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Manchus and the Cossacks in which the Cossacks tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River....
 over the region of Priamurye. The signatories were Songgotu
Songgotu

Songgotu was a politician during the reign of Emperor Kangxi. He was an uncle of the emperor's official wife, Empress Xiaocheng of the Heseri clan who died during childbirth....
 on behalf of the Qing Emperor and Fedor Golovin
Fedor Golovin

File:Fedor Golovin.PNGCount Feodor Alekseyevich Golovin was the last Russian boyar and the first Russian chancellor, List of Russian Field Marshals, General Admiral ....
 on behalf of the Russian tsars Peter I
Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
 and Ivan V.

According to this treaty, Russia gave up its hope of controlling the land north of the Amur
Amur

The Amur River or Heilong Jiang is the Earth's ninth longest river, forming the border between the Russian Far East and Northeastern China....
, but established trade relations
Siberian Route

The Siberian Route , also known as the Moscow Route and Great Route , was a historic route that connected European Russia to Siberia and China....
 with the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 of China. The Russian outpost of Albazin
Albazin

Albazino is a village in Skovorodino raion of Amur Oblast, noted as the site of Albazin , the first Russian settlement on the Amur River ....
, which had been a source of conflict between China and Russia, was to be abandoned and destroyed. The border between Russia and China was traced along the Stanovoy Ridge and the Argun River.

Jean-François Gerbillon
Jean-François Gerbillon

Jean-Fran?ois Gerbillon was a France missionary, who worked in China.He entered the Society of Jesus, 5 Oct, 1670, and after completing the usual course of study taught grammar and humanities for seven years....
 and Thomas Pereira
Thomas Pereira

Thomas Pereira or Tom?s Pereira, also known as Tom? Pereira, born in November, 1, 1645 in Vila Nova de Famalic?o, died in 1708, was a Portuguese Empire Jesuit and musician who worked as a missionary in Qing China....
, two Jesuits present at the negotiations, translated the treaty into three languages (Russian, Manchu, and Latin), but these versions differed considerably. The treaty had no official Chinese text. In 1727, a new treaty was concluded, Treaty of Kiakhta
Treaty of Kiakhta

The Treaty of Kyakhta was one of several treaties between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire in the early modern period, establishing trade agreements and defining the border between Russian Siberia and the Qing territories of Mongolia and Manchuria....
, which opened Kiakhta for caravan trade and further clarified the border between the two empires.

The conditions of the two treaties were substantially revised to Russia's benefit by the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which established the Russo-Chinese border roughly corresponding to that of today.

Further reading

  • Vincent Chen. Sino Russian Relations in the Seventeenth Century. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966).
  • V. S. Frank. "The Territorial Terms of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689". The Pacific Historical Review (August 1947): 265-170.
  • Mark Mancall. Russia and China. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
  • Perdue, Peter C
    Peter C. Perdue

    Peter C. Perdue is an United States author, professor, and historian. He is a professor of history at Yale University.Perdue has a Ph.D. degree from Harvard University in the field of History and East Asian Languages....
    . China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005.
  • Sebes, Joseph, and Thomas Pereira. The Jesuits and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689): The Diary of Thomas Pereira. Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I.; V. 18. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1962.


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