Polymer Char
Encyclopedia
Polymer Char is a technology-based company which designs and manufactures instrumentation
for Polymer
Analysis.
, being registered with the name of Polymer Characterization, S.A.
Its initial goal was to develop a commercial CRYSTAF instrument. CRYSTAF –Crystallization Analysis Fractionation- was a new patented technology
developed by Dr. Monrabal at The Dow Chemical Company
laboratories in the Netherlands
to measure the Chemical composition Distribution in semicrystalline polymers.
The first CRYSTAF prototype, CRYSTAF 100, was presented in Pittcon
(The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical chemistry
and Applied spectroscopy
) in 1994 in Chicago
, Illinois
, being acquired the first unit in 1995 by a Petrochemical
company in South Korea
.
Consolidated the performance of the CRYSTAF instrument, the company continued developing new techniques and instruments for Polymer characterization
, and more specifically, for Polyolefin
(Polyethylene
and Polypropylene
) Characterization (materials science)
.
Today, Polymer Char's technology is present in the Petrochemical
and Research and development
industries in over 20 countries in North America
, South America
, Europe
, Africa
, and Asia
.
analysis and more specifically, for Structural Characterization of Polyolefin
s:
Chemical composition Distribution:
CRYSTAF: instrument intended for the fast measurement of the Chemical composition Distribution (CCD) in Polyolefins (Crystallization
Analysis Fractionation).
TREF: performs the TREF technique (Temperature Rising
Elution Fractionation) for the characterization of CCD in Polyolefins.
CEF: High-throughput Chemical composition Distribution analyzer by CEF (Crystallization
Elution Fractionation).
CRYSTAF QC: CRYSTAF model for Quality Control
laboratories.
Gel permeation chromatography
/ Size Exclusion Chromatography
(GPC/SEC):
GPC-IR: High Temperature Chromatography
for the Polyolefin
Molar mass distribution
. It works with Concentration and Composition Detectors (Infrared
), Viscometer
and Light scattering
.
GPC One: GPC Calculations Software.
Data Unit 200: Signals Device for Gel permeation chromatography
instruments.
Xylene
Solubles:
CRYSTEX: instrument intended to measure the amorphous fraction of Polypropylene
and ethylene-propylene copolymers, for Quality Control
laboratories for Polypropylene
manufacturing plants.
Bivariate distribution:'
CFC: Cross-fractionation Chromatography
(CFC) instrument to analyze the Polyolefin
Bivariate distribution by TREF and Gel permeation chromatography
.
Preparative Fractionation:
PREP mc2: Preparative instrument to fractionate polymers by Molar Mass
or Composition (TREF or CRYSTAF).
Infrared Detector
s:
IR4: Infrared detector
for Composition and Concentration measurements in Polyolefin
s for Gel permeation chromatography
(GPC/SEC), HPLC
, TREF, etc.
IR5 MCT: infrared detector
for highly demanding applications in GPC, HPLC
and other separation techniques. It incorporates a high sensitivity thermoelectrically cooled MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride detector).
Part of the techniques and instruments were developed with Petrochemical
companies and Research
Institutes from United States
, Belgium
, Finland
, Germany
and Japan
. The company supplies in over 35 countries around the globe Analytical Services for Polymer characterization
.
Instruments at Pittcon
2010 (The 61st Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical chemistry
and Applied spectroscopy
).
GPC-IR instrument recognition in 5th position.
By Chemical & Engineering News
(C&EN), American Chemical Society
(ACS).
2009: 50 Successful Companies in Innovation.
Government Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Valencian Community and the Official Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
2005: Autosampler CRYSTAF.
Presented to Polymer Char in Appreciation of its Contributions in developing High-throughput Characterization Technology for DOW Plastics R&D. By The Dow Chemical Company
.
2005: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
.
2004: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
.
2002: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
.
1996: Award to Industry.
Official Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Valencia.
Instrumentation
Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control of process variables within a production, or manufacturing area....
for Polymer
Polymer
A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds...
Analysis.
History
Polymer Char was founded by Dr. B. Monrabal in 1992 in the Valencia Technology Park, in SpainSpain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, being registered with the name of Polymer Characterization, S.A.
Its initial goal was to develop a commercial CRYSTAF instrument. CRYSTAF –Crystallization Analysis Fractionation- was a new patented technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...
developed by Dr. Monrabal at The Dow Chemical Company
Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, United States. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue and as of February 2009, the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization .Dow...
laboratories in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
to measure the Chemical composition Distribution in semicrystalline polymers.
The first CRYSTAF prototype, CRYSTAF 100, was presented in Pittcon
Pittcon
The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, often referred to as Pittcon, is a non-profit educational organization based in Pennsylvania that organizes an annual Conference and Exposition on laboratory science. It is sponsored by the Spectroscopy Society of...
