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Chulalongkorn
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Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramintramaha Chulalongkorn, Phra Chulachomklao Chaoyuhua (September 20, 1853 – October 23, 1910) was the fifth monarch of the Chakri dynasty. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Buddhachao Luang (??????????????? - The Royal Buddha). He is considered one of the greatest kings of Siam.
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Phrabat Somdet Phra Poramintramaha Chulalongkorn, Phra Chulachomklao Chaoyuhua (September 20, 1853 – October 23, 1910) was the fifth monarch of the Chakri dynasty. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Buddhachao Luang (??????????????? - The Royal Buddha). He is considered one of the greatest kings of Siam. His reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, immense government and social reforms, and territorial cessations to the British Empire and French Indochina. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, managed to save Siam from being colonized. All his reforms were dedicated to Siam’s insurance of survival in the midst of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharaj (???????????? - The Great Beloved King).
Early Life
Chulalongkorn was born in September 20, 1853 to King Mongkut and Queen Debsirindra. He was given his name Prince Chulalongkorn. In 1861, he was entitled Krom Meun Pikanesuarn Surasangkat. His father gave him a broad education, including instruction from European tutors such as Anna Leonowens. In 1866, he became a sangha (monk) in Wat Bawonniwet according to the royal tradition. Upon his return to his secularity in 1867, he was rewarded his title as Krom Khun Pinit Prachanat.
In 1867, King Mongkut became ill after his visit to Wakor for the solar eclipse observation. On his deathbed, King Mongkut wrote “My brother, my son, my grandson, whoever you all the senior officials think will be able to save our country will succeed my throne, choose at your own will.” So the diet was held to select a prince to be crowned, and Prince Chulalongkorn was chosen. As the prince was only 15 years old, Chao Phraya Si Suriyawongse was appointed the regent. The coronation was held in November 11, 1868.
Si Suriyawongse then arranged the title of Front Palace of King Pinklao (who was his uncle) to be succeeded by King Pinklao’s son, Prince Yingyot (who was then Chulalongkorn’s cousin).
The young Chulalongkorn was an enthusiastic king craving for reforms. He visited Singapore and Java in 1870 and British India during 1870-1871 to see the administration of British colonies. This was later the source of his dick and methodology of the modernization of Siam.
As a regent, Si Suriyawongse wielded a great influence. Sri Suriyawongse continued the works of King Mongkut. He supervised the digging of several important klongs i.e. Padung Krungkasem and Damneun Saduak and paving of roads such as Chareon Krung and Silom. He was also the patron of Thai literature and performing arts.
The Young King
In 1873, the king became a monk again and returned. The second coronation was held in the same year to celebrate the king’s majority.
At the end of his regency, Sri Suriyawonse was raised to Somdet Chao Phraya, the highest title the nobility could attain. Sri Suriyawongse himself was the most powerful noble of the 19th century. His family, Bunnak, was a powerful one of a Persian descent dominating the Siamese politics since the reign of Rama I. Chulalongkorn then married four of his half-sisters. They were all the daughters of Mongkut - Savang Vadhana, Saovabha, and Sunandha with Concubine Piam and Sukumalmarsri with Concubine Samli.
In the same year, Chulalongkorn’s first reform was to establish the Auditory Office (Th: ????????????????) – to replace the corrupted tax collectors as the only institution that collects taxes. As the tax collectors were under the patronage of various nobles and also provided the financial support to the patron, this caused a great disruption among the nobility, especially the Front Palace. Since the time of King Mongkut, the title of Front Palace had been as powerful as the “second king”, with one-third of national revenue devoted to. Moreover, Prince Yingyot the Front Palace was known to acquaint many British men, in the time that the British Empire was considered the enemy of Siam.
In 1748, Chulalongkorn chartered the Council of State - as a legislative body - and Privy Council - as his personal counsel based on the British privy council. The members of the councils were, of course, appointed by the monarch.
In 1874, there was a bomb and a fire raging the Grand palace. However, the Front Palace gave no helping hands in extinguishing the fire. This raised suspicions. Prince Yingyot hid himself in the British consulate, so that Chulalongkorn could do no harm. However, the king was waiting ready to strike, and the tensions continued. Until the retired Si Suriyawongse returned from Ratchaburi to calm the conflicts.
The “Front Palace Crisis” incident indicated how much power wielded by the aristocrats and royal relatives, leaving the king a little power. This would become one of his main motives to reform the feudal Siam politics, reducing the manpower held by the nobility.
As the Prince Yingyot died in 1885, Chulalongkorn took this opportunity to abolish the titular Front Palace and created the “Crown Prince” title according to the Western style. Chulalongkorn’s son, Prince Vajirunhis, was appointed the first Crown Prince of Siam, though never reigned. After the incident, Sri Suriyawongse withdrew from the politics, so as the Bunnak family.
Heo insurgency
In the northern Laotian lands bordering China, the insurgents of the Taiping rebellion had taken refuge since the reign of King Mongkut. These Chinese were called The Heos and became bandits pillaging the villages. In 1875, Chulalongkorn sent troops from Bangkok to crush the Heos as they ravaged as far as Vientiane. However, they met strong Chinese resistance and retreated to Isan in 1885.
