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Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

 
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus

 
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Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
 
 
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The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers) (1917–1920) was a shortlived state situated in the Northern Caucasus. It included most of the territory of the former Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, which now form the republics of Chechnya
Chechnya

The Chechen Republic , or, informally, Chechnya , sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , Chechnia, Chechenia or Nox?iyn, is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia....
, Ingushetia
Ingushetia

The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg....
, North Ossetia-Alania
North Ossetia-Alania

The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . The direct romanization of Russian of the Russian name of the republic is Respublika Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya....
, Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria

The Kabardino-Balkar Republic , or Kabardino-Balkaria , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located in the North Caucasus. The direct Romanization of Russian of the republic's name in the Russian language is Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika, or Kabardino-Balkariya....
, Dagestan
Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan , older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russia ....
 and part of Stavropol Krai
Stavropol Krai

Stavropol Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Stavropol....
 of the Russian Federation.

The total land area of the MRNC was about , with a population of about 1 million.






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The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (MRNC; also known as the Mountain Republic or the Republic of the Mountaineers) (1917–1920) was a shortlived state situated in the Northern Caucasus. It included most of the territory of the former Terek Oblast and Dagestan Oblast of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, which now form the republics of Chechnya
Chechnya

The Chechen Republic , or, informally, Chechnya , sometimes referred to as Ichkeria , Chechnia, Chechenia or Nox?iyn, is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia....
, Ingushetia
Ingushetia

The Republic of Ingushetia is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia , located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas. The republic is the smallest of Russia's federal subjects except two federal cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg....
, North Ossetia-Alania
North Ossetia-Alania

The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . The direct romanization of Russian of the Russian name of the republic is Respublika Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya....
, Kabardino-Balkaria
Kabardino-Balkaria

The Kabardino-Balkar Republic , or Kabardino-Balkaria , is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia located in the North Caucasus. The direct Romanization of Russian of the republic's name in the Russian language is Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika, or Kabardino-Balkariya....
, Dagestan
Dagestan

The Republic of Dagestan , older spelling Daghestan, is a federal subjects of Russia of the Russia ....
 and part of Stavropol Krai
Stavropol Krai

Stavropol Krai is a federal subjects of Russia of Russia . Its administrative center is the types of inhabited localities in Russia of Stavropol....
 of the Russian Federation.

The total land area of the MRNC was about , with a population of about 1 million. Its capital was initially at Vladikavkaz
Vladikavkaz

Vladikavkaz is the capital types of inhabited localities in Russia of the North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is situated in the south-east of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus mountains, situated on the Terek River....
, then Nazran
Nazran

Nazran is a types of settlements in Russia in Russia. It was a capital of the Ingushetia in 1991–2000, before the town of Magas was specially built as a new capital....
 and finally Temir-Khan-Shura
Buynaksk

Buynaksk , known as Temir-Khan-Shura before 1922, is a town in Dagestan, Russia, located at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus on the Shura-Ozen River, some 40 km south-west of Makhachkala....
.

History


The "Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus" was created in March 1917, and an Executive Committee of the Union was elected. The Chairman of the Executive Committee was one of the leaders of the National-Liberation movement of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus, Tapa Tchermoeff
Tapa Tchermoeff

Tapa Abdul Midgit Bey Ortsa Tchermoeff was the first and last Prime Minister of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. He was in office from May 11, 1918 until the entire government was forced into exile by the advancing Bolsheviks in 1921....
. The "Nizam" of Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil

Imam Shamil was an Caucasian Avars political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian Empire resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya ....
 (the Constitution of Shamil of 1847) was adopted on 5 August 1917 by the "Central Committee of the Northern Caucasus". The republic was officially established on 11 May 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Tsarist empire in the Russian revolution of 1917
Russian Revolution of 1917

The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union....
, when the Government of the MRNC was established.

The main founders of the MRNC were Sayd Shamil (grandson of Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil

Imam Shamil was an Caucasian Avars political and religious leader of the Muslim tribes of the Northern Caucasus. He was a leader of anti-Russian Empire resistance in the Caucasian War and was the third Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya ....
, who was later (1924) one of the founders and leaders of the "Committee of Independence of the Caucasus" in Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
), Tapa Tchermoeff
Tapa Tchermoeff

Tapa Abdul Midgit Bey Ortsa Tchermoeff was the first and last Prime Minister of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. He was in office from May 11, 1918 until the entire government was forced into exile by the advancing Bolsheviks in 1921....
—prime minister
Prime minister

A prime minister is the most senior minister of Cabinet in the Executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician....
, Sheikh
Sheikh

Sheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "Elder "....
 Ali-Khaji Akusha, Haidar Bamat and others. The capital of the republic was Temir-Khan-Shura.

This Mountainous Republic was de jure
De jure

De jure is an expression that means "concerning law", as contrasted with de facto, which means "concerning fact".The terms de jure and de facto are used instead of "in principle" and "in practice", respectively, when one is describing politics or legal situations....
 recognized by Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
, Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was the first successful attempt to establish a democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world . The ADR was founded on May 28, 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917 by Azerbaijani National Council in Tiflis....
, Democratic Republic of Georgia
Democratic Republic of Georgia

The Democratic Republic of Georgia , 1918?1921, was the first modern establishment of a Republic of Georgia .The DRG was created after the collapse of the Russian Empire that began with the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 and the Kuban People's Republic
Kuban People's Republic

The Kuban People's Republic was an anti-Bolshevik state that comprised the territory of the Kuban of the modern-day Russia during the Russian Civil War....
.

During the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
, the Mountaineers were engaged in fierce clashes against the invasive White
White movement

The White movement , whose military arm is known as the White Army or White Guard and whose members are known as Whites comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1923...
 troops of General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army
Volunteer Army

The Volunteer Army was an anti-Bolshevik army in South Russia during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920.The Volunteer Army began forming in November-December 1917 by General Mikhail Alekseev in Novocherkassk and General Lavr Kornilov and his supporters....
. The fighting ended in January 1920, when Denikin's army was completely defeated by the XI Red Army. The advancing Red Army was at first greeted by red flags in the villages of the Northern Caucasus but the promises of autonomous rule made by the Bolsheviks went unrealized.

In June 1920 the MRNC was occupied by the Red Army of Bolshevik Russia. The legal Government of the republic was forced to leave the Caucasus. In January 1921 the Soviet Mountain Republic
Soviet Mountain Republic

Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic or Mountain ASSR was a short-lived autonomous republics of the Soviet Union within the Russian SFSR in the Northern Caucasus that existed from January 20, 1921 to July 7, 1924....
 of the Russian SFSR
Russian SFSR

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Russian SFSR and the RSFSR for short, was the largest and most populous of the fifteen Republics of the Soviet Union of the Soviet Union and became the Russian Federation after the collapse of the Soviet Union....
 was established.

See also

  • Caucasian Imamate
  • North Caucasian Soviet Republic
    North Caucasian Soviet Republic

    North Caucasian Soviet Republic was a territory in the North Caucasus established to consolidate Soviet Union power during the Russian Civil War....
  • Prometheism
    Prometheism

    Prometheism was a political project initiated by Poland's J?zef Pilsudski. Its aim was to weaken Tsarist Russia and its successor state, the Soviet Union, by supporting nationalism independence movements of the major Ethnic groups in Russia that lived within the borders of Russia and the Soviet Union....


External links