United States Greenback Party
Encyclopedia
The Greenback Party was an American
political party with an anti-monopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks
," that had been issued during the American Civil War
and afterward. The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin
-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. It also condemned the use of militia
s and private police
against union strikes. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war. This would better foster business and assist farmers by raising prices and making debts easier to pay. It was established as a political party
whose members were primarily farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873
.
, on November 25, 1874. It was originally called the Independent Party or the National Party. In the late 1870s, the party controlled local government in a number of industrial and mining communities and contributed to the election of 21 members in the United States Congress
independent of the two major parties.
The Gilded Age
was an era of political ferment and conflict over the proper uses of governmental activity. The Greenback movement began as a protest against the national system of money and banking that had emerged by the mid-1870s. In particular, Greenbackers condemned the National Banking System
, created by the National Banking Act
of 1863, the harmonization of the silver dollar (Coinage Act of 1873 was in fact the "Crime of '73" to Greenback), and the Resumption Act of 1875, which mandated that the U.S. Treasury issue specie (coinage or "hard" currency) in exchange for greenback currency upon its presentation for redemption beginning on 1 January 1879, thus returning the nation to the gold standard. Together, these measures created an inflexible currency controlled by banks rather than the federal government. Greenbacks contended that such a system favored creditors and industry to the detriment of farmers and laborers.
In 1880 the Greenback Party broadened its platform to include support for an income tax
, an eight hour day, and allowing women the right to vote
. Ideological similarities also existed between the Grange (The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry) and the Greenback movement. For example, both the Grange and the GAP favored a national graduated income tax and proposed that public lands be given to settlers rather than sold to land speculators. The town of Greenback, Tennessee
was named after the Greenback Party about 1882.
According to William D. Barns of West Virginia University
, West Virginia
's Independent Greenback Party attracted reformists in 1878, from both the Democrat
s and Republican
s, dwarfing the latter for a short period. Many state delegates were elected to the West Virginia Legislature
, but by 1882, nearly all these had returned to their original parties, or had been voted out by conservative politicians
.
Among its national spokesmen, although not the best known, was Thomas Ewing, Jr.
, a noted Free State advocate in Kansas before the civil war, a controversial major general of Union forces during the war, and a Republican turned Democrat after the Grant Administration. His national debates on Greenback Monetary policy, led the party's growth and influence as spokesmen against the post-war redevelopment of monopolistic gold-based capitalism. Ewing's advice to Andrew Johnson had helped point the Administration towards an anti-gold standard Treasury department. Ewing served in Congress from 1877 to 1881 during the Hayes administration as a leading spokesman for those national politicians who wanted the nation's money supply used to expand commerce and fund westward expansion of the nation, not repay in gold the interest on civil war bonds Eastern bankers had bought to fund much of the civil war effort but whose antebellum lending practices to the South had helped slavery flourish. His 1875 national debates with hard money New York Governor Stewart L. Woodford
set the stage for a rapid but brief rise in party national influence.
The party's influence declined quickly, and after 1884 it was no longer a force in American politics. Many Greenback activists, including 1880 Presidential nominee James B. Weaver, later participated in the Populist Party
. By the middle of the 1880s, the Greenback Labor nationally was losing its labor-based support, in part as a result of craft-union voluntarism and in part as a result of Irish defections back to the Democratic Party.
campaign of Seattle, Washington
grocer Frederick C. Proehl (May 24, 1880-June 1970) and Edward J. Bedell.
The presidential Election Campaign of Whitney Hart Slocomb and Edward Kirby Meador in 1960
.
May 16–18, 1876 — Academy of Music, Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 239 delegates present from 17 states. Peter Cooper
was nominated for President
with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. Newton Booth
was nominated for Vice President
by a vote of 418 to 58 scattering. When Booth declined to run, the national committee substituted Samuel F. Cary
.
February 1878 — The National (Greenback-Labor) Party platform expounded at the party's first convention at Toledo, Ohio
declared that reform of the monetary system was necessary in order to "secure to the producers of wealth the results of their labor and skill, and muster out of service the vast army of idlers who, under the existing system, grow rich upon the earnings of others, that every man and woman may, by their own efforts, secure a competence, so that overgrown fortunes and extreme poverty will seldom be found within the limits of our Republic."
