Synarchism
Encyclopedia
Synarchism is a term which generally refers to "joint rule" or "harmonious rule".
Beyond this general definition, however, both "synarchism" and "synarchy" have been used to describe several different political
processes in various contexts. Increasingly, the terms have been used by conspiracy theorists to mean rule by a secret elite
.
(the American Dictionary of the English Language, published by Noah Webster
in 1828). Webster's definition for "synarchy" is limited entirely to "joint rule or sovereignty
". The word is derived from the Greek stems "syn" meaning with or together and "archy" meaning rule.
The most substantial early use of the word "synarchy" comes from the writings of Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre
(1842–1909), who used the term in his book La France vraie to describe what he believed was the ideal form of government
. In reaction to the emergence of anarchist ideologies and movements, Saint-Yves elaborated a political formula which he believed would lead to a harmonious society. He defended social differentiation and hierarchy with collaboration between social classes, transcending conflict between social and economic groups: synarchy, as opposed to anarchy
. Specifically, Saint-Yves envisioned a Federal Europe (as well as all the states it has integrated) with a corporatist
government composed of three councils
, one for academia
, one for the judiciary
, and one for commerce
.
, a form of government where political power effectively rests with a secret elite
, in contrast to an "oligarchy
" where the elite is or could be known by the public.
occultist" who used "synarchy" to describe a form of government where political power
effectively rests with secret societies or, more precisely, esoteric societies, which are composed of oracle
s. Furthermore he is supposed to have associated "synarchy" with the rule of "ascended master
s" who lived in the subterranean caverns of Agartha
and supposedly communicated with him telepathically
. However, other authors have described these claims about Saint-Yves as false and originating in occult conspiracy theories.
officer William Langer (Our Vichy Gamble, Alfred A Knopf, New York, 1947), there were French industrial and banking interests who "even before the war, had turned to Nazi Germany and had looked to Hitler as the savior of Europe from Communism. These people were as good fascists as any in Europe. Many of them had extensive and intimate business relations with German interests and were still dreaming of a new system of 'synarchy', which meant government of Europe on fascist principles by an international brotherhood of financiers and industrialists."
This theory allegedly originated with the discovery of a document called Pacte Synarchique following the death of Jean Coutrot, former member of Groupe X-Crise
, on May 15, 1941. According to this document, a Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire had been founded in 1922, with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy. This led to the belief that La Cagoule
, a far-right organisation, was the armed branch of French synarchism, and that some important members of the Vichy Regime were synarchists. An investigation was in fact ordered by the Vichy government, leading to the Rapport Chavin but no evidence for the existence of the Mouvement Synarchiste d'Empire was found. Most of the presumed synarchists were either associated with the Banque Worms or with Groupe X-Crise and were close to Admiral François Darlan
, and this has led to the belief that synarchists had engineered the military defeat of France for the profit of Banque Worms.
This belief system has been dismissed as a "work of a paranoid imagination which wove together the histories of three disparate groups of activists, creating a conspiracy among them where none existed". In fact, some historians suspect that the Pacte Synarchique was a hoax
created by some members of La Cagoule to weaken Darlan and his technocrats.
, leader of a controversial movement
on the political fringe, describes a wide-ranging historical phenomenon, starting with Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and the Martinist Order followed by important individuals, organizations, movements and regimes that are alleged to have been synarchist, including the government of Nazi Germany. He claims that during the Great Depression
an international coalition of financial institutions, raw materials cartels, and intelligence
operatives, installed fascist regimes throughout Europe
(and tried to do so in Mexico
) to maintain world order and prevent the repudiation of international debts. LaRouche identifies U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney
as a modern "synarchist", and claims that "synarchists" have "a scheme for replacing regular military forces of nations, by private armies
in the footsteps of a privately financed international Waffen-SS
-like scheme, a force deployed by leading financier institutions, such as the multi-billions funding by the U.S. Treasury, of Cheney's Halliburton
gang."
John K. Fairbank
used the word "synarchism" in his 1953 book Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854 and in later writings, to describe the mechanisms of government under the late Qing dynasty
in China
. Fairbank's synarchy is a form of rule by co-opting existing elites and powers, bringing them into the system and legitimising them through a schedule of rituals and tributes that gave them a stake in the Chinese regime and neutralised any risk that they might rebel against the monarchy. He believed that the Qing, who were considered outside rulers because of their Manchu
origins, had developed this strategy out of necessity because they did not have their own political base in China. This conception of Qing rule is not universally accepted among sinologists and historians of China, but is a respected, mainstream
view with significant support in the field.
