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The Khanate of Khiva was the name of a Central Asian state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm
Khwarezm

Khwarezm were a series of states centered on the Amu Darya river delta of the former Aral Sea, in Greater Iran , extending across the Ust-Urt plateau and possibly as far west as the eastern shores of the northern Caspian Sea....
 from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. It was ruled over by the Kungrads, a branch of the Astrakhans
Astrakhan Khanate

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located....
, themselves a Genghisid
Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history....
 dynasty, and its capital was at Khiva
Khiva

Khiva ; Alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, , Khwarazm, Chiwa, and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva and lies in the present-day Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan....
. In 1873, Khiva became a Russian
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 protectorate
Protectorate

A protectorate, in international law, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship....
 and, in 1920, the Khanate was abolished and replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic
Khorezm SSR

Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the khan abdicated in response to popular pressure, and officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay on 26 April 1920....
.






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The Khanate of Khiva was the name of a Central Asian state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm
Khwarezm

Khwarezm were a series of states centered on the Amu Darya river delta of the former Aral Sea, in Greater Iran , extending across the Ust-Urt plateau and possibly as far west as the eastern shores of the northern Caspian Sea....
 from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. It was ruled over by the Kungrads, a branch of the Astrakhans
Astrakhan Khanate

The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located....
, themselves a Genghisid
Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history....
 dynasty, and its capital was at Khiva
Khiva

Khiva ; Alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, , Khwarazm, Chiwa, and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva and lies in the present-day Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan....
. In 1873, Khiva became a Russian
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 protectorate
Protectorate

A protectorate, in international law, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship....
 and, in 1920, the Khanate was abolished and replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic
Khorezm SSR

Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the khan abdicated in response to popular pressure, and officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay on 26 April 1920....
. In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan
Karakalpakstan

Karakalpakstan is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole western end of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus . The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of ....
 and Xorazm Province
Xorazm Province

Xorazm Province or Khorezm Province as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River....
 in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
.

Economy

William Griffith
William Griffith (botanist)

William Griffith was a United Kingdom doctor, naturalist, and botanist. HeGriffith's botanical publications are from India and Burma. He was originally assigned as a Civil Surgeon to Tanintharyi Division, Burma where he studied local plants and made collecting trips to the Barak River valley in Assam....
 reports seeing Khivan tea "of good quality" for sale in the bazaar in Kandahar
Kandahar

Kandahar, also spelled Qandahar, is the third largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of 324,800 . It is the capital of Kandahar province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m above sea level....
 in 1839.

History

See also Khwarezm
Khwarezm

Khwarezm were a series of states centered on the Amu Darya river delta of the former Aral Sea, in Greater Iran , extending across the Ust-Urt plateau and possibly as far west as the eastern shores of the northern Caspian Sea....
, History of Uzbekistan
History of Uzbekistan

Located in the heart of Central Asia between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers, Uzbekistan has a long and interesting heritage. The leading cities of the Silk Road - Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva - are located in Uzbekistan....
The region that would become the Khanate of Khiva was a part of the Chagatai Khanate
Chagatai Khanate

The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol, and later linguistically Turkic languages, khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors....
 with its capital at Old Urgench
Kunya Urgench

K?ne?rgen? also known as Konya-Urgench, Old Urgench or Urganj, is a municipality of about 30,000 inhabitants in north-eastern Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan....
, one of the largest and most important trading centers in Central Asia. However, Timur
Timur

Timur , among his other names, commonly known as Tamerlane in the West, was a 14th century Turko-Mongol conqueror of much of western and Central Asia, and founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire of India....
 regarded the state as a rival to Samarkand
Samarkand

Samarkand , is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study....
, and over the course of 5 campaigns, he destroyed Old Urgench completely in 1388. In 1511, the Uzbek group the Yadigarid Shaybanids installed themselves as khans of the region. Once Old Urgench was finally abandoned due to a shift in the course of the Amu-Darya in 1576, the center of the region shifted southward, and, in 1619, the khan, Arab Muhammad I, chose Khiva
Khiva

Khiva ; Alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, , Khwarazm, Chiwa, and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva and lies in the present-day Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan....
 as the capital of the khanate.

Much of Khiva's later history was framed against the khanate's relationship with the great powers Russia and Britain. The discovery of gold
Gold

Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and atomic number 79. It is a highly sought-after precious metal, having been used as money, as a store of value, in jewelry, in sculpture, and for ornamentation since the beginning of recorded history....
 on the banks of the Amu Darya
Amu Darya

The Amu Darya is the longest river in Central Asia. Its name is sometimes represented in a single word, Amudarya .Amu is said to have come from the city of Amul, now known as T?rkmenabat....
 during the reign of Russia's Peter the Great
Peter I of Russia

Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
, together with the desire of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
 to open a trade route to India, prompted an armed trade expedition to the region in 1717-18, led by Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky

Prince Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky was a Imperial Russia officer of Circassian origin who led the first Russian military expedition into Central Asia....
 and consisting of 750-4,000 men. Upon receiving the men, the Khivan khan, Shir Ghazi, set up camp under the pretense of goodwill, then ambushed and slaughtered the envoys, leaving ten alive to send back. Peter the Great, indebted after wars with the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
 and Sweden
Sweden

Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
, did nothing.

Tsar Paul I
Paul I of Russia

Paul was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801....
 also attempted to conquer the khanate, but his expedition was woefully undermanned and undersupplied, and was recalled en route due to his assassination. Tsar Alexander I
Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I of Russia , also known as Alexander the Blessed served as Tsar of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland....
 had no such ambitions, and it was under Tsars Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia

Alexander II Nikolaevich , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the List of Russian rulers of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881....
 and Alexander III
Alexander III of Russia

Alexander III Alexandrovich , also known as Alexander the Peacemaker reigned as Tsar of Russia from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894....
 that serious efforts to annex Khiva started.

A notable episode during The Great Game
The Great Game

File:Persia 1814.jpgThe Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia....
 involved a Russian expedition to Khiva in 1839. The nominal purpose of the mission was to free the slaves captured and sold by Turkmen raiders from the Russian frontiers on the Caspian Sea
Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the List of lakes by area or a full-fledged sea. It has a surface area of 371,000 square kilometers and a volume of 78,200 cubic kilometers ....
, but the expedition was also an attempt to extend Russia's borders while the British Empire
British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, and other Dependent territory ruled or administered by the United Kingdom , that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries....
 entangled itself in the First Anglo-Afghan War
First Anglo-Afghan War

The First Anglo?Afghan War lasted from 1839 to 1842. It was one of the first major conflicts during The Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Great Britain and Russia, and also marked one of the major losses of the British after the consolidation of India by the British East India Company....
. The expedition, led by General V.A. Perovsky
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky

Count Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky was a Russian general and statesman.After studying in Moscow University, he joined the Alexander I of Russia's retinue in 1811....
, the commander of the Orenburg
Orenburg

Orenburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District of Russia....
 garrison, consisted of 5,200 infantry, and ten thousand camels. Due to poor planning and a bit of bad luck, they set off in November 1839, into one of the worst winters in memory, and were forced to turn back on 1 February 1840, arriving back into Orenburg
Orenburg

Orenburg is a types of inhabited localities in Russia on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast in the Volga Federal District of Russia....
 in May, having suffered over a thousand casualties without having fired a single shot. At the same time, Britain, anxious to remove the pretext for the Russian attempt to annex Khiva, launched its own effort to free the slaves - a lone officer stationed in Herat
Herat

Herat , classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herat province. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, Afghanistan, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan....
, now in Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
. Captain James Abbott, disguised as an Afghan, set off on Christmas Eve, 1839, for Khiva. He arrived in late January 1840 and, although the khan was suspicious of his identity, he succeeded in talking the khan into allowing him to carry a letter for the tsar regarding the slave issue. He left on 7 March 1840, for Fort Alexandrovsk (Aqtau), and was subsequently betrayed by his guide, robbed, then released when the bandits realized the origin and destination of his letter. Yet his superiors in Herat
Herat

