Ryland Adkins
Encyclopedia
Sir William Ryland Dent Adkins (11 May 1862 – 30 January 1925) was an English barrister
, judge
and Liberal
politician.
of Springfield, Northampton
and his wife Harriet (née Dent) of the Manor House, Milton, Northampton. He was educated at Mill Hill School
, University College, London where he obtained a BA
degree and Balliol College, Oxford
where he won a History Exhibition
. He was an ardent Free churchman and was an active member of the Congregational Union
.
. He practised on the Midland circuit , took silk in 1920 and sat occasionally as a Commissioner of Assize. He served as Recorder of Nottingham
from 1911 to 1920. From 1920 until his death he sat as Recorder of Birmingham
. He was knighted in 1911.
. He was for many years its Vice Chairman and became Chairman of the County Council in 1920. He was also Vice-Chairman of the Northamptonshire Territorial Force
Association and played an important role in recruiting during the First World War. He later served as Chairman of the Executive Council of the Association of County Councils. He was created Deputy Lieutenant
of Northamptonshire in 1922 and served for many as a JP for the county and Borough of Northampton. Adkins was proud of his Northamptonshire heritage and was the author of a book about the county in 1893 and a contributor to a number of others including the Victoria History of the County
.
as Liberal MP for Middleton
, Lancashire
in a straight fight with the Unionists
by a majority of 1,533 votes. He held the seat in the January 1910 again in a straight fight against a Unionist candidate, this time with a majority of 1,403 and in December 1910 with a majority of 787.
of Nottingham
, Adkins was obliged by the electoral law of the day to resign his seat and re-contest it at a by-election
held on 2 August 1911. His candidature was opposed by the Conservatives. W A S Hewins who was his opponent at the December 1910 general election and who had reduced his majority from 1,403 votes in January 1910 to 787 in December, stood against him again. The by-election was fought mainly on the issue of National Insurance
which Hewins took up vigorously, if by some accounts rather cynically. In the course of the campaign Lloyd George
had to send Adkins a letter for public consumption refuting in detail Hewins’ claims. Despite the strong attack however Adkins held on, although Hewins reduced his majority again, this time to 411 votes.
was known as the ‘coupon election’ after the letter of endorsement sent to candidates supporting the coalition government
of David Lloyd George
. Adkins had been regarded as supporter of H H Asquith during the war and in the split in the Liberal Party occasioned by Lloyd George’s replacement of Asquith as prime minister
. He sided with Asquith against the introduction of conscription
and crucially he voted with Asquith and against Lloyd George in the Maurice Debate
of May 1918. Despite all this he received the Coalition ‘coupon’ for the 1918 general election and thereafter acted in Parliament as a Lloyd George Liberal. Adkins’ Middleton seat had disappeared in a boundary revision for this election and he had been adopted as Liberal candidate for the new Middleton and Prestwich constituency
. As a result of receiving the ‘coupon’ Adkins did not face a Conservative opponent at the general election and held his seat comfortably with a majority of 8,330 over Labour
.
however he was returned unopposed as a result of an electoral truce called because of an outbreak of smallpox
in Middleton and the recommendation of the medical authorities that door to door canvassing and public meetings should be avoided.
. Although Lloyd George had been ousted as prime minister as a result of the decision of Conservative MPs at the Carlton Club
meeting of 19 October 1922 to withdraw from the coalition, Adkins did not face Unionist opposition in 1922. In a straight fight with Labour candidate M B Farr, he held the seat by a majority of 4,327 votes.
By the time of the 1923 general election
however, things had changed. A degree of Liberal reunion had taken place with both the Lloyd George and Asquithian wings of the party agreeing to fight the election together in defence of the traditional Liberal policy of Free Trade
which the new prime minister Stanley Baldwin
had chosen to be the central issue in the campaign. The Tories had recovered their organisation in Middleton and they adopted Sir Nairne Stewart-Sandeman as their candidate. Adkins was also opposed again by M B Farr for Labour and in a close three-cornered fight he just failed to hold his seat by the margin of 529 votes (or 1.9% of the poll). Stewart-Sandeman’s victory was the first recorded Conservative gain of the election.