The term is also used by some political scientists to describe the British colonial government in Hong Kong
(1842–1997). Ambrose King
, in his controversial 1975 paper Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong, described colonial Hong Kong's administration as "elite consensual government". In it, he claimed, any coalition of elites or forces capable of challenging the legitimacy of Hong Kong's administrative structure would be co-opted by the existing apparatus through the appointment of leading political activists, business figures and other elites to oversight committees, by granting them British honours
, and by bringing them into elite institutions like Hong Kong's horse racing clubs. He called this "synarchy", by extension of Fairbank's use of the word.
dating from the 1930s. In Mexico
it was historically a movement of the Roman Catholic extreme right, in some ways akin to fascism
, violently opposed to the populist
and secularist policies of the revolutionary
(PNR, PRM, and PRI) governments that ruled Mexico from 1929 to 2000.
The National Synarchist Union
(Unión Nacional Sinarquista, UNS) was founded in May 1937 by a group of Catholic political activists led by José Antonio Urquiza, who was murdered in April 1938, and Salvador Abascal
. In 1946 a faction of the movement loyal to deposed leader Manuel Torres Bueno
regrouped as the Popular Force Party
(Partido Fuerza Popular). Synarchism revived as a political movement in the 1970s through the Mexican Democratic Party
(PDM), whose candidate, Ignacio González Gollaz, polled 1.8 percent of the vote at the 1982 presidential election. In 1988 Gumersindo Magaña
polled a similar proportion, but the party then suffered a split, and in 1992 lost its registration as a political party
. It was dissolved in 1996.
There are now two organisations, both calling themselves the Unión Nacional Sinarquista, one apparently right-wing orientation, the other apparently left-wing. Carlos Abascal
, son of Salvador Abascal
, was Mexico's Secretary of the Interior during Vicente Fox
's presidency. Many sinarquistas are now militant in the National Action Party
, PAN, the party in power since 2000 first with Vicente Fox
and now with Felipe Calderón
(since 2006) as presidents. Sinarquistas are influential policy makers in matters like education and health.
Beyond this general definition, however, both "synarchism" and "synarchy" have been used to describe several different political
Politics
Politics is a process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the...
processes in various contexts. Increasingly, the terms have been used by conspiracy theorists to mean rule by a secret elite
Elite
Elite refers to an exceptional or privileged group that wields considerable power within its sphere of influence...
.
Origins
The earliest recorded use of the term "synarchy" is attributed to Thomas Stackhouse (1677–1752), an English clergyman who used the word in his New History of the Holy Bible from the Beginning of the World to the Establishment of Christianity (published in two folio volumes in 1737). The attribution can be found in the Webster's DictionaryWebster's Dictionary
Webster's Dictionary refers to the line of dictionaries first developed by Noah Webster in the early 19th century, and also to numerous unrelated dictionaries that added Webster's name just to share his prestige. The term is a genericized trademark in the U.S.A...
(the American Dictionary of the English Language, published by Noah Webster
Noah Webster
Noah Webster was an American educator, lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author...
in 1828). Webster's definition for "synarchy" is limited entirely to "joint rule or sovereignty
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
". The word is derived from the Greek stems "syn" meaning with or together and "archy" meaning rule.
The most substantial early use of the word "synarchy" comes from the writings of Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre
Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre
Alexandre Saint-Yves, Marquess of Alveydre was a French occultist who adapted the works of Fabre d'Olivet and, in turn, had his ideas adapted by Papus...
(1842–1909), who used the term in his book La France vraie to describe what he believed was the ideal form of government
Form of government
A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by which a government of a state is organized. Synonyms include "regime type" and "system of government".-Empirical and conceptual problems:...
. In reaction to the emergence of anarchist ideologies and movements, Saint-Yves elaborated a political formula which he believed would lead to a harmonious society. He defended social differentiation and hierarchy with collaboration between social classes, transcending conflict between social and economic groups: synarchy, as opposed to anarchy
Anarchy
Anarchy , has more than one colloquial definition. In the United States, the term "anarchy" typically is meant to refer to a society which lacks publicly recognized government or violently enforced political authority...
. Specifically, Saint-Yves envisioned a Federal Europe (as well as all the states it has integrated) with a corporatist
Corporatism
Corporatism, also known as corporativism, is a system of economic, political, or social organization that involves association of the people of society into corporate groups, such as agricultural, business, ethnic, labor, military, patronage, or scientific affiliations, on the basis of common...
government composed of three councils
Council of State
The Council of State is a unique governmental body in a country or subdivision thereoff, though its nature may range from the formal name for the cabinet to a non-executive advisory body surrounding a head of state. It is sometimes regarded as the equivalent of a privy council.-Modern:*Belgian...