June 9–11, 1880 — Exposition Hall, Chicago, Illinois. There were 714 delegates present. James B. Weaver was nominated for President with 224.5 votes to Hendrick B. Wright with 126.5, Stephen D. Dillaye with 119, and 246 scattering. (After the roll call, all delegates who had supported other candidates shifted their votes to Weaver: New York Times, June 12, 1880.) Benjamin J. Chambers
was nominated for Vice President with 403 votes to 311 for Absolom M. West
.
May 28–29, 1884 — English's Opera House, Indianapolis, Indiana. All states were represented except Delaware
and Mississippi
. Benjamin Franklin Butler
was nominated for President with 323 votes to 98 for Jesse Harper
and five scattering. Absolom M. West was unanimously nominated for Vice President. Butler had been nominated for President two weeks earlier by the Anti-Monopoly Party's
National Convention.
September 12, 1888 — Cincinnati, Ohio
. Only eight delegates attended, and no candidates were nominated.
46th United States Congress
, March 4, 1879 - March 3, 1881.
47th United States Congress
, March 4, 1881 to March 3, 1883.
48th United States Congress
, March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885.
49th United States Congress
, March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1887.
50th United States Congress
, March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1889.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
political party with an anti-monopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks
United States Note
A United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, is a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money. They were known popularly as "greenbacks" in their heyday, a...
," that had been issued during the American Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
and afterward. The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin
Bullion coin
A bullion coin is a coin struck from precious metal and kept as a store of value or an investment, rather than used in day-to-day commerce. Investment coins are generally coins that have been minted after 1800, have a purity of not less than 900 thousandths and are or have been a legal tender in...
-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. It also condemned the use of militia
Militia
The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. It is a polyseme with...
s and private police
Private police
Private police are law enforcement bodies that are owned and/or controlled by non-governmental entities.These can be firms to which the government contracts out police work Private police are law enforcement bodies that are owned and/or controlled by non-governmental entities.These can be firms to...
against union strikes. Conversely, they believed that government control of the monetary system would allow it to keep more currency in circulation, as it had in the war. This would better foster business and assist farmers by raising prices and making debts easier to pay. It was established as a political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
whose members were primarily farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 triggered a severe international economic depression in both Europe and the United States that lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries. The depression was known as the Great Depression until the 1930s, but is now known as the Long Depression...
.
History
The Greenback Party was founded at a meeting in Indianapolis, IndianaIndianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S...
, on November 25, 1874. It was originally called the Independent Party or the National Party. In the late 1870s, the party controlled local government in a number of industrial and mining communities and contributed to the election of 21 members in the United States Congress
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....
independent of the two major parties.
The Gilded Age
Gilded Age
In United States history, the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post–Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their book The Gilded...
was an era of political ferment and conflict over the proper uses of governmental activity. The Greenback movement began as a protest against the national system of money and banking that had emerged by the mid-1870s. In particular, Greenbackers condemned the National Banking System
Banking in the United States
Banking in the United States is regulated by both the federal and state governments.The U.S. banking sector's short-term liabilities as of October 11, 2008 are 15% of the gross domestic product of the United States or 43% of its national debt, and the average bank leverage ratio is 12 to...
, created by the National Banking Act
National Banking Act
The National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 were two United States federal laws that established a system of national charters for banks, and created the United States National Banking System. They encouraged development of a national currency backed by bank holdings of U.S...
of 1863, the harmonization of the silver dollar (Coinage Act of 1873 was in fact the "Crime of '73" to Greenback), and the Resumption Act of 1875, which mandated that the U.S. Treasury issue specie (coinage or "hard" currency) in exchange for greenback currency upon its presentation for redemption beginning on 1 January 1879, thus returning the nation to the gold standard. Together, these measures created an inflexible currency controlled by banks rather than the federal government. Greenbacks contended that such a system favored creditors and industry to the detriment of farmers and laborers.
In 1880 the Greenback Party broadened its platform to include support for an income tax
Income tax
An income tax is a tax levied on the income of individuals or businesses . Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of tax incidence. Income taxation can be progressive, proportional, or regressive. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate...
, an eight hour day, and allowing women the right to vote
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage or woman suffrage is the right of women to vote and to run for office. The expression is also used for the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending these rights to women and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax, or...