Adkins attempted to regain the seat at the 1924 general election
. But by this time the electorate was increasingly coming to see British politics through its traditional two-party lens, with the realistic choice for government being between Conservative or Labour parties. In a three-cornered contest with Stewart-Sandeman and M B Farr, Adkins came bottom of the poll with 21.7% of the votes cast.
which broke in the summer of 1912. It was alleged that highly-placed members of H H Asquith’s Liberal government, notably Lloyd George
and Rufus Isaacs
, had profited by improper use of information about the Government's intentions with respect to the Marconi Company
. Knowing that the government was about to issue a lucrative contract to the British Marconi company, they had bought shares in an American subsidiary. In the end Parliament did not wish to see these ministers brought down over their involvement in an affair from which they had not profited unduly and it was their political judgment rather than their honour which was questioned. Adkins was chosen by the government Whips
to move an amendment to a motion of censure on the issue which accepted the ministers’ expressions of regret and acquitted them of acting in bad faith and of charges of corruption.
in the Isle of Man , which arose out of dispute between the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
, the Island’s Legislative Council
and the British Home Office
on the one side and the members of the House of Keys
on the other, on the question of where responsibility for the passing of money bills should sit, with the Keys asserting primacy as the elected representatives of the Manx people
.
. The conference also proposed the ending of plural voting and the introduction of proportional representation
in large urban areas but these were among the recommendations not introduced.
which looked at the implications of Irish Home Rule. Adkins seemed to be especially interested in this issue of devolution and led or was a member of different deputations to the prime minister to promote home rule all round. In 1921 he backed a Parliamentary Bill to devolve certain powers from the Westminster government to subordinate Parliaments in England, Scotland and Wales.
on Local Government
on 30 January 1925, at the age of 62.
Barrister
A barrister is a member of one of the two classes of lawyer found in many common law jurisdictions with split legal professions. Barristers specialise in courtroom advocacy, drafting legal pleadings and giving expert legal opinions...
, judge
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open...
and Liberal
Liberal Party (UK)
The Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties of the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a third party of negligible importance throughout the latter half of the 20th Century, before merging with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the present day...
politician.
Family and Education
Ryland Adkins, as he was known at least professionally, was the son of William Adkins JPJustice of the Peace
A justice of the peace is a puisne judicial officer elected or appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. Depending on the jurisdiction, they might dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions...
of Springfield, Northampton
Northampton
Northampton is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. Situated about north-west of London and around south-east of Birmingham, Northampton lies on the River Nene and is the county town of Northamptonshire. The demonym of Northampton is...
and his wife Harriet (née Dent) of the Manor House, Milton, Northampton. He was educated at Mill Hill School
Mill Hill School
Mill Hill School, in Mill Hill, London, is a coeducational independent school for boarding and day pupils aged 13–18. It is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, an organisation of public schools in the United Kingdom....
, University College, London where he obtained a BA
Bachelor of Arts
A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
degree and Balliol College, Oxford
Balliol College, Oxford
Balliol College , founded in 1263, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England but founded by a family with strong Scottish connections....
where he won a History Exhibition
Exhibition (scholarship)
-United Kingdom and Ireland:At the universities of Dublin, Oxford and Cambridge, and at Westminster School, Eton College and Winchester College, and various other UK educational establishments, an exhibition is a financial award or grant to an individual student, normally on grounds of merit. The...
. He was an ardent Free churchman and was an active member of the Congregational Union
United Reformed Church
The United Reformed Church is a Christian church in the United Kingdom. It has approximately 68,000 members in 1,500 congregations with some 700 ministers.-Origins and history:...
.
Career
Adkins studied for the law and in 1890 was called to the Bar by the Inner TempleInner Temple
The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, commonly known as Inner Temple, is one of the four Inns of Court in London. To be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales, an individual must belong to one of these Inns...
. He practised on the Midland circuit , took silk in 1920 and sat occasionally as a Commissioner of Assize. He served as Recorder of Nottingham
Recorder of Nottingham
The Recorder of Nottingham is the highest appointed legal officer of the Crown within the Nottingham City and Nottinghamshire County areas.The current appointed Recorder of Nottingham is His Honour Judge Michael Stokes QC...
from 1911 to 1920. From 1920 until his death he sat as Recorder of Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
. He was knighted in 1911.
Northamptonshire politics
Adkins was an original member of Northamptonshire County Council at its creation in 1889Local Government Act 1888
The Local Government Act 1888 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which established county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales...
. He was for many years its Vice Chairman and became Chairman of the County Council in 1920. He was also Vice-Chairman of the Northamptonshire Territorial Force
Territorial Force
The Territorial Force was the volunteer reserve component of the British Army from 1908 to 1920, when it became the Territorial Army.-Origins:...