, one for academia
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
, one for the judiciary
Judiciary
The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes...
, and one for commerce
Chamber of commerce
A chamber of commerce is a form of business network, e.g., a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community...
.
Rule by a secret elite
Some conspiracy theorists use the word "synarchy" to describe a shadow governmentShadow government (conspiracy)
The term shadow government besides its party political meaning can also refer to what is sometimes called "the secret government" or "the invisible government" , an idea based on the notion that real and actual political power does not reside with publicly elected representatives but with private...
, a form of government where political power effectively rests with a secret elite
Elite
Elite refers to an exceptional or privileged group that wields considerable power within its sphere of influence...
, in contrast to an "oligarchy
Oligarchy
Oligarchy is a form of power structure in which power effectively rests with an elite class distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, commercial, and/or military legitimacy...
" where the elite is or could be known by the public.
Occultism
Some authors have claimed that Saint-Yves was a "theocraticTheocracy
Theocracy is a form of organization in which the official policy is to be governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided, or simply pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religious sect or religion....
occultist" who used "synarchy" to describe a form of government where political power
Political power
Political power is a type of power held by a group in a society which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labour, and wealth. There are many ways to obtain possession of such power. At the nation-state level political legitimacy for political power is held by the...
effectively rests with secret societies or, more precisely, esoteric societies, which are composed of oracle
Oracle
In Classical Antiquity, an oracle was a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic predictions or precognition of the future, inspired by the gods. As such it is a form of divination....
s. Furthermore he is supposed to have associated "synarchy" with the rule of "ascended master
Ascended master
Ascended Masters, in the Ascended Master Teachings is derived from the Theosophical concept of Masters of the Ancient Wisdom or "Mahatmas", though they differ in important aspects...
s" who lived in the subterranean caverns of Agartha
Agartha
Agartha is a legendary city that is said to reside in the earth's core. It is related to the belief in a hollow earth and is a popular subject in esotericism....
and supposedly communicated with him telepathically
Telepathy
Telepathy , is the induction of mental states from one mind to another. The term was coined in 1882 by the classical scholar Fredric W. H. Myers, a founder of the Society for Psychical Research, and has remained more popular than the more-correct expression thought-transference...
. However, other authors have described these claims about Saint-Yves as false and originating in occult conspiracy theories.
In Vichy France
According to former OSSOffice of Strategic Services
The Office of Strategic Services was a United States intelligence agency formed during World War II. It was the wartime intelligence agency, and it was a predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency...
officer William Langer (Our Vichy Gamble, Alfred A Knopf, New York, 1947), there were French industrial and banking interests who "even before the war, had turned to Nazi Germany and had looked to Hitler as the savior of Europe from Communism. These people were as good fascists as any in Europe. Many of them had extensive and intimate business relations with German interests and were still dreaming of a new system of 'synarchy', which meant government of Europe on fascist principles by an international brotherhood of financiers and industrialists."
This theory allegedly originated with the discovery of a document called Pacte Synarchique following the death of Jean Coutrot, former member of Groupe X-Crise
Groupe X-Crise
The Groupe X-Crise was a French technocratic movement created in 1931 as an aftermath of the 1929 Wall Street stock market crash and the Great Depression. Formed by former students of the École Polytechnique , it advocated planisme, or economic planification, as opposed to the then dominant...
, on May 15, 1941. According to this document, a Mouvement Synarchique d'Empire had been founded in 1922, with the aim of abolishing parliamentarianism and replacing it with synarchy. This led to the belief that La Cagoule
La Cagoule
La Cagoule , officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire , was a violent French fascist-leaning and anti-communist group, active in the 1930s, and designed to attempt the overthrow of the French Third Republic...
, a far-right organisation, was the armed branch of French synarchism, and that some important members of the Vichy Regime were synarchists. An investigation was in fact ordered by the Vichy government, leading to the Rapport Chavin but no evidence for the existence of the Mouvement Synarchiste d'Empire was found. Most of the presumed synarchists were either associated with the Banque Worms or with Groupe X-Crise and were close to Admiral François Darlan
François Darlan
Jean Louis Xavier François Darlan was a French naval officer. His great-grandfather was killed at the Battle of Trafalgar...
, and this has led to the belief that synarchists had engineered the military defeat of France for the profit of Banque Worms.
This belief system has been dismissed as a "work of a paranoid imagination which wove together the histories of three disparate groups of activists, creating a conspiracy among them where none existed". In fact, some historians suspect that the Pacte Synarchique was a hoax
Hoax
A hoax is a deliberately fabricated falsehood made to masquerade as truth. It is distinguishable from errors in observation or judgment, or rumors, urban legends, pseudosciences or April Fools' Day events that are passed along in good faith by believers or as jokes.-Definition:The British...
created by some members of La Cagoule to weaken Darlan and his technocrats.
