Military reserve force
Encyclopedia
A military reserve force is a military organization composed of citizens of a country who combine a military role or career with a civilian career. They are not normally kept under arms
and their main role is to be available to fight when a nation mobilizes for total war
or to defend against invasion
. Reserve forces are generally not considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces. The existence of reserve forces allows a nation to reduce its peace
time military expenditures while maintaining a force prepared for war. It is analogous to the historical model of military recruitment before the era of standing armies.
In some countries, such as the United States, Spain
and the United Kingdom
, members of the reserve forces are civilians who maintain military skills by training, typically one weekend a month. They may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments, for example the Territorial Army of the United Kingdom. In some cases a militia
could constitute part of a military reserve forces, such as the United States National Guard
. A Home Guard is a specific type of reserve force that can only be activated in the event of invasion.
In other countries, such as Sweden
, Finland
, Republic of China (Taiwan)
, Republic of Korea, and Israel
, service in the reserves is compulsory for a number of years after one has completed their national service
.
A military reserve force is different from a reserve formation, sometimes called a military reserve, which is a group of military personnel or units not committed to a battle by their commander so that they are available to address unforeseen situations, bolster defenses, or exploit opportunities.
, its embodiment (i.e., mobilization) during several conflicts did increase Britain's strategic options by freeing up regular forces for overseas theaters.
Historically reservists first played a significant role in Europe after the Prussia
n defeat in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
. On 9 July 1807 in the Treaties of Tilsit
, Napoleon forced Prussia to drastically reduce its military strength, in addition to ceding large amounts of territory. The Prussian army could no longer be stronger than 42,000 men.
The Krumpersystem, introduced to the Prussian Army
by the military reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst
, arranged for giving recruits a short period of training, which in the event of war could be considerably expanded. With this the reduction of the army's strength did not have the desired effect, and in the following wars Prussia was able to draw up a large number of trained soldiers. The system was retained by the Imperial German Army
into the First World War. By the time of the Second Reich reservists were already being given so-called 'war arrangements' following the completion of their military service, which contained exact instructions relating to the conduct of reservists in time of war.
Reservists can also be civilians who undertake basic and specialized training in parallel with regular forces while retaining their civilian roles. They can be deployed independently or their personnel may make up shortages in regular units. The Territorial Army in the United Kingdom
is one example of such a reserve.
With universal conscription, most of men may be reservists. In Finland, all men belong to the reserve until 60 years of age, and 80% of each age cohort are drafted and receive at least six months of military training. 10% of conscripts are trained as reserve officers. Reservists and reserve officers are occasionally called up for refresher exercises, but receive no salary or position.
duty, manning Air Defence, Internal security
and guarding of important points such as supply depots
, Prisoner of War
Camps, communications nodes, air and sea bases and other vital areas, thus freeing up regular troops for the front. A combination of these can be used.
In peacetime reservists can be utilised in internal security duties, and disaster relief, sparing reliance on the regular military forces, and in many countries where military roles outside warfare is restricted, reservists are specifically exempted from these restrictions.
The U.S. Reserve Officers' Training Corps
program is a combination of a civilian college education with cadet school. However, graduates will most probably enter a military career, so it is in sense another way to train career officers.
, the reluctance of the various antagonists to demobilise reserves once called up, due to the difficulty of remobilisation has been held up as one of the causes why the diplomatic phase escalated so quickly to war.
Under arms
Under arms describes a state of military readiness used to describe regular combat-ready military forces. Military personnel can be generally categorized into two groups: regular forces, or the regular army, and auxiliary forces, or the reserve army. Regular forces are fully trained and fully...
and their main role is to be available to fight when a nation mobilizes for total war
Total war
Total war is a war in which a belligerent engages in the complete mobilization of fully available resources and population.In the mid-19th century, "total war" was identified by scholars as a separate class of warfare...
or to defend against invasion
Invasion
An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all, or large parts of the armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a...
. Reserve forces are generally not considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces. The existence of reserve forces allows a nation to reduce its peace
Peace
Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the...
time military expenditures while maintaining a force prepared for war. It is analogous to the historical model of military recruitment before the era of standing armies.
In some countries, such as the United States, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, members of the reserve forces are civilians who maintain military skills by training, typically one weekend a month. They may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments, for example the Territorial Army of the United Kingdom. In some cases a militia
Militia
The term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. It is a polyseme with...
could constitute part of a military reserve forces, such as the United States National Guard
United States National Guard
The National Guard of the United States is a reserve military force composed of state National Guard militia members or units under federally recognized active or inactive armed force service for the United States. Militia members are citizen soldiers, meaning they work part time for the National...
. A Home Guard is a specific type of reserve force that can only be activated in the event of invasion.
In other countries, such as Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
, Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, Republic of China (Taiwan)
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
, Republic of Korea, and Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, service in the reserves is compulsory for a number of years after one has completed their national service
National service
National service is a common name for mandatory government service programmes . The term became common British usage during and for some years following the Second World War. Many young people spent one or more years in such programmes...
.
A military reserve force is different from a reserve formation, sometimes called a military reserve, which is a group of military personnel or units not committed to a battle by their commander so that they are available to address unforeseen situations, bolster defenses, or exploit opportunities.
