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In linguistics
Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
, a calque or loan translation is a word
Word

A word is a unit of language that represents a concept which can be expressively communication with Meaning . A word consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetic value....
 or phrase
Phrase

In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a Sentence .For example the house at the end of the street is a phrase....
 borrowed from another language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
 by literal
Literal

Literal may refer to:*Literal and figurative language, taken in a non-figurative sense.*Literal translation, the close adherence to the forms of a source language text....
, word-for-word (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation.

For example, the common English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
 phrase "flea market
Flea market

A flea market or swap meet is a type of bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered. It may be indoors, such as in a warehouse or school gymnasium; or it may be outdoors, such as in a field or under a tent....
" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French
French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
 "marché aux puces".

Going in the other direction, from English to French, provides an example of how a compound word may be calqued by first breaking it down into its component root
Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
s.






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In linguistics
Linguistics

Linguistics is the science study of natural language. Linguistics encompasses a number of sub-fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure and the study of Meaning ....
, a calque or loan translation is a word
Word

A word is a unit of language that represents a concept which can be expressively communication with Meaning . A word consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetic value....
 or phrase
Phrase

In grammar, a phrase is a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a Sentence .For example the house at the end of the street is a phrase....
 borrowed from another language
Language

A language is a form of symbol communication in which elements are combined to represents something other than themselves. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon....
 by literal
Literal

Literal may refer to:*Literal and figurative language, taken in a non-figurative sense.*Literal translation, the close adherence to the forms of a source language text....
, word-for-word (Latin
Latin

Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
: "verbum pro verbo") or root-for-root translation.

For example, the common English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
 phrase "flea market
Flea market

A flea market or swap meet is a type of bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered. It may be indoors, such as in a warehouse or school gymnasium; or it may be outdoors, such as in a field or under a tent....
" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French
French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
 "marché aux puces".

Going in the other direction, from English to French, provides an example of how a compound word may be calqued by first breaking it down into its component root
Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
s. The French "gratte-ciel" is a word-coinage inspired by the model of the English "skyscraper
Skyscraper

A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no official definition nor height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper....
" — "gratter" literally translates as "to scrape", and "ciel" translates as "sky".

Used as a verb
Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
, "to calque" means to loan-translate from another language so as to create a new lexeme
Lexeme

A lexeme is an abstract Unit of Morphology Semantic analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word....
 in the target language
Target language

A target language is a language that is the focus or end result of certain processes.*In applied linguistics and second language pedagogy, the term "target language" refers to any language that learners are trying to learn in addition to their native language....
.

"Calque" itself is a loanword
Loanword

A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
 from a French noun
Noun

In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open class lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition....
, and derives from the verb
Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word that usually denotes an action , an occurrence , or a state of being . Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its grammatical tense, grammatical aspect, grammatical mood and grammatical voice....
 "calquer" (to trace, to copy). Loan translation is itself a calque of the German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
 "Lehnübersetzung".

Proving a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than an untranslated loanword, since in some cases a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the language proposed to be borrowing, or the calque contains less obvious imagery.

English


From Chinese

  • English brainwashing
    Brainwashing

    Brainwashing consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and beliefs in a person ? beliefs sometimes unwelcome or in conflict with the person's prior beliefs and knowledge, in order to affect that individual's value system and subsequent thought-patterns and behaviors....
     calques — usage via U.S. military during Korean War
    Korean War

    The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korea and South Korea regimes, with major hostilities lasting from June 25, 1950 until the armistice signed on July 27, 1953....
    .
  • English long time no see calques , via Chinese Pidgin English
    Chinese Pidgin English

    Chinese Pidgin English is a Pidgin language between English and Chinese. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, there was also a Chinese Pidgin English spoken in Yue Chinese-speaking portions of China....
    .
  • English look-see calques or (via pidgin English
    Pidgin English

    Pidgin English is a non-specific name used to refer to any of the many pidgin languages derived from English language. English-based pidgins include:...
    )
  • English lose face calques
  • English paper tiger
    Paper tiger