LaRouche
Lyndon LaRoucheLyndon LaRouche
Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. is an American political activist and founder of a network of political committees, parties, and publications known collectively as the LaRouche movement...
, leader of a controversial movement
LaRouche movement
The LaRouche movement is an international political and cultural network that promotes Lyndon LaRouche and his ideas. It has included scores of organizations and companies around the world. Their activities include campaigning, private intelligence gathering, and publishing numerous periodicals,...
on the political fringe, describes a wide-ranging historical phenomenon, starting with Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre and the Martinist Order followed by important individuals, organizations, movements and regimes that are alleged to have been synarchist, including the government of Nazi Germany. He claims that during the Great Depression
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...
an international coalition of financial institutions, raw materials cartels, and intelligence
Intelligence (information gathering)
Intelligence assessment is the development of forecasts of behaviour or recommended courses of action to the leadership of an organization, based on a wide range of available information sources both overt and covert. Assessments are developed in response to requirements declared by the leadership...
operatives, installed fascist regimes throughout Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
(and tried to do so in Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
) to maintain world order and prevent the repudiation of international debts. LaRouche identifies U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney
Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney served as the 46th Vice President of the United States , under George W. Bush....
as a modern "synarchist", and claims that "synarchists" have "a scheme for replacing regular military forces of nations, by private armies
Private military company
A private military company or provides military and security services. These combatants are commonly known as mercenaries, though modern-day PMCs refer to their staff as security contractors, private military contractors or private security contractors, and refer to themselves as private military...
in the footsteps of a privately financed international Waffen-SS
Waffen-SS
The Waffen-SS was a multi-ethnic and multi-national military force of the Third Reich. It constituted the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel or SS, an organ of the Nazi Party. The Waffen-SS saw action throughout World War II and grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions, and served alongside...
-like scheme, a force deployed by leading financier institutions, such as the multi-billions funding by the U.S. Treasury, of Cheney's Halliburton
Halliburton
Halliburton is the world's second largest oilfield services corporation with operations in more than 70 countries. It has hundreds of subsidiaries, affiliates, branches, brands and divisions worldwide and employs over 50,000 people....
gang."
China
Harvard historian and sinologistSinology
Sinology in general use is the study of China and things related to China, but, especially in the American academic context, refers more strictly to the study of classical language and literature, and the philological approach...
John K. Fairbank
John K. Fairbank
John King Fairbank , was a prominent American academic and historian of China.-Education and early career:...
used the word "synarchism" in his 1953 book Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854 and in later writings, to describe the mechanisms of government under the late Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
. Fairbank's synarchy is a form of rule by co-opting existing elites and powers, bringing them into the system and legitimising them through a schedule of rituals and tributes that gave them a stake in the Chinese regime and neutralised any risk that they might rebel against the monarchy. He believed that the Qing, who were considered outside rulers because of their Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
origins, had developed this strategy out of necessity because they did not have their own political base in China. This conception of Qing rule is not universally accepted among sinologists and historians of China, but is a respected, mainstream
Mainstream
Mainstream is, generally, the common current thought of the majority. However, the mainstream is far from cohesive; rather the concept is often considered a cultural construct....
view with significant support in the field.
The term is also used by some political scientists to describe the British colonial government in Hong Kong
Colonial Hong Kong
In the 19th century the British, Dutch, French, Indians and Americans saw Imperial China as the world's largest untapped market. In 1840 the British Empire launched their first and one of the most aggressive expeditionary forces to claim the territory that would later be known as Hong Kong.In a few...
(1842–1997). Ambrose King
Ambrose King
Ambrose King Yeo-chi, SBS, JP is a Hong Kong sociologist, educator, writer and academician. He was formerly vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong .-Personal life:...
, in his controversial 1975 paper Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong, described colonial Hong Kong's administration as "elite consensual government". In it, he claimed, any coalition of elites or forces capable of challenging the legitimacy of Hong Kong's administrative structure would be co-opted by the existing apparatus through the appointment of leading political activists, business figures and other elites to oversight committees, by granting them British honours
British honours system
The British honours system is a means of rewarding individuals' personal bravery, achievement, or service to the United Kingdom and the British Overseas Territories...
, and by bringing them into elite institutions like Hong Kong's horse racing clubs. He called this "synarchy", by extension of Fairbank's use of the word.