. Ideological similarities also existed between the Grange (The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry) and the Greenback movement. For example, both the Grange and the GAP favored a national graduated income tax and proposed that public lands be given to settlers rather than sold to land speculators. The town of Greenback, Tennessee
Greenback, Tennessee
Greenback is a city in Loudon County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was at 1,064, according to the 2010 census. It is included in the Knoxville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:Greenback is located at...
was named after the Greenback Party about 1882.
According to William D. Barns of West Virginia University
West Virginia University
West Virginia University is a public research university in Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. Other campuses include: West Virginia University at Parkersburg in Parkersburg; West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Montgomery; Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser;...
, West Virginia
West Virginia
West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian and Southeastern regions of the United States, bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east...
's Independent Greenback Party attracted reformists in 1878, from both the Democrat
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is one of two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The party's socially liberal and progressive platform is largely considered center-left in the U.S. political spectrum. The party has the lengthiest record of continuous...
s and Republican
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...
s, dwarfing the latter for a short period. Many state delegates were elected to the West Virginia Legislature
West Virginia Legislature
The West Virginia Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of West Virginia. A bicameral legislative body, the Legislature is split between the upper Senate and the lower House of Delegates. It was established under Article VI of the West Virginia Constitution following the state's...
, but by 1882, nearly all these had returned to their original parties, or had been voted out by conservative politicians
Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and continuity, while others oppose modernism...
.
Among its national spokesmen, although not the best known, was Thomas Ewing, Jr.
Thomas Ewing, Jr.
Thomas Ewing, Jr. was an attorney, the first chief justice of Kansas and leading free state advocate, Union Army general during the American Civil War, and two-term United States Congressman from Ohio, 1877-1881. He narrowly lost the 1880 campaign for Ohio Governor.-Early life and career:Ewing...
, a noted Free State advocate in Kansas before the civil war, a controversial major general of Union forces during the war, and a Republican turned Democrat after the Grant Administration. His national debates on Greenback Monetary policy, led the party's growth and influence as spokesmen against the post-war redevelopment of monopolistic gold-based capitalism. Ewing's advice to Andrew Johnson had helped point the Administration towards an anti-gold standard Treasury department. Ewing served in Congress from 1877 to 1881 during the Hayes administration as a leading spokesman for those national politicians who wanted the nation's money supply used to expand commerce and fund westward expansion of the nation, not repay in gold the interest on civil war bonds Eastern bankers had bought to fund much of the civil war effort but whose antebellum lending practices to the South had helped slavery flourish. His 1875 national debates with hard money New York Governor Stewart L. Woodford
Stewart L. Woodford
Stewart Lyndon Woodford was an American politician.-Life:He studied at Yale University and Columbia College . At the latter he graduated in 1854 and was a member of St. Anthony Hall...
set the stage for a rapid but brief rise in party national influence.
The party's influence declined quickly, and after 1884 it was no longer a force in American politics. Many Greenback activists, including 1880 Presidential nominee James B. Weaver, later participated in the Populist Party
Populist Party (United States)
The People's Party, also known as the "Populists", was a short-lived political party in the United States established in 1891. It was most important in 1892-96, then rapidly faded away...
. By the middle of the 1880s, the Greenback Labor nationally was losing its labor-based support, in part as a result of craft-union voluntarism and in part as a result of Irish defections back to the Democratic Party.
Other Greenback Parties
The 1952United States presidential election, 1952
The United States presidential election of 1952 took place in an era when Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union was escalating rapidly. In the United States Senate, Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin had become a national figure after chairing congressional...
campaign of Seattle, Washington
Seattle, Washington
Seattle is the county seat of King County, Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country...
grocer Frederick C. Proehl (May 24, 1880-June 1970) and Edward J. Bedell.
The presidential Election Campaign of Whitney Hart Slocomb and Edward Kirby Meador in 1960
United States presidential election, 1960
The United States presidential election of 1960 was the 44th American presidential election, held on November 8, 1960, for the term beginning January 20, 1961, and ending January 20, 1965. The incumbent president, Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, was not eligible to run again. The Republican Party...
.
Presidential tickets
| Elec- tion |
Convention city |
Convention dates |
Presidential Candidate |
Vice Presidential Candidate |
Popular votes |
Per cent |
| 1876 United States presidential election, 1876 The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and controversial presidential elections in American history. Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted... |
Indianapolis Indianapolis Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S... |
May 1876 | Peter Cooper Peter Cooper Peter Cooper was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and candidate for President of the United States... (New York New York New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east... ) |
Samuel F. Cary Samuel Fenton Cary Samuel Fenton Cary was a congressman and significant temperance movement leader in the nineteenth century. Cary became well-known nationally as a prohibitionist author and lecturer.-Life:... (Ohio Ohio Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus... ) |
75,973 | 0.9% |
| 1880 United States presidential election, 1880 The United States presidential election of 1880 was largely seen as a referendum on the end of Reconstruction in Southern states carried out by the Republicans. There were no pressing issues of the day save tariffs, with the Republicans supporting higher tariffs and the Democrats supporting lower... |
Chicago Chicago Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles... |
June 1880 | James Baird Weaver (Iowa Iowa Iowa is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New... ) |
Benjamin J. Chambers Benjamin J. Chambers Barzillai J. Chambers was an American surveyor, lawyer, and politician of the Gilded Age from Texas. He unsuccessfully ran for Vice President on the ticket of the Greenback Labor Party and James Baird Weaver in 1880. The pair received only 3.3% of the popular vote and no electoral votes... (Texas Texas Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in... ) |
305,997 | 3.3% |
| 1884 United States presidential election, 1884 The United States presidential election of 1884 saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the election of 1856. New York Governor Grover Cleveland narrowly defeated Republican former United States Senator James G. Blaine of Maine to break the longest losing streak... |
Indianapolis | May 1884 | Benjamin F. Butler Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician) Benjamin Franklin Butler was an American lawyer and politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and later served as the 33rd Governor of Massachusetts.... (Massachusetts Massachusetts The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010... ) |
Absolom M. West Absolom M. West Absolom Madden West was a Southern United States politician, soldier, railroad president and labor organizer.-Biography:... (Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi... ) |
175,096 | 1.7% |
National Conventions
November 25, 1874 — Organizational Convention in Indianapolis, IndianaIndianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S...
May 16–18, 1876 — Academy of Music, Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 239 delegates present from 17 states. Peter Cooper
Peter Cooper
Peter Cooper was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and candidate for President of the United States...
was nominated for President
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. Newton Booth
Newton Booth
Newton Booth was an American politician.Born in Salem, Indiana, he attended the common schools. In 1841, his parents Beebe and Hannah Booth moved from Salem to Terre Haute, Indiana. Newton graduated from Asbury University, later renamed DePauw University, in nearby Greencastle, Indiana. He studied...
was nominated for Vice President
Vice President of the United States
The Vice President of the United States is the holder of a public office created by the United States Constitution. The Vice President, together with the President of the United States, is indirectly elected by the people, through the Electoral College, to a four-year term...
by a vote of 418 to 58 scattering. When Booth declined to run, the national committee substituted Samuel F. Cary
Samuel Fenton Cary
Samuel Fenton Cary was a congressman and significant temperance movement leader in the nineteenth century. Cary became well-known nationally as a prohibitionist author and lecturer.-Life:...
.
February 1878 — The National (Greenback-Labor) Party platform expounded at the party's first convention at Toledo, Ohio
Toledo, Ohio
Toledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan...
declared that reform of the monetary system was necessary in order to "secure to the producers of wealth the results of their labor and skill, and muster out of service the vast army of idlers who, under the existing system, grow rich upon the earnings of others, that every man and woman may, by their own efforts, secure a competence, so that overgrown fortunes and extreme poverty will seldom be found within the limits of our Republic."
June 9–11, 1880 — Exposition Hall, Chicago, Illinois. There were 714 delegates present. James B. Weaver was nominated for President with 224.5 votes to Hendrick B. Wright with 126.5, Stephen D. Dillaye with 119, and 246 scattering. (After the roll call, all delegates who had supported other candidates shifted their votes to Weaver: New York Times, June 12, 1880.) Benjamin J. Chambers
Benjamin J. Chambers
Barzillai J. Chambers was an American surveyor, lawyer, and politician of the Gilded Age from Texas. He unsuccessfully ran for Vice President on the ticket of the Greenback Labor Party and James Baird Weaver in 1880. The pair received only 3.3% of the popular vote and no electoral votes...
was nominated for Vice President with 403 votes to 311 for Absolom M. West
Absolom M. West
Absolom Madden West was a Southern United States politician, soldier, railroad president and labor organizer.-Biography:...
.