Association and played an important role in recruiting during the First World War. He later served as Chairman of the Executive Council of the Association of County Councils. He was created Deputy Lieutenant
Deputy Lieutenant
In the United Kingdom, a Deputy Lieutenant is one of several deputies to the Lord Lieutenant of a lieutenancy area; an English ceremonial county, Welsh preserved county, Scottish lieutenancy area, or Northern Irish county borough or county....
of Northamptonshire in 1922 and served for many as a JP for the county and Borough of Northampton. Adkins was proud of his Northamptonshire heritage and was the author of a book about the county in 1893 and a contributor to a number of others including the Victoria History of the County
Victoria County History
The Victoria History of the Counties of England, commonly known as the Victoria County History or the VCH, is an English history project which began in 1899 and was dedicated to Queen Victoria with the aim of creating an encyclopaedic history of each of the historic counties of...
.
Parliament
Adkins was first elected to Parliament at the 1906 general electionUnited Kingdom general election, 1906
-Seats summary:-See also:*MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1906*The Parliamentary Franchise in the United Kingdom 1885-1918-External links:***-References:*F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987**...
as Liberal MP for Middleton
Middleton (UK Parliament constituency)
Middleton was a county constituency in the county of Lancashire of the House of Commons for the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Created by the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, it was represented by one Member of Parliament. The constituency was abolished in 1918.-Members of Parliament:...
, Lancashire
Middleton, Greater Manchester
Middleton is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England. It stands on the River Irk, south-southwest of Rochdale, and north-northeast of the city of Manchester...
in a straight fight with the Unionists
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...
by a majority of 1,533 votes. He held the seat in the January 1910 again in a straight fight against a Unionist candidate, this time with a majority of 1,403 and in December 1910 with a majority of 787.
Middleton by-election, 1911
In 1911 upon his appointment as RecorderRecorder
The recorder is a woodwind musical instrument of the family known as fipple flutes or internal duct flutes—whistle-like instruments which include the tin whistle. The recorder is end-blown and the mouth of the instrument is constricted by a wooden plug, known as a block or fipple...
of Nottingham
Nottingham
Nottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...
, Adkins was obliged by the electoral law of the day to resign his seat and re-contest it at a by-election
By-election
A by-election is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections....
held on 2 August 1911. His candidature was opposed by the Conservatives. W A S Hewins who was his opponent at the December 1910 general election and who had reduced his majority from 1,403 votes in January 1910 to 787 in December, stood against him again. The by-election was fought mainly on the issue of National Insurance
National Insurance
National Insurance in the United Kingdom was initially a contributory system of insurance against illness and unemployment, and later also provided retirement pensions and other benefits...
which Hewins took up vigorously, if by some accounts rather cynically. In the course of the campaign Lloyd George
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman...
had to send Adkins a letter for public consumption refuting in detail Hewins’ claims. Despite the strong attack however Adkins held on, although Hewins reduced his majority again, this time to 411 votes.
1918 General Election
The 1918 general electionUnited Kingdom general election, 1918
The United Kingdom general election of 1918 was the first to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918, which meant it was the first United Kingdom general election in which nearly all adult men and some women could vote. Polling was held on 14 December 1918, although the count did...
was known as the ‘coupon election’ after the letter of endorsement sent to candidates supporting the coalition government
Coalition Government 1916-1922
The Coalition Government of David Lloyd George came to power in the United Kingdom in December 1916, replacing the earlier wartime coalition under H.H. Asquith, which had been held responsible for reverses during the Great War. Those Liberals who continued to support Asquith served as the Opposition...
of David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman...
. Adkins had been regarded as supporter of H H Asquith during the war and in the split in the Liberal Party occasioned by Lloyd George’s replacement of Asquith as prime minister
Prime minister
A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime...
. He sided with Asquith against the introduction of conscription
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
and crucially he voted with Asquith and against Lloyd George in the Maurice Debate
The Maurice Debate
The Maurice Debate was a debate in the British House of Commons which took place on 9 May 1918. It was tabled in response to the publication of a letter in The Times newspaper the day before from Major-General Sir Frederick Maurice, who had recently been removed as Director of Military Operations....
of May 1918. Despite all this he received the Coalition ‘coupon’ for the 1918 general election and thereafter acted in Parliament as a Lloyd George Liberal. Adkins’ Middleton seat had disappeared in a boundary revision for this election and he had been adopted as Liberal candidate for the new Middleton and Prestwich constituency
Middleton and Prestwich (UK Parliament constituency)
Middleton and Prestwich was a parliamentary constituency centred on the Middleton and Prestwich districts of Greater Manchester. It returned one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom....