(The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of...
and Applied spectroscopy
Applied spectroscopy
Applied spectroscopy is the application of various spectroscopic methods for detection and identification of different elements/compounds in solving problems in the fields of forensics, medicine, oil industry, atmospheric chemistry, pharmacology, etc....
) in 1994 in Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
, Illinois
Illinois
Illinois is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and northern Illinois, and natural resources like coal,...
, being acquired the first unit in 1995 by a Petrochemical
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane....
company in South Korea
South Korea
The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
.
Consolidated the performance of the CRYSTAF instrument, the company continued developing new techniques and instruments for Polymer characterization
Polymer characterization
Polymer characterization is the analytical branch of polymer science.The discipline is concerned with the characterization of polymeric materials on a variety of levels...
, and more specifically, for Polyolefin
Polyolefin
A polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
(Polyethylene
Polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene is the most widely used plastic, with an annual production of approximately 80 million metric tons...
and Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene , also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including packaging, textiles , stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes...
) Characterization (materials science)
Characterization (materials science)
Characterization, when used in materials science, refers to the use of external techniques to probe into the internal structure and properties of a material...
.
Today, Polymer Char's technology is present in the Petrochemical
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane....
and Research and development
Research and development
The phrase research and development , according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers to "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of...
industries in over 20 countries in North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...
, Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, and Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
.
Analytical Instrumentation
The company developes analytical instruments for PolymerPolymer
A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units. These subunits are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds...
analysis and more specifically, for Structural Characterization of Polyolefin
Polyolefin
A polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
s:
Chemical composition Distribution:
CRYSTAF: instrument intended for the fast measurement of the Chemical composition Distribution (CCD) in Polyolefins (Crystallization
Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid...
Analysis Fractionation).
TREF: performs the TREF technique (Temperature Rising
Temperature Rising
Temperature Rising may refer to:*Temperature Rising, a studio album by Thai singer Tata Young*Temperatures Rising, an American television situation comedy*Temperature's Rising, an album by rock group Loverboy...
Elution Fractionation) for the characterization of CCD in Polyolefins.
CEF: High-throughput Chemical composition Distribution analyzer by CEF (Crystallization
Crystallization
Crystallization is the process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution, melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid–liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid...
Elution Fractionation).
CRYSTAF QC: CRYSTAF model for Quality Control
Quality control
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. This approach places an emphasis on three aspects:...
laboratories.
Gel permeation chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography is a type of size exclusion chromatography , that separates analytes on the basis of size. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be...
/ Size Exclusion Chromatography
Size exclusion chromatography
Size-exclusion chromatography is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight . It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers...
(GPC/SEC):
GPC-IR: High Temperature Chromatography
Chromatography
Chromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures....
for the Polyolefin
Polyolefin
A polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
Molar mass distribution
Molar mass distribution
In linear polymers the individual polymer chains rarely have exactly the same degree of polymerization and molar mass, and there is always a distribution around an average value. The molar mass distribution in a polymer describes the relationship between the number of moles of each polymer species...
. It works with Concentration and Composition Detectors (Infrared
Infrared
Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm...
), Viscometer
Viscometer
A viscometer is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used...
and Light scattering
Light scattering
Light scattering is a form of scattering in which light is the form of propagating energy which is scattered. Light scattering can be thought of as the deflection of a ray from a straight path, for example by irregularities in the propagation medium, particles, or in the interface between two media...
.
GPC One: GPC Calculations Software.
Data Unit 200: Signals Device for Gel permeation chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography is a type of size exclusion chromatography , that separates analytes on the basis of size. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be...
instruments.
Xylene
Xylene
Xylene encompasses three isomers of dimethylbenzene. The isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho- , meta- , and para- , which specify to which carbon atoms the two methyl groups are attached...
Solubles:
CRYSTEX: instrument intended to measure the amorphous fraction of Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene , also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including packaging, textiles , stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes...
and ethylene-propylene copolymers, for Quality Control
Quality control
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production. This approach places an emphasis on three aspects:...
laboratories for Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polypropylene , also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications including packaging, textiles , stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes...
manufacturing plants.
Bivariate distribution:'
CFC: Cross-fractionation Chromatography
Chromatography
Chromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures....
(CFC) instrument to analyze the Polyolefin
Polyolefin
A polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
Bivariate distribution by TREF and Gel permeation chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography is a type of size exclusion chromatography , that separates analytes on the basis of size. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be...
.
Preparative Fractionation:
PREP mc2: Preparative instrument to fractionate polymers by Molar Mass
Molar mass
Molar mass, symbol M, is a physical property of a given substance , namely its mass per amount of substance. The base SI unit for mass is the kilogram and that for amount of substance is the mole. Thus, the derived unit for molar mass is kg/mol...
or Composition (TREF or CRYSTAF).