Herat , classically called the Aria, is a city in western Afghanistan, in the province also known as Herat province. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, Afghanistan, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan....
, not knowing of his fate, sent another officer, Lieutenant Richmond Shakespear, after him. Shakespear was evidently more successful than Abbott in that he somehow convinced the khan to not only free all Russian subjects under his control, but also make the ownership of Russian slaves a crime punishable by death. The freed slaves and Shakespear arrived in Fort Alexandrovsk on 15 August 1840, and Russia lost its primary motive for the conquest of Khiva, for the time being.

A permanent Russian presence in Khwarezm began in 1848 with the building of Fort Aralsk at the mouth of the Syr Darya
Syr Darya

Syr Darya is a river in Central Asia, sometimes known as the Jaxartes or Yaxartes from its Ancient Greek name . The Greek name is derived from Old Persian, Yakhsha Arta , a reference to the color of the river's water....
. The Empire's military superiority was such that Khiva and the other Central Asian principalities, Bukhara
Emirate of Bukhara

The Emirate of Bukhara was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana....
 and Kokand
Khanate of Kokand

The Khanate of Kokand was a state in Central Asia that existed from 1709–1876 within the territory of modern Uzbekistan, southern Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan....
, had no chance of repelling the Russian advance, despite years of fighting. Khiva was gradually reduced in size by Russian expansion in Turkestan
Turkestan

Turkestan is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic peoples. It has been referenced in many Turkic and Persian sagas and is an integral part of Turan ....
 and, in 1873, after Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 conquered the neighbouring cities of Tashkent
Tashkent

Tashkent is the Capital of Uzbekistan and also of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was 2.18 million....
 and Samarkand
Samarkand

Samarkand , is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province.The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study....
, General Von Kaufman
Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman

Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman was the first Governor-General of Russian Turkestan....
 launched an attack on Khiva consisting of 13,000 infantry and cavalry. The city of Khiva fell on 28 May 1873 and, on 12 August 1873, a peace treaty was signed that established Khiva as a quasi-independent Russian protectorate
Protectorate

A protectorate, in international law, is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship....
.

Bandera De Khiva 1917 1920
After the 1918 Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 seizure of power in the October Revolution, anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose the khan. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Kungrad
Onggirat

The Onggirat or the Khunggirat is a central Asia tribe, one of the major divisions of the Mongols. Variations on the name include Wangjila , Yongjilie , and Guangjila in Chinese sources and Ongrat or Kungrat in Turkish language....
 khan, Sayid Abdullah, abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic
Khorezm SSR

Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the khan abdicated in response to popular pressure, and officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay on 26 April 1920....
 (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before in 1924 it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, with the former Khanate divided between the new Turkmen SSR
Turkmen SSR

The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Turkmen SSR for short, was one of republics of the Soviet Union in Soviet Central Asia....
 and Uzbek SSR
Uzbek SSR

The Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic , also known as the Uzbek SSR for short, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union since its creation in 1924....
. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 in 1991, these became Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a Turkic peoples country in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic ....
 and Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan , is a Landlocked_country#Doubly_landlocked_country country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union....
 respectively. Today, the area that was the Khanate has a mixed population of Uzbeks
Uzbeks

The Uzbeks are a Turkic peoples people of Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China....
, Karakalpaks
Karakalpaks

The Karakalpaks are a Turkic peoples ethnic group who mainly live in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and in the river delta of Amu Darya on the southern shore of the Aral Sea in Uzbekistan....
, Turkmens, and Kazakhs
Kazakhs

The Kazakhs are a Turkic peoples of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
.

Khans of Khiva (1511-1920)


Arabshahid Dynasty (Yadigarid Shabanid Dynasty, 1511-1804)

  • Ilbars I (1511–1518)
  • Sultan Haji (1518–1519)
  • Hasan Quli (1519–1524)
  • Bujugha (1524–1529)
  • Sufyan (1529–1535)
  • Avnik (1535–1538)
  • Qal (1539–1549)
  • Aqatay (1549–1557)
  • Dust Muhammad (1557–1558)
  • Haji Muhammad I (1558–1602)
  • Arab Muhammad I (1602–1623)
  • Isfandiyar (1623–1643)
  • Abu al-Ghazi I Bahadur
    Abulghazi Bahadur

    Abulghazi Bahadur was khan of the Khanate of Khiva from 1643-1663. Having spent ten years in Persia before becoming khan, he was very well educated....
     (1643–1663)
  • Anusha (1663–1685)
  • Khudaydad (1685–1687)
  • Muhammad Awrang I (1687–1694)
  • Chuchaq (1694–1697)
  • Vali (1697–1698)
  • Ishaq Agha Shah Niyaz (1698–1701)
  • Awrang II (1701–1702)
  • Musa (1702–1712)
  • Yadigar I (1712–1713)
  • Awrang III (c. 1713 – c. 1714)
  • Haji Muhammad II (c. 1714)
  • Shir Ghazi (1714–1727)
  • Sarigh Ayghir (1727)
  • Bahadur (1727–1728)
  • Ilbars II (1728–1740)
  • Tahir (1740–1742)
  • Nurali I (1742)
  • Abu Muhammad (1742)
  • Abu al-Ghazi II Muhammad (1742–1747)
  • Ghaib (1747–1758)
  • Abdullah Qara Beg (1758)
  • Timur Ghazi (1758–1764)
  • Tawke (1764–1766)
  • Shah Ghazi (1766–1768)
  • Abu al-Ghazi III (1768–1769)
  • Nurali II (1769)
  • Jahangir (1769–1770)
  • Bφlekey (1770)
  • Aqim (first time, 1770–1771)
  • Abd al-Aziz (c. 1771)
  • Artuq Ghazi (c. 1772)
  • Abdullah (c. 1772)
  • Aqim (second time, c. 1772 – c. 1773)
  • Yadigar II (first time, c. 1773–1775)
  • Abu'l Fayz (1775–1779)
  • Yadigar II (second time, 1779–1781)
  • Pulad Ghazi (1781–1783)
  • Yadigar II (third time, 1783–1790)
  • Abu al-Ghazi IV (1790–1802)
  • Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib (1802–1804)


Qungrat
Onggirat

The Onggirat or the Khunggirat is a central Asia tribe, one of the major divisions of the Mongols. Variations on the name include Wangjila , Yongjilie , and Guangjila in Chinese sources and Ongrat or Kungrat in Turkish language....
 Dynasty (1804–1920)

  • Iltazar Inaq ibn Iwaz Inaq Biy (1804–1806)
  • Abu al-Ghazi V ibn Gha'ib (1806)
  • Muhammad Rahim Bahadur (1806–1825)
  • Allah Quli Bahadur (1825–1842)
  • Muhammad Rahim Quli (1842–1846)
  • Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur (1846–1855)
  • Abdullah (1855)
  • Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur (1855–1856)
  • Mahmud (1856)
  • Sayyid Muhammad (1856 – September 1864)
  • Muhammad Rahim Bahadur (10 September 1864 – September 1910)
  • Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur (September 1910 – 1 October 1918)
  • Sayid Abdullah (1 October 1918 – 1 February 1920)


See also

  • Khwarezm
    Khwarezm

    Khwarezm were a series of states centered on the Amu Darya river delta of the former Aral Sea, in Greater Iran , extending across the Ust-Urt plateau and possibly as far west as the eastern shores of the northern Caspian Sea....
  • Khorezm SSR
    Khorezm SSR

    Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the khan abdicated in response to popular pressure, and officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay on 26 April 1920....
  • Khiva
    Khiva

    Khiva ; Alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, , Khwarazm, Chiwa, and Chorezm) is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva and lies in the present-day Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan....


External links