    Paper tiger is a literal English language translation of the Chinese language phrase zhi laohu , meaning something which seems as threatening as a tiger, but is really harmless....
     calques


From French

  • English Adam's apple
    Adam's apple

    The laryngeal prominence?commonly known as the Adam's Apple?is a feature of the human neck. This lump, or protrusion, is formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx....
     calques French pomme d'Adam
  • English bushmeat
    Bushmeat

    Bushmeat is the term commonly used for meat of terrestrial animal wild animals, killed for subsistence or commercial purposes throughout the humid tropics of the Americas, Asia, and Africa....
     calques French
    French language

    French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
     viande de brousse
  • English crime of passion
    Crime of passion

    A crime of passion, in popular usage, refers to a crime in which the perpetrator commits a crime, especially assault or murder, against a spouse or other loved one because of sudden strong impulse such as a jealous Rage or heartbreak rather than as a premeditated crime....
     calques French crime passionel
  • English by heart (or off by heart) calques French par cœur
  • English Governor-General
    Governor-General

    The term governor general or governor-general refers to a Viceroy representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription....
     calques French Gouverneur Général
  • English free verse
    Free verse

    Free Verse poetry does not have a strict pattern of rhyming. It does not have regular meter, rhyme, fixed line length, or a specific stanza pattern....
     calques French vers libre
  • English old guard calques French Vieille Garde (the most senior regiments of the Imperial Guard
    Imperial Guard

    The Imperial Guard was originally a small group of elite soldiers of the La Grande Armee under the direct command of Napoleon I, but grew considerably over time....
     of Napoleon I)
  • English flea market
    Flea market

    A flea market or swap meet is a type of bazaar where inexpensive or secondhand goods are sold or bartered. It may be indoors, such as in a warehouse or school gymnasium; or it may be outdoors, such as in a field or under a tent....
     calques French marché aux puces
  • English marriage of convenience
    Marriage of convenience

    A marriage of convenience is a marriage contracted for reasons other than the reasons of relationship, family, or love. Instead, such a marriage is orchestrated for personal gain or some other sort of strategic purpose, such as immigration....
     calques French mariage de convenance
  • English New Wave
    British New Wave

    The British New Wave is the name given to a trend in filmmaking among Film directors in United Kingdom in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The label is a translation of French New Wave, the French term first applied to the films of Fran?ois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard and others....
     (artistic period) calques French Nouvelle Vague
    French New Wave

    The New Wave was a blanket term coined by critics for a group of Cinema of France of the late 1950s and 1960s, influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema....
  • English rhinestone
    Rhinestone

    A rhinestone or paste or diamante is a diamond simulant made from rock crystal, glass or Polymethyl methacrylate.Originally, rhinestones were rock crystals gathered from the river Rhine....
     calques French caillou du Rhin "Rhine pebble"
  • English staircase wit calques French l'esprit de l'escalier
    L'esprit de l'escalier

    L'esprit d'escalier is a French language term used in English that describes the predicament of thinking of the right wikt:retort too late. Originally a witticism of Denis Diderot, the France French Encyclop?distes, in his Paradoxe sur le Com?dien....
  • English that goes without saying calques French cela va sans dire


From German or Dutch

  • English masterpiece
    Masterpiece

    Masterpiece in modern usage refers to a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill or workmanship....
     calques either Dutch meesterstuk or German Meisterstück


From Dutch
  • English pineapple
    Pineapple

    Pineapple is the common name for an edible tropical plant and also its fruit. It is native to the southern part of Brazil, and Paraguay. This herbaceous plant perennial plant grows to tall with 30 or more trough-shaped and pointed leaves long, surrounding a thick plant stem....
     calques Dutch sparappel
  • English superconductor calques Dutch suprageleider


From German
  • English antibody
    Antibody

    Antibodies are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacterium and viruses....
     calques German Antikörper
  • English ball lightning
    Ball lightning