Infrared Detector
Infrared detector
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic.The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena....
s:
IR4: Infrared detector
Infrared detector
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic.The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena....
for Composition and Concentration measurements in Polyolefin
Polyolefin
A polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
s for Gel permeation chromatography
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Gel permeation chromatography is a type of size exclusion chromatography , that separates analytes on the basis of size. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be...
(GPC/SEC), HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography , HPLC, is a chromatographic technique that can separate a mixture of compounds and is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mixture.HPLC typically utilizes different types of stationary...
, TREF, etc.
IR5 MCT: infrared detector
Infrared detector
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic.The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena....
for highly demanding applications in GPC, HPLC
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography , HPLC, is a chromatographic technique that can separate a mixture of compounds and is used in biochemistry and analytical chemistry to identify, quantify and purify the individual components of the mixture.HPLC typically utilizes different types of stationary...
and other separation techniques. It incorporates a high sensitivity thermoelectrically cooled MCT (Mercury Cadmium Telluride detector).
Part of the techniques and instruments were developed with Petrochemical
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane....
companies and Research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
Institutes from United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
and Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
. The company supplies in over 35 countries around the globe Analytical Services for Polymer characterization
Polymer characterization
Polymer characterization is the analytical branch of polymer science.The discipline is concerned with the characterization of polymeric materials on a variety of levels...
.
Innovation Awards
2010: New and Notable Molecular SpectroscopySpectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, e.g., by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to comprise any interaction with radiative...
Instruments at Pittcon
Pittcon
The Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, often referred to as Pittcon, is a non-profit educational organization based in Pennsylvania that organizes an annual Conference and Exposition on laboratory science. It is sponsored by the Spectroscopy Society of...
2010 (The 61st Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study of the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. Qualitative analysis gives an indication of the identity of the chemical species in the sample and quantitative analysis determines the amount of...
and Applied spectroscopy
Applied spectroscopy
Applied spectroscopy is the application of various spectroscopic methods for detection and identification of different elements/compounds in solving problems in the fields of forensics, medicine, oil industry, atmospheric chemistry, pharmacology, etc....
).
GPC-IR instrument recognition in 5th position.
By Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical & Engineering News
Chemical & Engineering News is a weekly magazine published by the American Chemical Society, providing professional and technical information in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering...
(C&EN), American Chemical Society
American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 161,000 members at all degree-levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical...
(ACS).
2009: 50 Successful Companies in Innovation.
Government Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Valencian Community and the Official Chambers of Commerce and Industry.
2005: Autosampler CRYSTAF.
Presented to Polymer Char in Appreciation of its Contributions in developing High-throughput Characterization Technology for DOW Plastics R&D. By The Dow Chemical Company
Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company is a multinational corporation headquartered in Midland, Michigan, United States. As of 2007, it is the second largest chemical manufacturer in the world by revenue and as of February 2009, the third-largest chemical company in the world by market capitalization .Dow...
.
2005: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Polytechnic University of Valencia
The Polytechnic University of Valencia is a Spanish university located in Valencia, with a focus on science and technology. It was founded in 1968 as the Higher Polytechnic School of Valencia and became a university in 1971, but some of its schools are more than 100 years old.- Characteristics...
.
2004: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Polytechnic University of Valencia
The Polytechnic University of Valencia is a Spanish university located in Valencia, with a focus on science and technology. It was founded in 1968 as the Higher Polytechnic School of Valencia and became a university in 1971, but some of its schools are more than 100 years old.- Characteristics...
.
2002: Technology Award.
Polytechnic University of Valencia
Polytechnic University of Valencia
The Polytechnic University of Valencia is a Spanish university located in Valencia, with a focus on science and technology. It was founded in 1968 as the Higher Polytechnic School of Valencia and became a university in 1971, but some of its schools are more than 100 years old.- Characteristics...
.
1996: Award to Industry.
Official Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Valencia.
See also
- Polymer characterizationPolymer characterizationPolymer characterization is the analytical branch of polymer science.The discipline is concerned with the characterization of polymeric materials on a variety of levels...
- PolyolefinPolyolefinA polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry...
- Gel permeation chromatographyGel Permeation ChromatographyGel permeation chromatography is a type of size exclusion chromatography , that separates analytes on the basis of size. The technique is often used for the analysis of polymers. As a technique, SEC was first developed in 1955 by Lathe and Ruthven. The term gel permeation chromatography can be...
/ Size Exclusion ChromatographySize exclusion chromatographySize-exclusion chromatography is a chromatographic method in which molecules in solution are separated by their size, and in some cases molecular weight . It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers... - Polymer sciencePolymer sciencePolymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics...
- Polymer ChemistryPolymer chemistryPolymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules. According to IUPAC recommendations, macromolecules refer to the individual molecular chains and are the domain of chemistry...
- ChromatographyChromatographyChromatography is the collective term for a set of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures....