The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

Hydrology

Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability...

– study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water

Water

Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...

 on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources

Water resources

Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water....

 and environmental watershed sustainability.

Essence of hydrology

Main article: Hydrology

Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability...

• Water
  Water
  Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state . Water also exists in a...
  
  
• Hydrologic cycle
• Cryosphere
  Cryosphere
  The cryosphere is the term which collectively describes the portions of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground . Thus there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere...
  
  

Branches of hydrology

• Hydrometry
  Hydrometry
  Hydrometry is the monitoring of the components of the hydrological cycle including rainfall, groundwater characteristics, as well as water quality and flow characteristics of surface waters...
  
   – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
• Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water
• Ecohydrology
  Ecohydrology
  Ecohydrology is an interdisciplinary field studying the interactions between water and ecosystems. These interactions may take place within water bodies, such as rivers and lakes, or on land, in forests, deserts, and other terrestrial ecosystems...
  
   – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
• Hydrogeology
  Hydrogeology
  Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust, . The term geohydrology is often used interchangeably...
  
   – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
• Hydroinformatics
  Hydroinformatics
  Hydroinformatics is a branch of informatics which concentrates on the application of information and communications technologies in addressing the increasingly serious problems of the equitable and efficient use of water for many different purposes...
  
   – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
• Hydrometeorology
  Hydrometeorology
  Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere....
  
   – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
• Isotope hydrology
  Isotope hydrology
  Isotope hydrology is a field of hydrology that uses isotopic dating to estimate the age and origins of water and of movement within the hydrologic cycle. The techniques are used for water-use policy, mapping aquifers, conserving water supplies, and controlling pollution...
  
   – the study of the isotopic signatures of water
• Surface hydrology
  Surface-water hydrology
  Surface-water hydrology is a field that encompasses all surface waters of the globe...
  
   – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth
  Earth
  Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and the densest and fifth-largest of the eight planets in the Solar System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets...
  
  's surface
• Catchment hydrology
  Catchment hydrology
  Catchment hydrology, is the study of the hydrology regarding catchments.-Water balance:Catchment hydrology is based on the principal of continuity, which is used to perform a water balance on a catchment:I - O = dS/dt,...
  
   – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically-defined catchment
  Drainage basin
  A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean...
  
  

Water movement pathways

Above ground

• Evaporation
  Evaporation
  Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. The other type of vaporization is boiling, which, instead, occurs on the entire mass of the liquid....
  
   –
• Pan evaporation
  Pan evaporation
  Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation, and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry days; and is greatly reduced when air is cool, calm, and humid...
  
   –
• Interception
  Interception (water)
  Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy , and in the forest floor or litter layer...
  
   –
• Evapotranspiration
  Evapotranspiration
  Evapotranspiration is a term used to describe the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land surface to atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies...
  
   –
• Stemflow
  Stemflow
  In hydrology, stemflow is the flow of intercepted water down the trunk or stem of a plant. Stemflow, along with throughfall, are responsible for the transferral of precipitation and nutrients from the canopy to the soil. In tropical rainforests, where this kind of flow can be substantial, erosion...
  
   –
• Throughfall
  Throughfall
  In Hydrology, throughfall is the process which describes how wet leaves shed excess water onto the ground surface. These drops have an erosive power because they are larger than rain drops, however, if they travel a shorter distance their erosive power is reduced...
  
   –

On ground

• Surface runoff
  Surface runoff
  Surface runoff is the water flow that occurs when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the land. This is a major component of the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel is also called a nonpoint source...
  
   –
• Overland flow –
• Horton overland flow
  Horton overland flow
  In soil science, Horton overland flow describes the tendency of water to flow horizontally across land surfaces when rainfall has exceeded infiltration capacity and depression storage capacity. It is named after Robert E...
  
   –

Below ground

• Infiltration
  Infiltration (hydrology)
  Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. Infiltration rate in soil science is a measure of the rate at which soil is able to absorb rainfall or irrigation. It is measured in inches per hour or millimeters per hour. The rate decreases as the soil becomes...
  
   –
• Pipeflow
  Pipeflow
  In hydrology, pipeflow is the name given to a type of subterranean water flow where water travels along the old root systems of the above vegetation or cracks in the soil....
  
   –
• Baseflow
  Baseflow
  Baseflow is the portion of streamflow that comes from "the sum of deep subsurface flow and delayed shallow subsurface flow"...
  
   –
• Subsurface flow
  Subsurface flow
  Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath earth's surface as part of the water cycle.In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers...
  
   –

Groundwater

• Aquifer characterization
• Flow direction

• Piezometer
  Piezometer
  A piezometer is either a device used to measure static liquid pressure in a system by measuring the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which measures the pressure of groundwater at a specific point...
  
   - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test
  Aquifer test
  An aquifer test is conducted to evaluate an aquifer by "stimulating" the aquifer through constant pumping, and observing the aquifer's "response" in observation wells...
  
  )
• Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity
• Geophysical methods

• Vadose zone characterization
  • Infiltration
    • Infiltrometer
      Infiltrometer
      Infiltrometer is a device used to measure the rate of water infiltration into soil or other porous media. Commonly used infiltrometers are single ring or double ring infiltrometer, and also disc permeameter....
      
       - infiltration
  • Soil moisture
    • Capacitance probe
      Capacitance probe
      Capacitance sensors use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of a surrounding medium.The configuration is like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil. The probe consists of sensing head at fixed depth...
      
      -soil moisture
    • Time domain reflectometer - soil moisture
    • Tensiometer
      Tensiometer
      A Tensiometer as it applies to physics is an instrument used to measure the surface tension of liquids.-Goniometer/Tensiometer:...
      
       - soil moisture
    • Solute sampling
    • Geophysical methods

Surface water

• Water level
• Mechanical pressure gauge –
• Electronic pressure gauge –
• Acoustic pressure gauge
  Sound pressure
  Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from the ambient atmospheric pressure caused by a sound wave. Sound pressure can be measured using a microphone in air and a hydrophone in water...
  
   –
• Channel shape
• Dumpy level
  Dumpy level
  A dumpy level, builder's auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or check points in the same horizontal plane...
  
   –
• Discharge
• Acoustic Doppler velocimeter
  Acoustic Doppler velocimetry
  Acoustic Doppler velocimetry is designed to record instantaneous velocity components at a single-point with a relatively high frequency. Measurements are performed by measuring the velocity of particles in a remote sampling volume based upon the Doppler shift effect. The probe head includes one...
  
   –
• Dilution tracing –

Meteorological

• Precipitation
• Rain gauge
  Rain gauge
  A rain gauge is a type of instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and measure the amount of liquid precipitation over a set period of time....
  
   – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time⁻¹)
• Disdrometer
  Disdrometer
  A disdrometer is an instrument used to measure the drop size distribution and velocity of falling hydrometeors. Some disdrometers can distinguish between rain, graupel, and hail....
  
   – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity
• Doppler weather radar
  Weather radar
  Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar and Doppler weather radar, is a type of radar used to locate precipitation, calculate its motion, estimate its type . Modern weather radars are mostly pulse-Doppler radars, capable of detecting the motion of rain droplets in addition to the...
  
   – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges
• Wind profiler
  Wind profiler
  A wind profiler is a type of weather observing equipment that uses radar or sound waves to detect the wind speed and direction at various elevations above the ground. Readings are made at each kilometer above sea level, up to the extent of the troposphere...
  
   – precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typing
• Frozen precipitation (on ground)
• Pressure sensor
  Pressure sensor
  A pressure sensor measures pressure, typically of gases or liquids. Pressure is an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the...
  
  s – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent
• Acoustic sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent
• Mean windspeed and direction
• Anemometer
  Anemometer
  An anemometer is a device for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind, and is used to describe any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics...
  
   –
• Doppler sonar –
• Wind profiler
  Wind profiler
  A wind profiler is a type of weather observing equipment that uses radar or sound waves to detect the wind speed and direction at various elevations above the ground. Readings are made at each kilometer above sea level, up to the extent of the troposphere...
  
   – air vertical and horizontal motion
• Mean air temperature
• Thermometer
  Thermometer
  Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer (from the...
  
   –
• Humidity
• Infrared thermometer
  Infrared thermometer
  Infrared thermometers infer temperature using a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted by the object of measurement. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers to describe the...
  
   – a form of remote sensing
• Hygrometer
  Hygrometer
  A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the environmental air, or humidity. Most measurement devices usually rely on measurements of some other quantity such as temperature, pressure, mass or a mechanical or electrical change in a substance as moisture is absorbed...
  
   (Psychrometer) – measures relative humidity
• Air pressure
• Barometer
  Barometer
  A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather...
  
   –
• Heat flux
• Net radiometer
  Net radiometer
  A net radiometer is a type of actinometer used to measure net radiation at the Earth's surface in meteorological applications.The name net radiometer reflects the fact that it is supposed to measure incoming minus upwelling radiation...
  
   –
• Pyranometer
  Pyranometer
  A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used to measure broadband solar irradiance on a planar surface and is a sensor that is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density from a field of view of 180 degrees...
  
   –
• Pyrgeometer
  Pyrgeometer
  A pyrgeometer is a device that measures the atmospheric infra-red radiation spectrum that extends approximately from 4.5 µm to 100 µm.- Pyrgeometer components :A pyrgeometer consists of the following major components:...
  
   –
• Heat flux sensor
  Heat flux sensor
  A heat flux sensor is a transducer that generates an electrical signal proportional to the total heat rate applied to the surface of the sensor. The measured heat rate is divided by the surface area of the sensor to determine the heat flux....
  
   –
• Lysimeter
  Lysimeter
  A lysimeter is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants, usually crops or trees...
  
   –
• Cloudiness/Sunshine
• Spectroradiometer
  Spectroradiometer
  Spectroradiometers are designed to measure the spectral power distributions of illuminants. They operate almost like spectrophotometers in the visible region...
  
   –
• Campbell–Stokes recorder –
• Evapotranspiration
• Water budget method

• Basin water balance –
• Evaporation pan –
• Lysimetry –
• Soil moisture depletion –
  • Water vapor transfer method
• Bowen ratio
  Bowen ratio
  In meteorology and hydrology, the Bowen ratio is used to describe the type of heat transfer in a water body. Heat transfer can either occur as sensible heat or latent heat...
  
   – considers the energy budget
• Eddy covariance
  Eddy covariance
  The eddy covariance technique is a key atmospheric flux measurement technique to measure and calculate vertical turbulent fluxes within atmospheric boundary layers...
  
   –
  • Component analysis
• Porometry/Sap flow –
• Interception loss
  Interception (water)
  Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves and branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy , and in the forest floor or litter layer...
  
   –
• Soil evaporation –
  • Large-scale
• Scintillometer
  Scintillometer
  A scintillometer is a scientific device used to measure small fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by variations in temperature, humidity, and pressure. It consists of an optical or radio wave transmitter and a receiver at both ends of an atmospheric propagation path...
  
    –
• Remote sensing
  Remote sensing
  Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon, without making physical contact with the object. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth by means of propagated signals Remote sensing...
  
   estimates –
• LIDAR
  LIDAR
  LIDAR is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of a target by illuminating the target with light, often using pulses from a laser...
  
   –

Soil/porous media

• Bulk density & porosity
• Oven dried sample –
• Matric potential
• Suction plate – determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential
• Resistance thermometer
  Resistance thermometer
  Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors or resistive thermal devices , are sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass...
  
   – relates to matric potential from previous calibration
• Hydraulic conductivity
• Disc permeameter
  Disc permeameter
  The disc permeameter is a field instrument used for measuring water infiltration in the soil, which is characterized by in situ saturated and unsaturated soil hydraulic properties...
  
   – measures soil hydraulic conductivity
• Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area
• Slug test
  Slug test
  A slug test is a particular type of aquifer test where water is quickly added or removed from a groundwater well, and the change in hydraulic head is monitored through time, to determine the near-well aquifer characteristics...
  
   – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level
• Piezometer
  Piezometer
  A piezometer is either a device used to measure static liquid pressure in a system by measuring the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device which measures the pressure of groundwater at a specific point...
  
   –
• Soil moisture content (water volume percentage)
• Frequency domain sensor
  Frequency domain sensor
  Frequency domain sensor is an instrument developed for measuring soil moisture content. The instrument has an oscillating circuit, the sensing part of the sensor is embedded in the soil, and the operating frequency will depend on the value of soil's dielectric constant.There are two types of...
  
   –
• Time domain reflectometer –
• Neutron probe
  Neutron probe
  A neutron probe is a device used to measure the quantity of water present in soil.A typical neutron probe contains a pellet of americium-241 and beryllium. The alpha particles emitted by the decay of the americium collide with the light beryllium nuclei, producing fast neutrons...
  