    Ball lightning may be an atmospheric electricity phenomenon, the physical nature of which is still controversial. The term refers to reports of luminous, usually spherical objects which vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter....
     calques German Kugelblitz
  • English beer garden
    Beer garden

    Beer garden is an open-air area where beverages, , and prepared food are served. It is usually attached to a drinking establishment such as a public house or a German beer hall, which in places such as Munich may serve large numbers of customers....
     calques German Biergarten
  • English concertmaster
    Concertmaster

    The concertmaster/mistress, or concertmeister is the leader of the first violin section of an orchestra. Any violin solo in an orchestral work is played by the concertmaster ....
     and concertmeister calque German Konzertmeister
  • English earworm
    Earworm

    Earworm, a calque of the German language Ohrwurm, is a term for a portion of a song or other musical material that repetition compulsively within one's mind, known colloquially as "music being stuck in one's head"....
     calques German Ohrwurm
  • English flamethrower
    Flamethrower

    A flamethrower is a mechanical device designed to project a long controllable stream of fire.Some flamethrowers project a stream of ignited liquid fuel; some project a long Liquefied petroleum gas flame....
     calques German Flammenwerfer
  • English foreword
    Foreword

    A foreword is a piece of writing often found at the beginning of a book or other piece of literature, before the introduction , and written by someone other than the author of the book....
     perhaps calques German Vorwort, which itself calques Latin præfatio (from præ- "before" plus fari "speak") "preface"
  • English hero
    Hero

    A hero , in Greek mythology and folklore, was originally a demigod, the offspring of a mortal and a deity,their Greek hero cult being one of the most distinctive features of Religion in ancient Greece....
    ic tenor
    Tenor

    The tenor is a type of male voice type and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between the C one octave below middle C to the A above in choral music, and up to high C in solo work....
     calques German Heldentenor
  • English intelligence quotient
    Intelligence quotient

    An Intelligence Quotient or IQ is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests attempting to measure intelligence. The term "IQ," a calque of the German language Intelligenz-Quotient, was coined by the German psychologist William Stern in 1912 as a proposed method of scoring early modern children's intelligenc...
     calques German Intelligenzquotient
  • English loan translation calques German Lehnübersetzung
  • English loanword
    Loanword

    A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
     calques German Lehnwort
  • English mercury/quicksilver vapor lamp calques German Quecksilberdampflampe
  • English motorway
    Motorway

    Motorway is a term for both a type of road and a classification or designation. Motorways are high capacity roads designed to carry fast motor traffic safely....
     calques German Autobahn
  • English overman
    Overman

    Overman is an English translation of the term ?bermenschOverman may also refer to:* Larry E. Overman, American chemist* Lee Slater Overman, former U.S....
     and superman
    Superman

    Superman is a Character , a comic book superhero widely considered to be an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, Ohio, and sold to DC Comics in 1938, the character first appeared in Action Comics Action Comics 1 and subseque...
     (i.e., self-transcending human) calque German Übermensch
    Übermensch

    The ?bermensch is a concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche posited the ?bermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself in his 1883 book Thus Spoke Zarathustra ....
  • English power politics calques German Machtpolitik
  • English rainforest
    Rainforest

    Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750?2000 mm . The monsoon trough, alternately known as the intertropical convergence zone, plays a significant role in creating Earth's tropical rain forests....
     calques German Regenwald
  • English standpoint
    Standpoint

    Standpoint may refer to:*Standpoint , a monthly British cultural and political magazine*standpoint theory*standpoint feminism*BVI Standpoint, a newspaper published in the British Virgin Islands...
     (point of view) calques German Standpunkt
  • English superego (formed from Latin super- "over, above" plus ego "I") calques German Überich "over-I"
  • English stormtrooper
    Stormtrooper

    The Stormtroopers were specialist military troops which were formed in the last years of World War I as the German army developed new methods of attacking enemy trenches, called "infiltration tactics"....
    s     calques German Sturmtruppen
  • English subliminal
    Subliminal

    Subliminal may refer to:* Subliminal messages* Subliminal , an American Electronica group from New York* Subliminal , an Israeli rapper and producer...
     (formed from Latin sub-, "below", plus limin (gen. liminis, "threshold") calques German unterschwellig, "beneath the threshold"
  • English thought experiment
    Thought experiment

    A thought experiment , sometimes called a Gedanken experiment, is a proposal for an experiment that would test or illuminate a hypothesis or theory....
     calques German Gedankenexperiment
  • English watershed calques German Wasserscheide
  • English worldview calques German Weltanschauung
  • English world war
    World war

    A world war is a war affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations. World wars span several continents, and last for multiple years....
     calques German Weltkrieg


From Hebrew

  • English scapegoat
    Scapegoat

    The scapegoat was a goat that was driven off into the wilderness as part of the ceremonies of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, in Judaism during the times of the Temple in Jerusalem....
    , a mistaken calque of Hebrew ????? (Azazel
    Azazel

    Azazel is an enigmatic name from the Hebrew Bible and Apocrypha, where the name is used interchangeably with Rameel and Gadriel. The word's first appearance is in Leviticus 16, where a goat is designated "for Azazel" and outcast in the desert as part of Yom Kippur....
    ) as ez ozel ( literally, "the goat that departs"; hence "(e)scape goat". Mistranslation attributed to William Tyndale
    William Tyndale

    William Tyndale was a 16th-century Protestant reformer and scholar who, influenced by the work of Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther, translated the Bible into the Early Modern English of his day....
     in his 1530 translation of the Bible
    Bible

    The Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity. The exact Books of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations....
    .
  • English eye for an eye
    Eye For An Eye

    Eye For An Eye is a Poland Hardcore punk punk rock band founded in 1997 in Bielsko-Biala. EFAE, as it is also known, plays an old school style of punk, more along the veins of The Exploited or even, some say, Agnostic Front....
     calques Hebrew ??? ??? ???, ayin tahat ayin


From Latin

  • English commonplace
    Commonplace

    Commonplace books were a way to compile knowledge, usually by writing information into books. They became significant in Early Modern Europe....
     calques Latin locus communis (referring to a generally applicable literary passage), which itself is a calque of Greek koinos topos
  • English devil's advocate
    Devil's advocate

    In common parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who takes a position, sometimes one he or she disagrees with, for the sake of Logical argument....
     calques Latin advocatus diaboli, referring to an official appointed to present arguments against a proposed canonization or beatification in the Catholic Church
  • English wisdom tooth calques Latin dens sapientiae
  • English Milky Way
    Milky Way

    The Milky Way, sometimes called simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies....
     calques Latin via lactea, which is itself derived from the Greek root galaxias [?a?a??a?], meaning "milky."
  • English Rest in Peace calques Latin requiescat in pace
  • English in a nutshell calques Latin in nuce


From Spanish

  • English blue-blood
    Nobility

    Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary or for a lifetime. Titles of nobility exist today in many countries although it is usually associated with present or former monarchies....
     calques Spanish
    Spanish language

    Spanish or Castilian is a Romance languages that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade....
     
  • English moment of truth calques Spanish , which refers to the time of the final sword thrust in a bullfight.


From other languages

  • English gospel
    Gospel

    In Christianity, a gospel is generally one of the first four books of the New Testament that describe the birth, life, ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus....
     calques Greek
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
     evangelion (good news)


Latin

  • Latin compassio calques Greek sympathia "sympathy" (Latin: "suffering with", Greek: "suffering together")
  • Latin deus ex machina
    Deus ex machina

