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A
monthon. One of the most serious of these rebellions ({{lang|th-Latn|
Prakot Kan Pi Bun}} {{lang|th|ปรากฏการณ์ผีบุญ}}) recalled the resistance toThonburi authority by the monk Chao Phra Faang, 1768–1770. A former monk and
Phu Mi Bun in the Ubon Ratchathani area headed a millenarian sect inspired by his predictions of 'apocalyptic' vision. His apocalyptic prophecy created panic among almost all of the Isan people until the Bangkok government eventually crushed it.
In 1915 there were 19 monthon containing 72 provinces, however due to economic problems several monthon were merged in 1925, monthon Phetchabun was already dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, Pattani, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachinburi, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Ratchaburi, Ayutthaya, Udon Thani and Krung Thep (Bangkok). In 1932 another four were abolished - Pattani, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Chaisi and Chanthaburi. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished with the
Provincial Administration Act B.E. 2476, part of the changes made after the coup d'état which changed the absolute monarchy to a democracy. Since then the 70 provinces were the second level administrative division.
North
- Phayap ({{lang-th|มณฑลพายัพ}}): The monthon was originally called North-western monthon ({{lang-th|มณฑลฝ่ายตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ}}, monthon fai tawan-tok chiang nua) in 1899, but was renamed to Phayap one year later. The actual administrative reform was established gradually between 1907 and 1915, succeeding the previous high commissionership. It covered the northern principalities of former Lannathai, the provinces Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai is the second-largest province of Thailand, located in the north of the country. Neighboring provinces are Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Tak, and Mae Hong Son. In the north it borders Shan State of Burma...
, LamphunLamphun is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Chiang Mai, Lampang and Tak.-Geography:Lamphun is located in the river valley of the Ping River, surrounded by mountain chains....
, Mae Hong SonMost of the areas of Mae Hong Son Province are complex mountain ranges and likely still pristine virgin forest. Of the approximately 6,976,650 rai of national forest reserves, 88.02% is thought to be pristine virgin forest...
, LampangLampang is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Chiang Rai, Phayao, Phrae, Sukhothai, Tak, Lamphun and Chiang Mai. The old name of Lampang is Khelang Nakhon.-Geography:...
, Chiang RaiChiang Rai is the northernmost province of Thailand. Neighbouring provinces are Phayao, Lampang and Chiang Mai. In the north it borders Shan State of Myanmar and Bokeo of Laos.-Geography:...
, NanNan is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Uttaradit, Phrae and Phayao. To the north and east it borders Sainyabuli of Laos.-Geography:...
and PhraePhrae is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phayao, Nan, Uttaradit, Sukhothai and Lampang.-Geography:Phrae is located in the valley of the river Yom.-History:...
.
- Maharat ({{lang-th|มณฑลมหาราษฎร์}}): The monthon Maharat was created in 1915, when the monthon Phayap was split into two halves. It covered the eastern part of former Phayap, i.e. the provinces Chiang Rai, Nan, Lampang and Phrae.
- Nakhon Sawan ({{lang-th|มณฑลนครสวรรค์}}): The monthon Nakhon Sawan was created in 1895, and was thus among the first ones created. It covered the provinces Nakhon Sawan
Nakhon Sawan is one of the provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Kamphaeng Phet, Phichit, Phetchabun, Lop Buri, Sing Buri, Chai Nat, Uthai Thani and Tak.- Etymology :...
, ChainatChainat is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Sing Buri, Suphan Buri and Uthai Thani.-Geography:...
, Kamphaeng PhetKamphaeng Phet is one of the provinces of Thailand, located in the north of the country. Neighboring provinces are Sukhothai, Phitsanulok, Phichit, Nakhon Sawan and Tak.- Etymology :...
, Manorom, Phayuhakhiri, Sankhaburi, TakTak is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi...
, Uthai ThaniUthai Thani is one of the provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Sawan, Chai Nat, Suphan Buri, Kanchanaburi and Tak.-Geography:...
.
- Phitsanulok ({{lang-th|มณฑลพิษณุโลก}}): Monthon Phitsanulok was established in 1894. It covered the provinces Phitsanulok
Phitsanulok is a provinces of Thailand, located in the north. Neighboring provinces are Loei, Phetchabun, Phichit, Kamphaeng Phet, Sukhothai, Uttaradit. In the north-east it also has a short border with Xaignabouli of Laos....
, Phichai, Phichit, SukhothaiSukhothai is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phrae, Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, and Lampang...
, Sawankhalok.
- Phetchabun ({{lang-th|มณฑลเพชรบูรณ์}}): Monthon Phetchabun was split off from monthon Nakhon Ratchasima in 1899. It consisted of the two provinces Lom Sak and Phetchabun
Phetchabun is one of the northern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Loei, Khon Kaen, Chaiyaphum, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit and Phitsanulok.- Geography :...
, which were later merged. It then became the only monthon covering a single province. It was temporarily included into the monthon Pitsanulok from 1903-1907, before it was finally abolished in 1915 and incorporated into monthon Phitsanulok.
North-East
- Nakhon Ratchasima ({{lang-th|มณฑลนครราชสีมา}}): Monthon Nakhon Ratchasima was the first monthon to be created in 1893. It covered the provinces Nakhon Ratchasima
Nakhon Ratchasima or , often shortened to Korat or Khorat , is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand...
(Khorat), Buri RamBuri Ram or is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Sa Kaeo, Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham and Surin. To the south-east it borders Oddar Meancheay of Cambodia...
, ChaiyaphumChaiyaphum is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima, Lopburi and Phetchabun.- Etymology :...
. In 1899 the monthon Phetchabun was split off from Khorat.
- Isan ({{lang-th|มณฑลอีสาน}}): Monthon Isan was established in 1900. In June 1912 it was split into the two parts - monthon Roi-Et and monthon Ubon.
- Roi-Et ({{lang-th|มณฑลร้อยเอ็ด}}): Monthon Roi-Et was split from monthon Isan in 1912. It contained the provinces Roi Et
Roi Et is one of the provinces of Thailand, located in the North-East of Thailand. Neighboring Provinces are Kalasin, Mukdahan, Yasothon, Sisaket, Surin and Maha Sarakham....
, KalasinKalasin is one of the provinces of Thailand, located in the North-East of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Sakon Nakhon, Mukdahan, Roi Et, Maha Sarakham, Khon Kaen and Udon Thani.-Geography:...
and Maha SarakhamMaha Sarakham is one of the provinces of Thailand, located in the northeastern region of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Kalasin, Roi Et, Surin, Buriram and Khon Kaen....
.
- Ubon ({{lang-th|มณฑลอุบล}}): Monthon Ubon was split from monthon Isan in 1912. It contained the provinces Ubon Ratchathani
-History:The area was part of the Khmer Empire. Before the late eighteenth century, this area evidently was outside Siamese or Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom....
, Khukhan, SisaketSisaket , is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Surin, Roi Et, Yasothon and Ubon Ratchathani. To the south it borders Oddar Meancheay and Preah Vihear of Cambodia.-Geography:...
and SurinSurin is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Buriram, Maha Sarakham, Roi Et and Sisaket...
.
- Udon ({{lang-th|มณฑลอุดร}}): Monthon Udon was established in 1899. It contained the provinces Udon Thani
Udon Thani is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Kalasin, Khon Kaen, Nong Bua Lamphu and Loei.- Geography :...
, Khon Kaen-History:The first city of the area was established in 1783 when Rajakruluang settled there with 330 people. King Rama I made Rajakruluang the first governor of the area when establishing tighter connections with the Isan area. The main city was moved six times until in 1879 it reached its modern...
, LoeiLoei is one of the most sparsely populated provinces of Thailand, located in the North-East. Neighboring provinces are Nong Khai, Udon Thani, Nongbua Lamphu, Khon Kaen, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok...
, Nakhon PhanomNakhon Phanom is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon and Bueng Kan. To the north-east it borders Khammouan of Laos.-Geography:...
, Nong KhaiNong Khai is the northernmost of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Bueng Kan, Sakon Nakhon, Udon Thani and Loei...
and Sakon NakhonSakon Nakhon is one of the north-eastern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nong Khai, Nakhon Phanom, Mukdahan, Kalasin and Udon Thani...
.
South
- Phuket ({{lang-th|มณฑลภูเก็ต}}): Monthon Phuket was established in 1898, succeeding a previously established commissionership. It consisted of the provinces Phuket
Phuket , formerly known as Thalang and, in Western sources, Junk Ceylon , is one of the southern provinces of Thailand...
, Thalang, RanongRanong is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the coast of the Andaman Sea. It is the province with the fewest citizens. Neighboring provinces are Chumphon, Surat Thani and Phang Nga...
, Phang NgaPhang Nga is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the shore to the Andaman Sea. Neighboring provinces are Ranong, Surat Thani and Krabi. To the south is the Phuket province, but without land boundary to Phang Nga....
, Takua Pa and KrabiKrabi is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, at the shore of the Andaman Sea. Neighbouring provinces are Phang Nga, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Trang. The Phuket province to the west is also neighbouring, but without any land boundary...
. In 1907 SatunSatun is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Trang, Phatthalung and Songkhla...
was added when most of the area of monthon Kedah was ceded to Britain.