   –

Water quality

• Conductivity
• Electrical conductivity – variety of probes used
• pH
• pH meter
  PH meter
  A pH meter is an electronic instrument used for measuring the pH of a liquid...
  
   –
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Winkler test
  Winkler test for dissolved oxygen
  The Winkler test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples. Dissolved oxygen is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities. An excess of manganese salt, iodide and hydroxide ions is added to a water sample causing...
  
   –
• Turbidity
• Nephelometer
  Nephelometer
  A nephelometer is a stationary or portable instrument for measuring suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam and a light detector set to one side of the source beam. Particle density is then a function of the...
  
   (Turbidimeter) –
• Water clarity
• Secchi disk
  Secchi disk
  The Secchi disk, created in 1865 by Pietro Angelo Secchi SJ, is a circular disk used to measure water transparency in oceans and lakes. The disc is mounted on a pole or line, and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which the pattern on the disk is no longer visible is taken as a measure...
  
   –
• Bed load
• Erosion/deposition

Equations

Basin

• Hack's law
  Hack's law
  Hack's law is an empirical relationship between the length of streams and the area of their basins. If L is the length of the longest stream in a basin, and A is the area of the basin, then Hack's law may be written asL = C A^h\...
  
   –

Catchment

• Water balance
  Water balance
  In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and out of a system. A system can be one of several hydrological domains, such as a column of soil or a drainage basin....
  
   –

Evaporation

• Penman
  Penman equation
  The Penman equation describes evaporation from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation to predict E...
  
   –
• Penman-Monteith
  Penman-Monteith
  Like the Penman equation, the Penman–Monteith equation predicts net evapotranspiration, requiring as input daily mean temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation...
  
   –

Infiltration/Soil Movement

• Darcy's Law
  Darcy's law
  Darcy's law is a phenomenologically derived constitutive equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous medium. The law was formulated by Henry Darcy based on the results of experiments on the flow of water through beds of sand...
  
   –
• Darcy-Weisbach –
• Richards equation
  Richards equation
  The Richards equation represents the movement of water in unsaturated soils, and was formulated by Lorenzo A. Richards in 1931 . It is a non-linear partial differential equation, which is often difficult to approximate since it does not have a closed-form analytical solution.Darcy's law was...
  
   –

Streamflow/Open channel

• Fick's law of diffusion
  Fick's law of diffusion
  Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. They were derived by Adolf Fick in the year 1855.- Fick's first law :...
  
   –
• Chézy formula
  Chézy formula
  In fluid dynamics, the Chézy formula describes the mean flow velocity of steady, turbulent open channel flow:where*v is the mean velocity [m/s],*C is the Chézy coefficient [m½/s],*R is the hydraulic radius [m], and...
  
   –
• Manning formula
  Manning formula
  The Manning formula, known also as the Gauckler–Manning formula, or Gauckler–Manning–Strickler formula in Europe, is an empirical formula for open channel flow, or free-surface flow driven by gravity...
  
   –
• Strahler number
  Strahler number
  In mathematics, the Strahler number or Horton–Strahler number of a mathematical tree is a numerical measure of its branching complexity....
  
   –

Erosion

• Hjulstrøm curve –

Groundwater

• Dupuit assumption
  Dupuit assumption
  The Dupuit assumption holds that groundwater moves horizontally in an unconfined aquifer, and that the groundwater discharge is proportional to the saturated aquifer thickness...
  
   –
• Groundwater flow equation
  Groundwater flow equation
  Used in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is described by a form of the diffusion equation, similar to that used in heat transfer to describe the flow...
  
   –

Power/Uncertainty

• Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
• GLUE
  GLUE (uncertainty assessment)
  In hydrology, Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation is a statistical method for quantifying the uncertainty of model predictions. The method has been introduced by Beven and Binley...
  
  

Models

• GSSHA
  GSSHA
  Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis ModelGSSHA is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center two-dimensional, physically based, watershed model. GSSHA is a mathematical model that simulates surface and ground water hydrology, erosion and sediment transport...
  
  
• HEC-HMS
  HEC-HMS
  The Hydrologic Modeling System is designed to simulate the precipitation-runoff processes of dendritic drainage basins. It is designed to be applicable in a wide range of geographic areas for solving the widest possible range of problems. This includes large river basin water supply and flood...
  