    A deus ex machina is a plot device in which a surprising or unexpected event occurs in a story's plot, often to resolve flaws or tie up loose ends in the narrative....
     calques Greek apo mechanes theos" (Latin: "god out of the machine", Greek: "out of the machine, god")
  • Latin insectus calques Greek entomos ("insect", from words meaning "to cut into" in the respective languages)
  • Latin musculus "muscle" (= "common house mouse", literally "little mouse" from mus "mouse") calques Greek mys "muscle" (= "mouse")
  • Latin magnanimus calques Greek megalopsychos (from words meaning "great-souled" in the respective languages)


Romance Languages

Examples of Romance language expressions calqued from foreign languages include:
  • French lune de miel, Catalan lluna de mel, Spanish luna de miel, Portuguese lua-de-mel, Italian luna di miele and Romanian luna de miere calque English honeymoon
    Honeymoon

    A honeymoon is the traditional holiday taken by newlyweds to celebrate their marriage in intimacy and seclusion. Today, honeymoons by Westerners are sometimes celebrated somewhere exotic or otherwise considered special and romance ....
  • French gratte-ciel, Catalan gratacels, Spanish rascacielos, Portuguese arranha-céus, Romanian zgârie-nori and Italian grattacielo calque English skyscraper
    Skyscraper

    A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building. There is no official definition nor height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper....
  • French sabot de Denver calques English Denver boot
  • French jardin d'enfants, Spanish jardín de infancia and Portuguese Jardim de infância calque Garden of Infants/children, from German Kindergarten
    Kindergarten

    is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling. Children are taught to develop basic skills through creative play and social interaction....
     (children's garden)
  • Spanish baloncesto and Italian pallacanestro calque English "basketball
    Basketball

    Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a basketball through a 10 feet  high hoop under organized rules....
    "


French

  • French courriel (contraction of courrier électronique) calques English email (contraction of electronic mail)
  • French disque dur calques English hard disk
    Hard disk

    A hard disk drive , commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating hard disk platters with magnetic surfaces....
  • French bienvenue calques English welcome
    Welcome

    selfref|For a welcome to Wikipedia, see...
     (as if 'well' + 'come'. Eng. 'welcome' is an alt. of O.E. willcyme, willcuma — desired arrival)
  • French carte mère calques English motherboard
    Motherboard

    A motherboard is the central printed circuit board in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple Inc....
  • French en ligne calques English online
  • French hors-ligne (literally: "out of line, off line") calques English offline
  • French haute résolution calques English high resolution
  • French disque compact calques English compact disc
    Compact Disc

    A Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store Data , originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD, available on the market since October 1982, remains the standard physical medium for sale of commercial Sound recording and reproduction to the present day....
  • French haute fidélité calques English hi-fi (high fidelity)
  • French large bande calques English broadband
    Broadband

    The term broadband can have different meanings in different contexts. The term's meaning has undergone substantial shifts....
  • French modulation de fréquence calques English frequency modulation
    Frequency modulation

    In telecommunications, frequency modulation conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency . In analog signal applications, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal....
     (FM)
  • French média de masse calques English mass media
    Mass media

    Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a mainstream such as the population of a nation state....
  • French surhomme calques German Übermensch
    Übermensch

    The ?bermensch is a concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche posited the ?bermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself in his 1883 book Thus Spoke Zarathustra ....
     (Nietzsche's concept)
  • French OVNI (Objet Volant Non Identifié) calques English UFO (Unidentified Flying Object)
  • In some dialects of French, the English term "weekend" becomes la fin de semaine ("the end of week"), a calque, but in some it is left untranslated as le week-end, a loanword.


Spanish

Many calques found in Southwestern US Spanish, come from English:
  • Spanish escuela alta calques English high school
    High school

    High school is the name used in some parts of the world to describe an institution which provides all or part of secondary education. The term originated in Scotland and spread to the New World countries as the high prestige that the Scottish educational system had at the time led several countries to employ Scottish educators to develop the...
     (secundaria or escuela secundaria in Standard Spanish)
  • Spanish grado (de escuela) calques English grade (in school) (nota in Standard Spanish)
See also: Spanglish
Spanglish

Spanglish refers to the code-switching of "English language" and "Spanish language", in the speech of the Hispanic population of the United States, Gibraltar and most of the spanish holiday resorts, who are exposed to both Spanish language and English language....
.