Mexican synarchism
"Synarchy" is also the name of the ideology of a political movement in MexicoMexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
dating from the 1930s. In Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
it was historically a movement of the Roman Catholic extreme right, in some ways akin to fascism
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
, violently opposed to the populist
Populism
Populism can be defined as an ideology, political philosophy, or type of discourse. Generally, a common theme compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes. It can also be defined as a rhetorical style employed by members of various political or social...
and secularist policies of the revolutionary
Institutional Revolutionary Party
The Institutional Revolutionary Party is a Mexican political party that held power in the country—under a succession of names—for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the Socialist International, as is the rival Party of the Democratic Revolution , making Mexico one of the few...
(PNR, PRM, and PRI) governments that ruled Mexico from 1929 to 2000.
The National Synarchist Union
National Synarchist Union
The National Synarchist Union is a Mexican political organization. It was historically a movement of the Roman Catholic extreme right, in some ways akin to clerical fascism and falangism, violently opposed to the leftist and secularist policies of the revolutionary governments that ruled Mexico...
(Unión Nacional Sinarquista, UNS) was founded in May 1937 by a group of Catholic political activists led by José Antonio Urquiza, who was murdered in April 1938, and Salvador Abascal
Salvador Abascal
Salvador Abascal was a Mexican politician and leading exponent of Mexican synarchism. For a time the leader of the National Synarchist Union , Abascal represented the orthodox Catholic tendency within the movement.-Background:...
. In 1946 a faction of the movement loyal to deposed leader Manuel Torres Bueno
Manuel Torres Bueno
Manuel Torres Bueno was a Mexican politician and jefe of the National Synarchist Union. He was aged 30 in 1943.A lawyer by profession, Torres Bueno abandoned his practice in December 1941 to take over as leader of the Union from Salvador Abascal, who had left to start a sinarquista colony in Baja...
regrouped as the Popular Force Party
Popular Force Party
The Popular Force Party or People's Force Party was created in 1945 as the electoral arm of the National Synarchist Union to participate in the 1946 presidential election, in which it supported the independent Jesús A...
(Partido Fuerza Popular). Synarchism revived as a political movement in the 1970s through the Mexican Democratic Party
Mexican Democratic Party
The Mexican Democratic Party was an ultra-Catholic social conservative political party in Mexico that existed between 1979 and 1997.-Origins:...
(PDM), whose candidate, Ignacio González Gollaz, polled 1.8 percent of the vote at the 1982 presidential election. In 1988 Gumersindo Magaña
Gumersindo Magaña
Gumersindo Magaña Negrete is a Mexican politician, former member of the right-wing and now dissolved Mexican Democratic Party , who represented his party in the 1988 presidential election...
polled a similar proportion, but the party then suffered a split, and in 1992 lost its registration as a political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
. It was dissolved in 1996.
There are now two organisations, both calling themselves the Unión Nacional Sinarquista, one apparently right-wing orientation, the other apparently left-wing. Carlos Abascal
Carlos María Abascal Carranza
Carlos María Abascal Carranza was a Mexican lawyer and the Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of Vicente Fox...
, son of Salvador Abascal
Salvador Abascal
Salvador Abascal was a Mexican politician and leading exponent of Mexican synarchism. For a time the leader of the National Synarchist Union , Abascal represented the orthodox Catholic tendency within the movement.-Background:...
, was Mexico's Secretary of the Interior during Vicente Fox
Vicente Fox
Vicente Fox Quesada is a Mexican former politician who served as President of Mexico from 1 December 2000 to 30 November 2006 and currently serves as co-President of the Centrist Democrat International, an international organization of Christian democratic political parties.Fox was elected...
's presidency. Many sinarquistas are now militant in the National Action Party
National Action Party (Mexico)
The National Action Party , is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. The party's political platform is generally considered Centre-Right in the Mexican political spectrum. Since 2000, the President of Mexico has been a member of this party; both houses have PAN pluralities, but the...
, PAN, the party in power since 2000 first with Vicente Fox
Vicente Fox
Vicente Fox Quesada is a Mexican former politician who served as President of Mexico from 1 December 2000 to 30 November 2006 and currently serves as co-President of the Centrist Democrat International, an international organization of Christian democratic political parties.Fox was elected...
and now with Felipe Calderón
Felipe Calderón
Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa is the current President of Mexico. He assumed office on December 1, 2006, and was elected for a single six-year term through 2012...
(since 2006) as presidents. Sinarquistas are influential policy makers in matters like education and health.
Further reading
- Richard F. Kuisel, The Legend of the Vichy Synarchy (French Historical Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3 (Duke University Press, Spring, 1970), pp. 365-398.
External links
- On Synarchy National Synarchist Union (Website of the right-wing UNS)
- Review of Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast