Elite
Elite is taken from the latin,
eligere, "to elect". In
sociology as in general usage, the ?lite is a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys a privileged status which is upheld by individuals of lower social status within the structure of a group. When applied to an individual, as in the phrase "many elites come to this restaurant," the usage quite economically both refers to an individual within that class and establishes the speaker as non-elite.
An elite is the result of economic and political forces within a social structure. Upon formation, societies have always had the tendency to stratify due to a combination of politics and ability.
Encyclopedia
Elite is taken from the latin,
eligere, "to elect". In
sociology as in general usage, the
élite is a relatively small dominant group within a larger society, which enjoys a privileged status which is upheld by individuals of lower social status within the structure of a group. When applied to an individual, as in the phrase "many elites come to this restaurant," the usage quite economically both refers to an individual within that class and establishes the speaker as non-elite.
An elite is the result of economic and political forces within a social structure. Upon formation, societies have always had the tendency to stratify due to a combination of politics and ability. The position of an elite at the top of the social strata almost invariably puts it in a position of leadership and often subjects the holders of elite status to pressure to maintain their position as part of the elite. However, in spite of the pressures borne by its members, the existence of the elite as a social strata is usually unchanged.
Religious elite
In
religion the Latin form "elect" is preferred over the French form "elite" in discussing
Cathar or
Calvinist theology, for examples, and the social structure that is theologically driven. Other religious groups may use expressions like "the
saints" to describe the elect.
Linguistic elite
Some elite groups speak a language that is not shared by the commonality: in
Tsarist Russia and in
Vietnam the elite spoke French, in Plantagenet England the elite spoke Anglo-Norman, and in
Ptolemaic Egypt the elite spoke Koine Greek. Elites establish correct usage for the language when they share one with the commonality. Elite usage is reflected in "prescriptive" dictionaries; common usage is reflected in "descriptive" dictionaries. Elites establish cultural canons, which are more widely agreed-upon within the elite and more generally ignored or resented among the non-elite. In the 1950s, the British elite spoke what linguists of the time called U English.
Class elite
Elite advantages are the usual ones of a dominant
social class: easier access to
capital and political power, more rigorous
education largely free of indoctrination, resulting in
cultural influence, and leadership.
Elites may justify their existence based on claims of inherited position; with the rise in authority of science, certain 19th and 20th century elites have embraced
pseudoscientific justifications of
genetic or
racial superiority. In
Nazi Germany, genetic superiority was used as the basis of an imagined "
Aryan" elite. Elite classes headed by
monarchies have traditionally employed religious sanctions for their position.
Meritocracy is a facet of society that tries to promote merit as a route to the elite. Societies such as that of the
United States have it in their culture to promote such a facet [see
Horatio Alger]. However, while it tends to be imperfect it sheds light as to what many believe to be the "ideal" elite: an elite that is porous and whose members have earned their position as society's top class.
Aristocracy and oligarchy are social systems which feature an elite as the ruling class. An elite group, ranged round the alpha male, is a distinct feature of other closely-related social
primates.
Educational elite
Elites are educated to govern. While common public education is often designed to educate the general population to produce knowledgeable and skilled citizens, the elite approach to education is often presented at a more intellectual and demanding level, and is geared to produce leaders of a sort. It is generally defined at education geared at producing an individual capable of thinking at an intellectual level more advanced than the general population, consisting of diverse philosophical ideals and theories in order to enable the elite to logically evaluate situations.
Financial elite
Wealth is not a sure sign of elite status, as the "new rich" are frequently seen as arriving from non-elite positions. Neither does an elite necessarily show a sense of public obligation.
Military elite
A military elite is a military unit of soldiers or recruits picked for their competence and put in a special, elite unit. Elite units enjoy some benefits as compared to other units, at least in the form of higher status, but often also higher pay and better equipment. Napoléons
Imperial Guard would be a good example. Note that the word elite in the military sense is fundamentally different from most other uses of the term. A social or societal elite has usually not been picked by anyone except themselves and do not necessarily make part of the elite due to their competence. Military elite units do not exercise any special leadership over other units. In the societal and social sense of the word, the elite of the army is the officer corps, not the elite units.
In the military community, it is not considered good resource manangement if elite units are expected to do the same things as a regular military unit only better, as opposed to special forces that are expected to do other things than regular soldiers. Critics arguing that it creates a negative "second class soldier"-feeling among the regular units. Furthermore they argue that an especially competent soldier does more good as an NCO or as just the guy who sets a good inspiring example for his comrades.
Historically many elite forces have been created and maintained as much for political reasons as for military ones. The leaders feel they need something more politically reliable than ordinary units and create elite units, hoping that the priviliges, the extra political indoctrination that such elite forces are typically given and the pride in belonging to an elite will make them more loyal. The
Waffen-SS is an atypical example of such a force evolving as it did into a warfighting force.
Typically since the days of the
Praetorian Guards such forces have been used as a loyal and militarily competant counterweight to the nations other military forces,to protect the incumbent leadership from coups and putches. For example Saddam Hussein had the
Iraqi Republican Guard to keep the normal military in check and the Iraqi Special Republican Guard to keep an eye on the Republican Guard. In Moscow the old Soviet Union used a trinity of elite formations ,carefully balanced with strengths and weaknesses compared to each others,to keep each other in check and to prevent the others from seizing power, MVD
Internal Troops ,
KGB Kremlin Guard Force , and elite
Red Army Guards units .Such arrangements, though not to the same paranoid extremes shown by the Soviets,are common in non democratic regimes especially ones were the leaderships rise to power relied on military force.Other examples include the Saudi Arabian National Guard and the Iranian
Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps.
Elitism
In elite theory as developed by Marxist political scientists like Michael Parenti, all sufficiently large social groups will have some kind of elite group within them that actively participates in the group's political dynamics. When a group is arbitrarily excluded from the larger society, such as in the case of the
racism that was widespread in the
United States prior to the success of the American Civil Rights Movement, then elite members of the excluded group may form a
counter-elite to fight for their group's interests . Of course, the dominant elite can neutralize the counter-elite through the classic divide-and-conquer strategy of admitting key members of the counter-elite into the elite.
Elitism usually draws envy and resentment from the lower classes and the counter-elite. There are cases where elites arguably use this resentment of an elite to maintain their position. See
Communism. The Elite in the United States also use this method of control via popular culture and media influence. Author C. Wright Mills elaborates on this influence in his book The Power Elite.
See also
- Boston Brahmin
- Brahmin
- Elitism
- Mandarin
- Patrician
- Snob
- Leet
- Sangheili Elites of Bungie's Videogame, Halo
External links