  
• DSSAM
  DSSAM Model
  The DSSAM Model is a computer simulation developed for the Truckee River to analyze water quality impacts from land use and wastewater management decisions in the Truckee River Basin. This area includes the cities of Reno and Sparks, Nevada as well as the Lake Tahoe Basin...
  
  
• HBV
  HBV hydrology model
  The HBV hydrology model, or Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model, is a computer simulation used to analyze river discharge and water pollution...
  
  
• MOHID Water Modelling System
  MOHID Water Modelling System
  MOHID is short for Modelo Hidrodinâmico which is Hydrodynamic Model in Portuguese. MOHID Water Modelling System is a modular finite volumes water modelling system written in ANSI-Fortran95 using an Object-oriented programming philosophy, integrating diverse mathematical models and supporting...
  
  
• MOHID Land
  MOHID Land
  MOHID Land is the hydrology module within the three-dimensional MOHID Water Modelling System. MOHID is an integrated system for water flow, consisting of three main modules: Water for three-dimensional fluid dynamics, Land for hydrology and Soil for groundwater flow...
  
  
• SWAT
  SWAT model
  SWAT is an hydrology model with the following components: weather, surface runoff, return flow, percolation, evapotranspiration, transmission losses, pond and reservoir storage, crop growth and irrigation, groundwater flow, reach routing, nutrient and pesticide loading, water transfer...
  
  
• SahysMod
  SahysMod
  SahysMod is a computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different hydrogeologic and aquifer conditions, varying water management options, including...
  
  
• SaltMod
  SaltMod
  SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge in irrigated agricultural lands, using different hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of...
  
  
• DRAINMODhttp://www.bae.ncsu.edu/soil_water/drainmod/
• SEDCAD
  Sedcad
  SEDCAD is a comprehensive hydrology and sedimentology package, useful for runoff and sediment control design calculations. It is used primarily in the mining industry to design water and sediment control structures on mine property....
  
  

Environmental issues

• Desertification
  Desertification
  Desertification is the degradation of land in drylands. Caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human activities, desertification is one of the most significant global environmental problems.-Definitions:...
  
  /Oasification
  Oasification
  In hydrology, oasification is the antonym to desertification by soil erosion; this technique has limited application and is normally considered for much smaller areas than those threatened by desertification....
  
   –
• Hypoxia
  Hypoxia (environmental)
  Hypoxia, or oxygen depletion, is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments as dissolved oxygen becomes reduced in concentration to a point where it becomes detrimental to aquatic organisms living in the system...
  
   –
• Erosion
  Erosion
  Erosion is when materials are removed from the surface and changed into something else. It only works by hydraulic actions and transport of solids in the natural environment, and leads to the deposition of these materials elsewhere...
  
   –
• Water pollution
  Water pollution
  Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies . Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds....
  
   –

Allied sciences

• Aquatic chemistry –
• Civil engineering
  Civil engineering
  Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings...
  
   –
• Hydraulic engineering
  Hydraulic engineering
  This article is about civil engineering. For the mechanical engineering discipline see Hydraulic machineryHydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive...
  
   –
• Climatology
  Climatology
  Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences...
  
   –
• Environmental engineering
  Environmental engineering
  Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment , to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites...
  
   –
• Environmental Engineering Science
  Environmental Engineering Science
  Environmental engineering science is a multidisciplinary field of engineering science that combines the biological, chemical and physical sciences with the field of engineering...
  
   –
• Geomorphology
  Geomorphology
  Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them...
  
   –
• Hydroacoustics
  Hydroacoustics
  Hydroacoustics is a general term for the study and application of sound in water. The term comes from Greek υδρο, water, and ακουστική, acoustics...
  
   –
• Hydrography
  Hydrography
  Hydrography is the measurement of the depths, the tides and currents of a body of water and establishment of the sea, river or lake bed topography and morphology. Normally and historically for the purpose of charting a body of water for the safe navigation of shipping...
  
   –
• Limnology
  Limnology
  Limnology , also called freshwater science, is the study of inland waters. It is often regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. It covers the biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all inland waters...
  
   –
• Oceanography
  Oceanography
  Oceanography , also called oceanology or marine science, is the branch of Earth science that studies the ocean...
  
   –
• Physical geography
  Physical geography
  Physical geography is one of the two major subfields of geography. Physical geography is that branch of natural science which deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere, as opposed to the cultural or built environment, the...
  
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Hydrology lists

• Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
• Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
• Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuarys, and firths

External links