- Chumphon ({{lang-th|มณฑลชุมพร}}): Monthon Chumphon was established in 1896 consisting of the provinces Chumphon
Chumphon ) is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, at the shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Prachuap Khiri Khan, Surat Thani and Ranong...
, Chaiya, Kanchanadit and Lang Suan. Chaiya and Kanchanadit were later merged into one province named Chaiya. In 1905 the monthon administration was moved to Ban Don, the center of Chaiya province. Together with the rename of Chaiya to Surat ThaniSurat Thani is the largest of the southern provinces of Thailand, on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Surat Thani means City of Good People, the title given to the city by King Vajiravudh ....
the monthon got renamed to "Monthon Surat". 1925 the monthon was incorporated into monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat.
- Nakhon Si Thammarat
The Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat was an administrative subdivision of Thailand in the early 20th century. It covered the eastern part of Southern Thailand.-History:...
({{lang-th|มณฑลนครศรีธรรมราช}}): Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat was established in 1896, consisting of the provinces SongkhlaSongkhla is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Satun, Phatthalung, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani and Yala. To the south it borders Kedah and Perlis of Malaysia....
, Nakhon Si ThammaratNakhon Si Thammarat is one of the southern provinces of Thailand, at the eastern shore of the Gulf of Thailand...
and Phattalung.
- Pattani ({{lang-th|มณฑลปัตตานี}}): Monthon Pattani was created in 1906, and covered the so-called Seven Malay Provinces Pattani
Pattani is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Narathiwat, Yala and Songkhla.-Geography:...
(Tani), YalaYala is the southernmost province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Songkhla, Pattani and Narathiwat. Yala is the only land-locked province in the south of Thailand...
, Sai Buri, Yaring, Nong Chik, Raman, Ra-ngae.
- Kedah
Kedah is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km², and it consists of the mainland and Langkawi. The mainland has a relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice...
({{lang-th|มณฑลเกดะห์}}); later SyburiSaiburi is the name for the Malay state of Kedah returned to Thailand when the Japanese occupied British Malaya during World War II....
({{lang-th|มณฑลไทรบุรี}}): Monthon Kedah was established in 1897. It covered the provinces Kedah, PerlisPerlis is the smallest state in Malaysia. It lies at the northern part of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and has Satun and Songkhla Provinces of Thailand on its northern border. It is bordered by the state of Kedah to the south...
and SatunSatun is one of the southern provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Trang, Phatthalung and Songkhla...
. In 1907 Kedah was ceded to Britain, Satun as the only remaining province was added to monthon Phuket.
Central
- Krung Thep (Bangkok; {{lang-th|มณฑลกรุงเทพ}}): The area around the capital was under the control of the ministry of Urban Affairs, however a similar administration was established with the monthon Krung Theb in 1897. It consisted of the provinces Phra Nakhon
Bangkok is the capital and largest urban area city in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep , meaning "city of angels." The full name of Bangkok is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom...
, Thon BuriThon Buri is an area of modern Bangkok. It was capital of Thailand from 1767 to 1782, during the reign of King Taksin, after the previous capital Ayutthaya was sacked by the Burmese. It is located on the opposite bank of Chao Phraya River to Bangkok...
, NonthaburiNonthaburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Bangkok and Nakhon Pathom....
, Pathum Thani, Phra Pradaeng (Nakhon Khueankhan), Samut PrakanSamut Prakan is one of the central provinces of Thailand. It is part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Neighboring provinces are Bangkok, to the north and west, and Chachoengsao to the east....
, Thanyaburi, Min Buri. Pathum Thani and Thanyaburi later transferred to monthon Ayutthaya. In 1915 it was renamed to Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon (Bangkok Metropolis). In 1922 the ministry of Urban Affairs was dissolved and put under the Ministry of Interior, like all the other monthon.
- Ayutthaya ({{lang-th|มณฑลอยุธยา}}: Monthon Ayutthaya was created in 1893 as Monthon Krung Kao ({{lang-th|มณฑลกรุงเก่า}}), consisting of the provinces Ayutthaya
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Ang Thong, Lop Buri, Saraburi, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Suphan Buri....
(then called Krung Kao), Ang ThongAng Thong is one of the central provinces of Thailand. The name means "golden bowl" which refer to Angthong as a central for prosperity as it has a lot of rice fields....
, Lop BuriLop Buri is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phetchabun, Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Saraburi, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Ang Thong, Sing Buri and Nakhon Sawan.-Geography:...
, Phrom Buri, Sara BuriSaraburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Lopburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Nayok, Pathum Thani and Ayutthaya. Saraburi has been an important town since ancient times...
.
- Ratchaburi ({{lang-th|มณฑลราชบุรี}}): Monthon Ratchaburi was created in 1895 and covered the provinces Ratchaburi
Ratchaburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom,Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram and Phetchaburi...