Also technological terms calqued from English are used throughout the Spanish-speaking world:
  • Spanish tarjeta de crédito calques English credit card
    Credit card

    A credit card is part of a system of payments named after the small plastic card issued to users of the system. It is a card entitling its holder to buy goods and services based on the holders promise to pay for these goods and services....
  • Spanish alta tecnología calques English high technology
  • Spanish disco compacto calques English compact disc
    Compact Disc

    A Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store Data , originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD, available on the market since October 1982, remains the standard physical medium for sale of commercial Sound recording and reproduction to the present day....
  • Spanish correo electrónico calques English electronic mail
    E-mail

    Electronic mail, often abbreviated as e-mail, email, E-Mail, or eMail, is any method of creating, transmitting, or storing primarily text-based human communications with digital communications systems....
  • Spanish alta resolución calques English high resolution
  • Spanish enlace calques English link (Internet)
  • Spanish ratón calques English mouse (computer)
    Mouse (computing)

    In computing, a mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting dimension motion relative to its supporting surface. Physically, a mouse consists of an object held under one of the user's hands, with one or more buttons....
  • Spanish en un momento dado calques Dutch op een gegeven moment (At any given moment)


Italian

  • Italian aria condizionata calques English air conditioned
  • Italian fine settimana calques English week-end
    Week-end

    Week-end is a 1935 in film Denmark film directed by Lau Lauritzen and Alice O'Fredericks....
  • Italian ferrovia (railway) calques German Eisenbahn


Germanic Languages


Afrikaans and Dutch

  • Afrikaans
    Afrikaans

    Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from Dutch language and thus classified as Low Franconian languages West Germanic languages. It is mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia, with smaller numbers of speakers living in Botswana, Angola, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Zambia, Australia, New Zealand, United States of America, Taiwa...
         aartappel and Dutch
    Dutch language

    Dutch is a West Germanic languages spoken by over 22 million people as a first language, and about 5 million people as a second language."1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language speakers of Dutch is very small. Most native...
         aardappel calque French pomme de terre (English potato "earth apple")
  • Afrikaans besigheid calques English business
  • Afrikaans e-pos calques English e-mail
  • Afrikaans hardeskyf and Dutch harde schijf calque English hard disk
  • Afrikaans klankbaan calques English sound track
  • Afrikaans kleurskuifie calques English colour slide
  • Afrikaans pynappel calques English pineapple calques French pomme de pin
  • Afrikaans sleutelbord calques English keyboard
  • Afrikaans tuisblad calques English homepage
  • Afrikaans wolkekrabber and Dutch wolkenkrabber calque English skyscraper


German

  • Fußball calques English "football", referring specifically to association football
  • German Teddybär calques English teddy bear
    Teddy bear

    The teddy bear is a stuffed toy bear. It is an enduring, traditional form of a stuffed animal, often serving the purpose of comforting children....


Icelandic

  • Icelandic rafmagn, "electricity," is a half-calqued coinage that literally means "amber power."
    • raf translates the Greek root ??e?t??? (elektron), which means "amber"
    • magn, "power," is descriptive of electricity's nature but not a direct calque from the source word "electricity"


Norwegian

  • barnehage (kindergarten) calques German Kindergarten (Kinder "children", Garten "garden").
  • hjemmeside calques English home page.
  • hjerneflukt (brain drain) calques English brain drain
    Brain drain

    Brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with human capital, normally due to war, lack of opportunity, political instability, or disease....
    .
  • idiotsikker (foolproof) calques English "foolproof".
  • loppemarked (flea market) calcques English flea market and French marché aux puces ("market with fleas").
  • mandag (Monday), from Old Norse mánadagr ("moon day") calques Latin dies lunae. The name of every day of the week, except lørdag (Saturday), are loan-translations from Latin
    Latin

    Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
    .
  • overhode (head of a family, chief) calques German Oberhaupt (ober "over", Haupt "head").
  • samvittighet (conscience) calques Latin (through Low German
    Low German

    Low German or Low Saxon is any of the regional language varieties of the West Germanic languages spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands....
    )     conscientia (com "with", scire "to know").
    • From sam- (co-) and vittig (today meaning "funny" but which stems from Low German, where it meant "reasonable", related to "vite" (to know) and English "wit".)
  • tenåring (teen, teenager), is from Swedish tonåring, which calques English teenager.


Swedish

  • skyskrapa calques skyscraper.


Slavic languages


Macedonian

  • Macedonian ??????? (rakopis) calques Latin-derived 'manuscript' and 'handwriting':
    • Mac. root ???? (raka) = Lat. manus = 'hand'
    • Mac. root ???- (pis-) = Lat. scribo = 'to write'
  • Macedonian ???????? (pravopis) calques Greek-derived 'orthography':
    • Mac. root ????? (pravo) = Gr. ????? (orthos) = 'correct';
    • Mac. root ???- (pis-) = Gr. ???fe?? (graphein) = 'to write'
  • Macedonian ??????????? (pravoslavie) calques Greek-derived 'orthodoxy':
    • Mac. root ????? (pravo) = Gr. ????? (orthos) = 'correct';
    • Mac. root ?????? (slavie) = Gr. d??a (doxa) = 'glorification'


In more recent times, the Macedonian language has calqued new words from other prestige languages
Prestige dialect

A prestige dialect is the dialect spoken by the most prestige people in a speech community which is large enough to sustain more than one dialect....
 including German
German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
, French
French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
 and English
English language

English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
.

  • Macedonian ???????? (natcovek) = calques German-derived 'overman' (Übermensch
    Übermensch

    The ?bermensch is a concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Friedrich Nietzsche posited the ?bermensch as a goal for humanity to set for itself in his 1883 book Thus Spoke Zarathustra ....
    )
    • Mac. root ???- (nad-) = Ger. über = 'over'
    • Mac. root ????? (covek, man) = Ger. mensch = 'people'
  • Macedonian ????????? (oblakoder) = calques English skyscraper:
    • Mac. root ????? (oblak, cloud)
    • Mac. root ???? (dere, to flay)
  • Macedonian ?????? ???? (klucen zbor) = calques English keyword:
    • Mac. root ???? (kluc, key)
    • Mac. root ???? (zbor, word)


Some words were originally calqued into Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 and then absorbed into Macedonian, considering the close relatedness of the two languages. Therefore, many of these calques can also be considered Russianism
Russianism

Russianism, Russism, or Russicism is an influence of Russian language on other languages. In particular, Russianisms are Russian or russified words, expressions, or grammar constructs used in Slavic languages, languages of Commonwealth of Independent States states and languages of the Russian Federation....
s.

Russian

The poet Aleksandr Pushkin
Aleksandr Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian author of the Romanticism era who is considered to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature....
 (1799–1837) was perhaps the most influential among the Russian literary figures who would transform the modern Russian language and vastly expand its ability to handle abstract and scientific concepts by importing the sophisticated vocabulary of Western intellectuals.

Although some Western vocabulary entered the language as loanwords — e.g., Italian salvietta, "napkin," was simply Russified in sound and spelling to ???????? (salfetka) — Pushkin and those he influenced most often preferred to render foreign borrowings into Russian by calquing. Compound words were broken down to their component roots, which were then translated piece-by-piece to their Slavic equivalents. But not all of the coinages caught on and became permanent additions to the lexicon; for example, ?????????? (ljubomudrie) was promoted by 19th-century Russian intellectuals as a calque of "philosophy," but the word eventually fell out of fashion, and modern Russian instead uses the loanword ????????? (filosofija).