. As a result of receiving the ‘coupon’ Adkins did not face a Conservative opponent at the general election and held his seat comfortably with a majority of 8,330 over Labour
Labour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a centre-left democratic socialist party in the United Kingdom. It surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929-1931. The party was in a wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after...
.
Middleton and Prestwich by-election, 1920
Adkins had to go through the by-election process again in 1920 on his appointment as Recorder of Birmingham. At this by-electionMiddleton and Prestwich by-election, 1920
The Middleton and Prestwich by-election, 1920 was a by-election held on 22 November 1920 for the British House of Commons constituency of Middleton and Prestwich in Lancashire....
however he was returned unopposed as a result of an electoral truce called because of an outbreak of smallpox
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...
in Middleton and the recommendation of the medical authorities that door to door canvassing and public meetings should be avoided.
1922-1924
In 1922, Adkins fought Middleton and Prestwich as a National LiberalNational Liberal Party (UK, 1922)
The National Liberal Party was a liberal political party in the United Kingdom from 1922 to 1923. It was led by David Lloyd George and was, at the time, separate to the original Liberal Party.-History:...
. Although Lloyd George had been ousted as prime minister as a result of the decision of Conservative MPs at the Carlton Club
Carlton Club
The Carlton Club is a gentlemen's club in London which describes itself as the "oldest, most elite, and most important of all Conservative clubs." Membership of the club is by nomination and election only.-History:...
meeting of 19 October 1922 to withdraw from the coalition, Adkins did not face Unionist opposition in 1922. In a straight fight with Labour candidate M B Farr, he held the seat by a majority of 4,327 votes.
By the time of the 1923 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1923
-Seats summary:-References:*F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987*-External links:***...
however, things had changed. A degree of Liberal reunion had taken place with both the Lloyd George and Asquithian wings of the party agreeing to fight the election together in defence of the traditional Liberal policy of Free Trade
Free trade
Under a free trade policy, prices emerge from supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resource allocation. 'Free' trade differs from other forms of trade policy where the allocation of goods and services among trading countries are determined by price strategies that may differ from...
which the new prime minister Stanley Baldwin
Stanley Baldwin
Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC was a British Conservative politician, who dominated the government in his country between the two world wars...
had chosen to be the central issue in the campaign. The Tories had recovered their organisation in Middleton and they adopted Sir Nairne Stewart-Sandeman as their candidate. Adkins was also opposed again by M B Farr for Labour and in a close three-cornered fight he just failed to hold his seat by the margin of 529 votes (or 1.9% of the poll). Stewart-Sandeman’s victory was the first recorded Conservative gain of the election.
Adkins attempted to regain the seat at the 1924 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1924
- Seats summary :- References :* F. W. S. Craig, British Electoral Facts: 1832-1987* - External links :* * *...
. But by this time the electorate was increasingly coming to see British politics through its traditional two-party lens, with the realistic choice for government being between Conservative or Labour parties. In a three-cornered contest with Stewart-Sandeman and M B Farr, Adkins came bottom of the poll with 21.7% of the votes cast.
The Marconi Scandal
Adkins played a cameo role in the Marconi scandalMarconi scandal
The Marconi scandal was a British political scandal that broke in the summer of 1912. It centred on allegations that highly-placed members of the Liberal government, under H. H...
which broke in the summer of 1912. It was alleged that highly-placed members of H H Asquith’s Liberal government, notably Lloyd George
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman...
and Rufus Isaacs
Rufus Isaacs
Rufus Isaacs may refer to:* Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading , English politician and jurist* Rufus Isaacs , US-American mathematician...
, had profited by improper use of information about the Government's intentions with respect to the Marconi Company
Marconi Company
The Marconi Company Ltd. was founded by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 as The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company...
. Knowing that the government was about to issue a lucrative contract to the British Marconi company, they had bought shares in an American subsidiary. In the end Parliament did not wish to see these ministers brought down over their involvement in an affair from which they had not profited unduly and it was their political judgment rather than their honour which was questioned. Adkins was chosen by the government Whips
Whip (politics)
A whip is an official in a political party whose primary purpose is to ensure party discipline in a legislature. Whips are a party's "enforcers", who typically offer inducements and threaten punishments for party members to ensure that they vote according to the official party policy...
to move an amendment to a motion of censure on the issue which accepted the ministers’ expressions of regret and acquitted them of acting in bad faith and of charges of corruption.