May 28–29, 1884 — English's Opera House, Indianapolis, Indiana. All states were represented except Delaware
Delaware
Delaware is a U.S. state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, and to the north by Pennsylvania...
and Mississippi
Mississippi
Mississippi is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi...
. Benjamin Franklin Butler
Benjamin Franklin Butler (politician)
Benjamin Franklin Butler was an American lawyer and politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and later served as the 33rd Governor of Massachusetts....
was nominated for President with 323 votes to 98 for Jesse Harper
Jesse Harper
-External links:* * at College Basketball at Sports-Reference.com...
and five scattering. Absolom M. West was unanimously nominated for Vice President. Butler had been nominated for President two weeks earlier by the Anti-Monopoly Party's
Anti-Monopoly Party
The Anti-Monopoly Party was a short-lived U.S. political party that was founded as a national political party in 1884 at its convention in Chicago, which took place on May 14, 1884. Prior to this convention, however, there were Anti-Monopoly Parties operating at the state level, notably in...
National Convention.
September 12, 1888 — Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
. Only eight delegates attended, and no candidates were nominated.
Elected officials
The following were Greenback members of the U.S. House of Representatives:46th United States Congress
46th United States Congress
The Forty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1879 to March 4, 1881, during the last two years of...
, March 4, 1879 - March 3, 1881.
- William M. LoweWilliam M. LoweWilliam Manning Lowe was an American politician who served the state of Alabama in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1879 and 1881 and in 1882. He was born on June 12, 1842 in Huntsville, Alabama. He attended the Wesleyan University at Florence, Alabama and the University of Virginia...
(1842–1882), Alabama's 8th congressional districtAlabama's 8th congressional districtAlabama's 8th congressional district, now obsolete, was established in 1877.At present, Alabama has seven congressional districts represented in the United States House of Representatives. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Alabama was apportioned eight congressional seats as a result of the 1880... - Albert P. ForsytheAlbert P. ForsytheAlbert Palaska Forsythe was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.-Biography:Born in New Richmond, Ohio, Forsythe attended the common schools and Indiana Asbury College , Greencastle, Indiana. He was admitted into the Indiana conference of the Methodist Church as a traveling preacher in 1853 and...
(1830–1906), Illinois' 15th congressional districtIllinois' 15th congressional districtThe 15th Congressional District of Illinois is located in eastern Illinois. It includes the cities of Charleston, Urbana, Danville, and Champaign, and all or parts of Livingston, Iroquois, Ford, McLean, DeWitt, Champaign, Vermillion, Macon, Piatt, Douglas, Edgar, Moultrie, Coles, Cumberland,... - Gilbert De La MatyrGilbert De La MatyrGilbert De La Matyr was an American cleric and politician from New York and Indiana.-Life:...
(1825–1892), "National" Indiana's 7th congressional districtIndiana's 7th congressional districtIndiana's 7th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Indiana. Based in the heart of the state, the district encompasses most of Marion County and Indianapolis.... - James B. Weaver (1833–1912), Iowa's 6th congressional districtIowa's 6th congressional districtIowa's 6th congressional district is a former congressional district in Iowa. It existed from 1862 to 1992, when it was lost due to Iowa's declining population....
- Edward H. GilletteEdward H. GilletteEdward Hooker Gillette was a nineteenth-century populist politician and editor from Iowa. He was elected on the Greenback Party ticket to represent Iowa's 7th congressional district for only one term in Congress, but remained active in populist political movements.Gillette was the son of Senator...
(1840–1918), Iowa's 7th congressional districtIowa's 7th congressional districtIowa's 7th congressional district is a former congressional district in Iowa. It was eliminated after the 1970 election, leaving Iowa with six congressional districts. The state has since been reduced to five congressional districts.-Redistricting:... - George W. LaddGeorge W. LaddGeorge Washington Ladd was a U.S. Representative from Maine.Born in Augusta, Maine, Ladd attended the common schools and Kents Hill Seminary.He engaged in the drug business in Bangor, Maine....
(1818–1892), Maine's 4th congressional districtMaine's 4th congressional districtMaine's 4th congressional district is a former congressional district in Maine. It was created in 1821 after Maine achieved statehood in 1820 due to the result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise. It was eliminated in 1933 after the 1930 U.S. Census. Its last congressman was Donald F.... - Thompson H. MurchThompson H. MurchThompson Henry Murch was a nineteenth century politician, stonecutter, editor, publisher and merchant from Maine. He was among the first trade unionists elected to the United States Congress....