  • Russian ?????????? (ljubomudrie) calqued Greek-derived 'philosophy':
    • Russ. root ?????? (ljubit' ) = Gr. f??e?? (filein) = 'to love';
    • Russ. root ???????? (mudrost' ) = Gr. s?f?a (sofia) = 'wisdom'
  • Russian ??????????? (zavisimost' ) calques Latin-derived 'dependence':
    • Russ. root ?? (za) = Lat. de = 'down from'
    • Russ. root ?????? (viset' ) = Lat. pendere = 'to hang; to dangle'
  • Russian ?????????? (poluostrov) calques German Halbinsel, both meaning 'peninsula':
    • Russ. root ????- (polu-) = Ger. halb = 'half; semi-'
    • Russ. root ?????? (ostrov) = Ger. Insel = 'island'
  • Russian ??????? ??? (detskij sad) calques German Kindergarten, both literally suggesting 'children's garden'


Ukrainian

  • ?????? ??????? (velyke spasybi) calques Russian ??????? ??????? (bol'shoe spasibo), both literally "a big thank-you"


Greek

  • ??ad??t?? from English Internet
  • ???e??as? from Television


Finnish

Since Finnish, a Finno-Ugric
Finno-Ugric

Finno-Ugric can refer to:* Finno-Ugric languages* Finno-Ugric peoplesExcess long comment to prevent listing on...
 language, differs radically in pronunciation and orthography from Indo-European languages, most loans adopted in Finnish either are calques or soon become such as foreign words are translated into Finnish. Examples include:
  • from Greek: sarvikuono (rhinoceros, from Greek "rinokeros"),
  • from Latin: viisaudenhammas (wisdom tooth, from Latin "dens sapientiae"),
  • from English: jalkapallo (English "football", specifically referring to association football),
  • from English: koripallo (English "basketball"),
  • from English: kovalevy (English "hard disk"),
  • from French: kirpputori (flea market, French "marché aux puces"),
  • from German: lastentarha (German "Kindergarten"),
  • from German: panssarivaunu (German "Panzerwagen"),
  • from Swedish: moottoritie (highway, from Swedish "motorväg" and ultimately German "autobahn"),
  • from Chinese: aivopesu (brainwash, from Chinese "xi nao"),
  • from Spanish: siniverinen (blue-blooded, from Spanish "de sangre azul")


Hebrew

When Jews make an aliyah
Aliyah

Aliyah refers to Jewish immigration to Greater Israel. The opposite action, Jewish emigration from Israel, is referred to as Yerida ....
 to Israel, they sometimes change their name to a Hebrew calque. For instance, Imi Lichtenfield, founder of the martial art Krav Maga
Krav Maga

Krav Maga is a military hand-to-hand combat system developed in Israel which emphasizes threat neutralization, often in a 'him-or-me' context. Krav Maga originated in the 1930s....
, became Imi Sde-Or. Both last names mean "light field".
  • mesilat barzel (railway) from German Eisenbahn
  • iton (newspaper) from German and Yiddish zeitung
  • tappuach adamah (potato) from French pomme-de-terre
  • gan yeladim from German Kindergarten
  • kaduregel (football, specifically association football) from English football


See also

  • Anglicism
    Anglicism

    An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English language into another language. Speakers of the recipient language usually consider an anglicism to be substandard or undesirable ....
  • Cognate
    Cognate

    Cognates in linguistics are words that have a common etymology origin.An example of cognates within the same language would be English shirt vs....
  • Germanism
    Germanism

    Germanism can mean or be confused with either of the following:* a German loan words and List of German expressions in English* Pan-Germanism...
  • Loanword
    Loanword

    A loanword is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the Meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself....
  • Metatypy
    Metatypy

    Metatypy is a type of morphosyntactic and semantic language change brought about by language contact involving multilingual speakers. The term was coined by linguist Malcolm Ross....
  • Semantic loan
    Semantic loan

    A semantic loan is a process of borrowing semantics Meaning from another language, very similar to the formation of calques. In this case, however, the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning is Extension to include another meaning its existing translation has in the lending language....


External links