Other public appointments
During his political career Adkins served on many different committees and public inquiries as an appointee of the government. The following are examples of his more important commissions.Drunkenness law
In 1908 he was appointed by the Home Secretary to sit on a committee to investigate the operation of the law in relation to inebriates (drunkenness).Isle of Man constitution
In 1911 he was appointed a member of the Home Office Committee of Inquiry into the constitutional crisisConstitutional crisis
A constitutional crisis is a situation that the legal system's constitution or other basic principles of operation appear unable to resolve; it often results in a breakdown in the orderly operation of government...
in the Isle of Man , which arose out of dispute between the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man
The Lieutenant Governor is the representative on the Isle of Man of the Lord of Mann . He/she has the power to grant Royal Assent and is styled His Excellency. In recent times the Governor has either been a retired diplomat or senior military officer...
, the Island’s Legislative Council
Legislative Council of the Isle of Man
The Legislative Council is the upper chamber of Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man.It consists of eleven Members —*eight elected members, known as Members of the Legislative Council or MLCs*three ex officio members:...
and the British Home Office
Home Office
The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for immigration control, security, and order. As such it is responsible for the police, UK Border Agency, and the Security Service . It is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs,...
on the one side and the members of the House of Keys
House of Keys
The House of Keys is the directly elected lower branch of Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man, the other branch being the Legislative Council....
on the other, on the question of where responsibility for the passing of money bills should sit, with the Keys asserting primacy as the elected representatives of the Manx people
Manx people
The Manx are an ethnic group coming from the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe. They are often described as a Celtic people, though they have had a mixed background including Norse and English influences....
.
Electoral Reform
Adkins also sat as a member of the Speaker’s Conference on Electoral Reform of 1917-1918, which looked amongst other things at the proposals for votes for women which came into effect for the 1918 general electionUnited Kingdom general election, 1918
The United Kingdom general election of 1918 was the first to be held after the Representation of the People Act 1918, which meant it was the first United Kingdom general election in which nearly all adult men and some women could vote. Polling was held on 14 December 1918, although the count did...
. The conference also proposed the ending of plural voting and the introduction of proportional representation
Proportional representation
Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...
in large urban areas but these were among the recommendations not introduced.
Pensions
In 1919 Adkins was appointed chairman of a committee set up to look at the operation of the statutory scheme of Old Age Pensions. The proceedings of the committee were open and public, ensuring the evidence of the witnesses concerning the poor social and economic circumstances of pensioners was placed squarely in the public domain. As a result of the committee’s recommendations the pension increased to 10 shillings a week and various conditions of qualifications were relaxed in favour of applicants, including the raising of income limits, with the effect that around 220,000 additional pensioners came onto the books.Federal Devolution
Also in 1919 Adkins was a member of the Commission on Federal DevolutionDevolution
Devolution is the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign state to government at a subnational level, such as a regional, local, or state level. Devolution can be mainly financial, e.g. giving areas a budget which was formerly administered by central government...
which looked at the implications of Irish Home Rule. Adkins seemed to be especially interested in this issue of devolution and led or was a member of different deputations to the prime minister to promote home rule all round. In 1921 he backed a Parliamentary Bill to devolve certain powers from the Westminster government to subordinate Parliaments in England, Scotland and Wales.
Others
In 1924 he was appointed chairman of a committee established to investigate offences against children and also served as a member of the Royal CommissionRoyal Commission
In Commonwealth realms and other monarchies a Royal Commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue. They have been held in various countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Saudi Arabia...
on Local Government
Death
Adkins died at his home at Springfield, Northampton of gastric influenzaInfluenza
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals...
on 30 January 1925, at the age of 62.
Publications
- Our County: Sketches in Pen and Ink of Representative Men of Northamptonshire; Elliott Stock, London, 1893
- Introductory Chapter in C A Markham (ed.) The Records of the Borough of Northampton; Corporation of Northampton, 1898
- Introduction to James Culross, The Three Rylands: A Hundred Years of Various Christian Service; Elliott Stock, London 1897
- Editor (with others) The Victoria History of the County of Northampton; London 1902