The new modernized armies were sent again and were divided into two groups approaching the Heos from Chiang Kam and Pichai. The Heos scattered and some fled to Vietnam. The Siamese armies proceeded to eliminate the remaining Heos.
Military and Political Reforms
Freed from the Front Palace and Chinese rebellions, Chulalongkorn initiated his reforms. He established the Royal Military Academy in 1887 to train the troops in Western fashion. The modernized forces provided the king a much more power to centralize the country.
The government of Siam had remained rather unchanged since the fifteenth century. The central government was headed by the Samuha Nayak (i.e. Prime Minister), who controlled the northern parts of Siam, and the Samuha Kalahom (i.e. Grand Commander), who controlled the southern Siam in both civil and military affairs. The Samuha Nayak preceeded over the Chatu Sadombh (i.e. Four Pillars). The responsibilities of each pillar were rather overlapping and uncertain.
In 1888, Chulalongkorn tried the new ministerial government. The ministers were, in the beginning, the members of royal family. The official establishment of ministries was promulgated in 1892, with all ministries in equal status.
As the Council of State proved unable to veto the legal drafts or to give Chulalongkorn advices because the members still respected Chulalongkorn as an absolutist monarch. Chulalongkorn then dissolve the Council altogether and transfered the duty to give advices to the cabinet in 1894.
Chulalongkorn also abolished the traditional Nakorn Bala methods of tortures in judiciary process, which was seen as inhumane and barbaric by Western and Modern views, and introduced the Western code. His Belgian advisor, Rolin-Jaequemyns, played a great role in the development of modern Siamese law and judical system.
Call for democracy
Chulalongkorn was the first Siamese king to send the royal princes to Europe to educate. Nineteenth century Europe was where nationalism flourished and call for liberty was urging. The princes, of course, had been influenced by liberal ideas of democracy or elections. They encountered the republic like France and the constitutional monarchy like United Kingdom.
In 1884 (103 of Rattakosin Era), Siamese officials in London and Paris arranged a request to Chulalongkorn, citing that the threats from European colonialism was coming and Siam should be reformed in such the way of modernization like Meiji Japan and Siam should became a constitutional monarchy. However, Chulalongkorn stated that it was not yet the time and himself was urging the reforms.
Through Chulalongkorn reign, radical writers had their works published for the first time. The most notable ones included Tianwan, who had been imprisoned for 17 years and from the prison he produced many works critizising old Siamese society.
Conflict with French Indochina
In 1863, King Norodom of Cambodia was forced to put his own country under the French Protectorate. The cessation of Cambodia was officially formulated in 1867. However, the Inner Cambodia (as called by Siam) consisting of Battambang, Siemreap, and Srisopon, remained Siamese possession. This is the first territorial cessation which would be followed by many.
In 1887, the French Indochina was formed composing of Vietnam and Cambodia. In 1888, French troops invaded Northern Laos to subjugate the Heo insurgents. However, after that they never left. Yet the French demanded more Laotian lands. In 1893 Auguste Pavie, the French vice-consul of Luang Prabang, requested the cessation of all Laotian lands east of Mekong. Siam, of course, resented the demand, leading to the Franco-Siamese War of 1893.
The French gunboat Le Lutin entered the Chao Phraya and anchored near the French consulate ready to attack. Fightings were observed in Laos. Inconstant and Comete was attacked in Chao Phraya, and the French sent an ultimatum: an Indemnity of three million francs; the cessation and retreat from Laos. Siam did not obey the ultimatum. French troops then blocked the Gulf of Siam and occupied Chantaburi and Trat. Chulalongkorn sent Rolin-Jacquemyns to negotiate. The issue was eventually settled with the cession of Laos in 1893, but the French troops in Chantaburi and Trat refused to leave.
The cessation of Laotian vast lands had a major impact on Chulalongkorn’s spirit. Prince Vajirunhis died in 1894. Prince Vajiravudh was created crown prince to replace hhim. Chulalongkorn then realised the importance of maintaining the navy. He established the Royal Thai Naval Academy in 1898.
In spite of Siamese concessions, French armies held on the occupation of Chantaburi and Trat for another 10 years. An agreement was reached in 1903 that French troops would leave Chantaburi but held coastlands from Trat to Koh Kong. In 1906, the final agreement was reached. Trat was returned to Siam but the French kept Koh Kong and received Inner Cambodia.
Upon seeing the seriousness of foreign affairs, Chulalongkorn made his visit to Europe in 1897; the first Siamese monarch to do that, to gain European recognition of Siam as a fully-independent and honorary power. He appointed his queen, Saovabha, as a regent in Siam during his venture to Europe.
Local Reforms and Constructions
Siam had composed of the network of cities according to the Mandala system with local rulers owing tribute to Bangkok. Each city retained quite a substantial degree of autonomy, as Siam wasn’t a “state” but a “network” of city-states. With the rise of European colonialism, the Western concept of state and territorial division was introduced. It had to define explicitly which lands were “Siamese” and which lands were “foreign”. The conflict with the French in 1893 was an example.
With his experiences during the travel to British colonies and the suggestion of Prince Damrong, Chulalongkorn instigated the hierarchical system of provinces in 1897, composing of Province, City, Amphoe, Tambon, and Mhu Ban (village) in the descending order. (Though a whole province - the Eastern Province - e.g. Inner Cambodia - was given off to the French in 1906) Each province was overseen by an intendant. This had a major impact, ending the power of all local dynasties. The central authority now spread all over the country through the administration of intendants. For example, the Lanna kingdoms owing tributaries to Bangkok, were made into two provinces, neglecting the existence of the Lanna kings.
The construction of railways in Siam was on the political basis. It was necessary to connect all the country to have an eye on every parts of Siam. In 1901, the first railway was opened from Bangkok to Korat. In the same year, the first power plant of Siam gave off its energy. Electric lights were turned on along the roads.
The local rulers did not give up, as three rebellions sprang up in 1901 - the Ngeaw rebellion in Prae, the Phi Buns in Isan, and the Rebellion of Seven Sultans in the south. All these insurgents were crashed in 1902 with the city rulers were stripped off their power and imprisoned.
British Empire
Siamese authorities had exercised a substantial control over Malay sultanates since Ayutthaya times. The sultans sought British support to counterweight Siamese influence. In 1909, the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 was formulated. Four sultanates (namely Kedah, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Perlis) were brought under British influence in exchange for Siamese legal rights and a loan to construct railways in southern Siam.
Abolition of Corvée and Slavery
Since the time of Ayutthaya the lives of Siamese commoners and slaves had been closely regulated by the government. All Siamese common men called prai were subjected to the Siamese corvée system. Each men, at the time of his majority, would be registered to a krom - any kind of government organization or title given to royal members - or a nobleman. Those assigned to a krom were called prai luang (????????). Each year a prai luang would enter the service for the government for three months. The rest of the year he would farm for himself.
However, the corvée system declined after the Bowring Treaty - which gave rise to a new class of employed labourers out of the regulations of the government. Moreover, many noblemen owned a large number of prai. As Chulalongkorn sought to undo the power of nobility, more effective control of manpower was needed. After the establishment of provincial system, Chulalongkorn began the census to get the statistics of all men available to the government. In 1900, the Employment Act stated that all workers should be paid, not forced to do their work, and in 1905 the Conscription Act established military conscription in Siam, thus ending the traditional corvée system.
Chulalongkorn was best known for his abolition of Siamese slavery. He saw the slave abolition in the United States as a bloodshed that led to American Civil War. Chulalongkorn, to prevent such bloodbath in Siam, provided several steps towards slave abolition, not an extreme turn point from servitude to total freedom. In fact, American and Siamese slaves were not on the same basis, as American slavery was racial by Siamese slavery was indeed an economic one. Those who found themselves unable to live on their own poverty sold themselves into slavery of rich noblemen, or when a debt was defaulted the borrower would became a slave for lender. If the debt was redeemed, one's freedom was regained.
However, those whose parents were slaves, called household slaves (???????????????), were bound to be slaves forever because their redemnation price were incredibly high. Due to economic conditions, people sold themselves into slaves in a great number and they produced a large number of household slaves. As in 1867, they accounted for one-third of Siamese population. In 1874, Chulalongkorn enacted an act that lowered the redemnation prices of household slaves born in 1867 (his ascension year) and freed all of them when they had reached 21.
The newly-freed slaves would had time to settled themselves as farmers or merchants so they would not become unemployed sectors. In 1905, the Slave Abolition Act ended Siamese slavery in all forms.
Death and Legacy
The Royal Equestrian Statue of Chulalongkorn was finished in 1908 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the king’s reign. It was cast in bronze by Parisian metallurgist, placed on the marble base.
Chulalongkorn had visited Europe two times in 1897 and 1907; the latter time is to cure his kidney disease. His last accomplishment was the establishment of plumbing system in 1908. Chulalongkorn eventually passed away in 1909 of his kidney disease in Dusit Palace. To be succeeded by his son Vajiravudh.
Chulalongkorn University, founded in 1917 as the first university in Thailand, was named in his honour.
In 1997 a memorial pavilion was raised in honor of King Chulalongkorn in Ragunda, Sweden. This was done to commemorate King Chulalongkorn's visit to Sweden in 1897 where he visited the World Fair. During the time when Swedish-Norwegian king Oscar II travelled to Norway for a council, Chulalongkorn went up north to study forestry. Beginning in Härnösand and travelling via Sollefteå and Ragunda he mounted a boat in the small village of Utanede in order to take him back through Sundsvall to Stockholm. His passage through Utanede left a mark on the village as one street was named after the king. The pavilion is erected right next to that road.
In 2003, the Thai baht 100-baht note was revised to depict King Chulalongkorn in navy uniform and, in the background, abolishing the slave tradition.
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