Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky was a
Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into
Central Asia.
Encyclopedia
Prince
Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky was a
Russian officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into
Central Asia.
Background
Being a
Muslim by birth and a son of one of
Kabarda's rulers, Alexander converted to
Christianity and joined the Russian service at unknown date and circumstances. In 1707, he was commissioned by
Peter the Great to study
navigation in
Europe. We find him back in
Russia towards the end of 1711, when he was dispatched back to Kabarda and persuaded the local rulers to support the tsar in his operations against
Turkey.
Dreaming of Eldorado
Two years later, one Turkmen traveller arrived to
Astrakhan and announced to local authorities that the
Oxus River, formerly flowing to the
Caspian Sea, was diverted by the
Khivans to the
Aral Sea in order to extract golden sand from the river waters.
Prince Gagarin, who was a local governor at that time, sent his envoys to the
Khanate of Khiva in order to verify the fable. They returned with a sack of golden sand, allegedly extracted from the
Oxus.
The fable was then given credit, and the Turkmen brought to
St. Petersburg. Tsar Peter, informed about the fabulous wealth of Khiva, was desperately in need of gold to proceed with the
Great Northern War. On February 14, 1716 a contingent of 7,000 troops was placed under the command of Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky as a Muslim by birth and an expert in the art of warfare.
Bekovich-Cherkassky was commissioned: 1) to survey the river-bed of the Oxus and to report on the possibility of its diversion to the Caspian; 2) to force the Khivan khan into subservience; 3) to erect a chain of fortifications along the Oxus; 4) to send envoys to
India in order to establish direct trade with the Great
Mughals.
Khivan disaster
Bekovich-Cherkassky received these orders in
Astrakhan, where he was engaged in the surveying work, preparing the first map of the
Caspian Sea. He was promoted captain and commanded a preliminary expedition in
Turkmenistan. He left some of the Cossacks on his way in order to set up the forts in Krasnovodsk and Alexandrovsk.
Back in Astrakhan by February 1717, Bekovich raised another army and started towards Khiva, together with some engineers and land surveyors. It was many months later that several
Tatars returned and brought the appaling news of the catastrophe that befell the Khivan expedition. The newly-built forts in Turkmenistan were at once evacuated, and that at considerable loss from inclement weather and the Turkmen tribesmen.
What exactly happened with Bekovich-Cherkassky remains a matter of some controversy. According to a few surviving members of his contingent, they advanced to within 120 km from
Khiva, when the khan attacked them with a 24,000-strong army. After three days of bloody fighting, the Khivans were routed.
Seeing that the enemy was very numerous, Bekovich-Cherkassky understood that diplomacy had a better chance of success. The Russian officer, accompanied only by 500 of his men, rode into the enemy's camp to propose terms. The khan pretended to surrender to him, welcomed him warmly, persuading him to divide the Russian army to dwell in five separate towns in order to facilitate foraging. The Khivans then attacked the five towns one by one, slaughtering most Russians, selling the others as slaves, and executed all Russian officers including Prince Cherkassky.
Peter the Great did nothing to avenge the defeat since he was still occupied by the war with
Sweden, and also by the hostility of the
Ottoman Empire. It was more than a century later that the
Russian Empire resumed its military expeditions into Central Asia.