, Kanchanaburi- History :Archaeology found in Kanchanaburi dates back to the 4th century which proves of trade with surrounding countries even in that time. Very little is also historically known about the actual Khmer influence in Kanchanaburi but there is evidence of their occupation with Prasat Muang Singh –...
, Samut SongkhramSamut Songkhram ) is one of the central provinces of Thailand.Neighboring provinces are Phetchaburi, Ratchaburi and Samut Sakhon. Local people call Samut Songkhram Mae Klong. The province is the smallest of all Thai provinces areawise...
, PhetchaburiPhetchaburi is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Ratchaburi, Samut Songkhram and Prachuap Khiri Khan...
and Prachuap Khiri KhanPrachuap Khiri Khan is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Phetchaburi in the north and Chumphon in the south. To the west it borders Tanintharyi Division of Myanmar....
.
- Nakhon Chai Si ({{lang-th|มณฑลนครชัยศรี}}): Monthon Nakhon Chai Si was established in 1895, consisting of the provinces Nakhon Chai Si
Nakhon Pathom ) is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Suphan Buri, Ayutthaya, Nonthaburi, Bangkok, Samut Sakhon, Ratchaburi and Kanchanaburi...
, Samut SakhonSamut Sakhon ) is one of the central provinces of Thailand.Neighboring provinces are Samut Songkhram, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom and Bangkok.- Etymology :...
and Suphan BuriSuphan Buri is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Uthai Thani, Chai Nat, Sing Buri, Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Nakhon Pathom and Kanchanaburi.- Etymology :...
.
East
- Prachinburi ({{lang-th|มณฑลปราจีนบุรี}}): Monthon Prachinburi was established in 1893, covering the provinces Prachin Buri
Prachin Buri is a province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Nakhon Ratchasima, Sa Kaeo, Chachoengsao and Nakhon Nayok.-Geography:...
, ChachoengsaoChachoengsao is a province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Prachin Buri, Sa Kaeo, Chanthaburi, Chon Buri, Samut Prakan, Bangkok, Pathum Thani and Nakhon Nayok. It also has a short coast to the Gulf of Thailand.-History:Chachoengsao or Paet Rio is a province in the Central region...
, Nakhon NayokNakhon Nayok is one of the central provinces of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Saraburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Prachinburi, Chachoengsao and Pathum Thani....
and Phanom Sarakham.
- Burapa ({{lang-th|มณฑลบูรพา}}): Monthon Burapha was established in 1903, and covered the provinces Sisophon
Sisophon was a changwat of Thailand. In 1906 it was ceded to French Indochina. It is now part of Cambodia and known as Banteay Meanchey....
, BattambangPhra Tabong Province was a province of Thailand, from the late 18th century until it was ceded to French Indochina in 1907, and again between 1941-1946 after Thailand recaptured it during the Japanese occupation of Cambodia in World War II....
, Phanomsok and Siamriap, all in modern day CambodiaCambodia , officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia...
. In 1906 the area was ceded to French Indochina.
- Chanthaburi ({{lang-th|มณฑลจันทบุรี}}): Monthon Chanthaburi was established in 1906, covering the provinces Chanthaburi
Chanthaburi is a province of Thailand. It is located in the east of Thailand, at the border to Battambang and Pailin of Cambodia and the shore to the Gulf of Thailand...
, RayongRayong province is a province of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are Chon Buri and Chanthaburi. To the south is the Gulf of Thailand.-History:...
and TratTrat is a province of Thailand. It is located in the east of Thailand, and has borders with Chanthaburi Province to the northwest, Cambodia to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the south.Trat is most famous for gemstone mining and trading....
. The monthon was created just after the area of monthon Burapa was ceded, and the French returned the province Trat to Thai authority.
Boriwen
The larger monthon Phayap, Udon Thani and Isan had an additional administrative level between monthon and provincial administration. Three to five
boriwenBoriwen were subdivisions of three of the larger Thai monthon. Several mueang were grouped together into one boriwen. In 1908 the boriwen were renamed to changwat, which became the name of provinces countrywide in 1916....
(บริเวณ), each administrated by a commissioner (
khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).
See also
- Mandala (Southeast Asian history)
Mandala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". The mandala is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power in early Southeast Asian history when local power was more important...
- Subdivisions of Thailand
- Former provinces of Thailand
Additional reading
- Twentieth century impressions of Siam its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources, with which is incorporated an abridged edition of Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya. Editor in chief: Arnold Wright. Assistant editor: Oliver T. Breakspear. London: Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company. 1908. Library of Congress classification: DS565.W7. The subject is survey and map making in Siam, and gives the rationale for land control without mentioning the monthon system directly. Open Library