(1838–1886), Maine's 5th congressional districtMaine's 5th congressional districtMaine's 5th congressional district is a former congressional district in Maine. It was created in 1821 after Maine achieved statehood in 1820. It was eliminated in 1883. Its last congressman was Thompson Henry Murch.-Representatives:-References:*... - Nicholas FordNicholas FordNicholas Ford was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.Born in Wicklow, Ireland, Ford attended the village school and Maynooth College, Dublin, Ireland....
(1833–1897), Missouri's 9th congressional districtMissouri's 9th congressional districtMissouri's 9th congressional district encompasses rural Northeast Missouri, the area known as "Little Dixie," along with the larger towns of Columbia, Fulton, Kirksville and Union. Boone, Franklin, and a portion of St. Charles County comprise the highest voting centers of the mostly rural district... - Daniel Lindsay RussellDaniel Lindsay RussellDaniel Lindsay Russell, Jr. was the 49th Governor of North Carolina from 1897 to 1901, an attorney and judge, and a politician. Although he fought with the Confederacy during the Civil War, he and his father were both Unionists...
(1845–1908), North Carolina's 3rd congressional districtNorth Carolina's 3rd congressional districtNorth Carolina's 3rd congressional district is located on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina. It covers the Outer Banks and the counties adjacent to the Pamlico Sound. It also spikes inwards through Duplin, Wayne, Wilson, Nash, Craven, Carteret and Pitt counties.The district is represented by... - Hendrick B. Wright, Pennsylvania's 12th congressional districtPennsylvania's 12th congressional districtPennsylvania's 12th congressional district is represented by Congressman Mark Critz after a special election was held on May 18, 2010 following the death of Democrat John Murtha. The district has a Cook Partisan Voting Index score of R+1...
- Seth H. Yocum (1834–1895), Pennsylvania's 20th congressional districtPennsylvania's 20th congressional districtPennsylvania's twentieth congressional district was a congressional district in southwestern Pennsylvania. It was created following the 1830 Census and was disbanded after the 2000 Census removed two representatives from Pennsylvania...
- George Washington JonesGeorge Washington Jones (Texas politician)George Washington Jones was a Texas politician, a Lieutenant Governor of Texas and a Greenback member of the United States House of Representatives.-Early life:...
(1828–1903), Texas's 5th congressional districtTexas's 5th congressional district-References:*... - Bradley BarlowBradley BarlowBradley Barlow was a United States Representative from Vermont. He was born in Fairfield, Vermont. He attended the common schools and then engaged in mercantile pursuits in Philadelphia until 1858, when he moved to St...
(1814–1889), Vermont's 3rd congressional districtVermont's 3rd congressional districtVermont's 3rd congressional district is an obsolete district. It was created in 1803. It was eliminated after the 1880 Census. Its last Congressman was William W...
47th United States Congress
47th United States Congress
The Forty-seventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1881 to March 4, 1883, during the administration...
, March 4, 1881 to March 3, 1883.
- William M. LoweWilliam M. LoweWilliam Manning Lowe was an American politician who served the state of Alabama in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1879 and 1881 and in 1882. He was born on June 12, 1842 in Huntsville, Alabama. He attended the Wesleyan University at Florence, Alabama and the University of Virginia...
, Alabama's 8th congressional district. - George W. LaddGeorge W. LaddGeorge Washington Ladd was a U.S. Representative from Maine.Born in Augusta, Maine, Ladd attended the common schools and Kents Hill Seminary.He engaged in the drug business in Bangor, Maine....
, Maine's 4th congressional district - Thompson H. MurchThompson H. MurchThompson Henry Murch was a nineteenth century politician, stonecutter, editor, publisher and merchant from Maine. He was among the first trade unionists elected to the United States Congress....
, Maine's 5th congressional district - Ira S. Hazeltine Missouri's 6th congressional districtMissouri's 6th congressional districtMissouri's 6th congressional district takes in a large swath of land in rural northwest Missouri. Its largest voting population is centered in the Kansas City metropolitan area and the town of St. Joseph. The district includes all of Kansas City north of the Missouri River...
- Theron M. Rice Missouri's 7th congressional districtMissouri's 7th congressional districtMissouri's 7th congressional district consists of Southwest Missouri. The district includes Springfield, the home of Missouri State University , and the popular tourist destination city of Branson...
- Nicholas FordNicholas FordNicholas Ford was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.Born in Wicklow, Ireland, Ford attended the village school and Maynooth College, Dublin, Ireland....
, Missouri's 9th congressional district - Joseph H. Burrows Missouri's 10th congressional districtMissouri's 10th congressional districtThe 10th Congressional District of Missouri was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in Missouri from 1873 to 1983.-List of representatives:-References:*...
- Charles N. BrummCharles N. BrummCharles Napoleon Brumm was a Greenbacker and a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.-Early life and education:...
, Pennsylvania's 13th congressional districtPennsylvania's 13th congressional districtThe 13th Congressional District of Pennsylvania is located in Southeastern Pennsylvania, covering eastern Montgomery County and Northeast Philadelphia. The district traditionally included most of Montgomery County, but was redrawn in 2002... - James MosgroveJames MosgroveJames Mosgrove was a Greenback member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.James Mosgrove was born in Kittanning, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and was engaged in the iron business....
, Pennsylvania's 25th congressional districtPennsylvania's 25th congressional districtPennsylvania's 25th congressional district was one of Pennsylvania's districts of the United States House of Representatives.-Geography:... - George Washington JonesGeorge Washington Jones (Texas politician)George Washington Jones was a Texas politician, a Lieutenant Governor of Texas and a Greenback member of the United States House of Representatives.-Early life:...
, Texas' 5th congressional district
48th United States Congress
48th United States Congress
The Forty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1883 to March 4, 1885, during the last two years...
, March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885.
- Benjamin F. ShivelyBenjamin F. ShivelyBenjamin Franklin Shively was a United States Representative and Senator from Indiana. Born near Osceola, Indiana, attended the common schools and the Northern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso. He taught school from 1874 to 1880, engaged in journalism from 1880 to 1884, and was secretary of the...
, Anti-MonopolistAnti-Monopoly PartyThe Anti-Monopoly Party was a short-lived U.S. political party that was founded as a national political party in 1884 at its convention in Chicago, which took place on May 14, 1884. Prior to this convention, however, there were Anti-Monopoly Parties operating at the state level, notably in...
Indiana's 13th congressional districtIndiana's 13th congressional districtIndiana's 13th congressional district was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in Indiana. It was eliminated as a result of the 1930 Census. It was last represented by Samuel B. Pettengill who was redistricted into the 3rd District.-List of representatives:-... - Luman Hamlin WellerLuman Hamlin WellerLuman Hamlin Weller was a United States Greenback Party member. In the 1880s, he served a single term in the United States House of Representatives as a representative of Iowa's 4th congressional district, then in rural northeastern Iowa...
, Iowa's 4th congressional districtIowa's 4th congressional districtIowa's 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Iowa that covers most of the north-central part of the state.... - Charles N. BrummCharles N. BrummCharles Napoleon Brumm was a Greenbacker and a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.-Early life and education:...
, Pennsylvania's 13th congressional districtPennsylvania's 13th congressional districtThe 13th Congressional District of Pennsylvania is located in Southeastern Pennsylvania, covering eastern Montgomery County and Northeast Philadelphia. The district traditionally included most of Montgomery County, but was redrawn in 2002...
49th United States Congress
49th United States Congress
The Forty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1885 to March 4, 1887, during the first two years...
, March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1887.
- James Weaver, Iowa's 6th congressional district
50th United States Congress
50th United States Congress
The Fiftieth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1887 to March 4, 1889, during the third and fourth...
, March 4, 1887 to March 3, 1889.
- James Weaver, Iowa's 6th congressional district
See also
- Labor Party (United States - 19th Century)Labor Party (United States - 19th Century)Labor Party was the name or partial name of a number of United States political parties which were organized during the 1870s and 1880s.The Social Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America was formed in 1874...
- ProducerismProducerismProducerism, sometimes referred to as "producer radicalism," is a right-wing populist ideology which holds that the productive members of society are being exploited by parasitic elements at both the top and bottom of the social and economic structure....
- United States NoteUnited States NoteA United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, is a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for over 100 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money. They were known popularly as "greenbacks" in their heyday, a...
- List of political parties in the United States
Sources
- Smith, Ronald D., Thomas Ewing Jr., Frontier Lawyer and Civil War General. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8262-1806-3.