History
During the eighteenth century some nations' military systems included practices and institutions that functioned effectively as a reserve force, even if they were not specifically recognized as such. For example, the half-pay system in the British Army during the eighteenth century provided the British state with a force of trained, experienced officers not on active duty during peacetime but available to call up during wartime. The Militia Act of 1757 effectively gave Britain at least somewhat of an institutional structure for a reserve force. Although contemporaries debated the effectiveness of the British militiaMilitia (Great Britain)
The Militia of Great Britain were the principal military reserve forces of the Kingdom of Great Britain during the 18th century.For the period following the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, see Militia ....
, its embodiment (i.e., mobilization) during several conflicts did increase Britain's strategic options by freeing up regular forces for overseas theaters.
Historically reservists first played a significant role in Europe after the Prussia
Prussia
Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. For centuries, the House of Hohenzollern ruled Prussia, successfully expanding its size by way of an unusually well-organized and effective army. Prussia shaped the history...
n defeat in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia...
. On 9 July 1807 in the Treaties of Tilsit
Treaties of Tilsit
The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July, 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman...
, Napoleon forced Prussia to drastically reduce its military strength, in addition to ceding large amounts of territory. The Prussian army could no longer be stronger than 42,000 men.
The Krumpersystem, introduced to the Prussian Army
Prussian Army
The Royal Prussian Army was the army of the Kingdom of Prussia. It was vital to the development of Brandenburg-Prussia as a European power.The Prussian Army had its roots in the meager mercenary forces of Brandenburg during the Thirty Years' War...
by the military reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst
Gerhard von Scharnhorst
Gerhard Johann David Waitz von Scharnhorst was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars....
, arranged for giving recruits a short period of training, which in the event of war could be considerably expanded. With this the reduction of the army's strength did not have the desired effect, and in the following wars Prussia was able to draw up a large number of trained soldiers. The system was retained by the Imperial German Army
German Army (German Empire)
The German Army was the name given the combined land forces of the German Empire, also known as the National Army , Imperial Army or Imperial German Army. The term "Deutsches Heer" is also used for the modern German Army, the land component of the German Bundeswehr...
into the First World War. By the time of the Second Reich reservists were already being given so-called 'war arrangements' following the completion of their military service, which contained exact instructions relating to the conduct of reservists in time of war.
Sources of reserves
In some countries, for example the United States, reservists are often former military members themselves who reached the end of their enlistment/ resigned their commission. Indeed, service in the reserves for a number of years after leaving active service is required in the enlistment contracts and commissioning orders of many nations.Reservists can also be civilians who undertake basic and specialized training in parallel with regular forces while retaining their civilian roles. They can be deployed independently or their personnel may make up shortages in regular units. The Territorial Army in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
is one example of such a reserve.
With universal conscription, most of men may be reservists. In Finland, all men belong to the reserve until 60 years of age, and 80% of each age cohort are drafted and receive at least six months of military training. 10% of conscripts are trained as reserve officers. Reservists and reserve officers are occasionally called up for refresher exercises, but receive no salary or position.
Use of reserves
Reserves are used and employed in many ways. In wartime they may be used to provide replacements for combat losses to in-action units and formations, thus allowing these to remain battle worthy longer. They can also be used to form new units and formations to augment the regular army. In addition, reservists can undertake tasks such as GarrisonGarrison
Garrison is the collective term for a body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it, but now often simply using it as a home base....
duty, manning Air Defence, Internal security
Internal security
Internal security, or IS, is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories. generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats...
and guarding of important points such as supply depots
Main Operating Base
Main Operating Base is a term used by the United States military defined as "an overseas, permanently manned, well protected base, used to support permanently deployed forces, and with robust sea and/or air access." This term was used to differentiate major strategic overseas military facilities...
, Prisoner of War
Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war or enemy prisoner of war is a person, whether civilian or combatant, who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict...
Camps, communications nodes, air and sea bases and other vital areas, thus freeing up regular troops for the front. A combination of these can be used.
In peacetime reservists can be utilised in internal security duties, and disaster relief, sparing reliance on the regular military forces, and in many countries where military roles outside warfare is restricted, reservists are specifically exempted from these restrictions.
Reserve officers
The term "reserve officer" has two different meanings. In the U.S., it refers mostly to retired officers of the standing army that are still eligible for military duty. In countries with universal conscription, it refers to conscripts that receive extra training to qualify for officer duty in the event of war, but in peacetime concentrate on their civilian career and receive no pay or position from the military. For example, 10% of Finnish conscripts attain a reserve officer rank after completion of one year of service.The U.S. Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
The Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a college-based, officer commissioning program, predominantly in the United States. It is designed as a college elective that focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics.The U.S...
program is a combination of a civilian college education with cadet school. However, graduates will most probably enter a military career, so it is in sense another way to train career officers.
Advantages
One of the primary advantages in having military reserves is that they increase the available manpower by many fold in a short period of time, unlike the months it would take to train new recruits or conscripts, since reservist are already trained. Reservists are often experienced combat veterans which can increase not only the quantity, but the overall quality of the forces. Having a large reservist pool can allow a government to avoid the costs, both political and financial, of requiring new recruits or conscripts. The reservists are usually more economically active than regular troops as they are only called up when they are extremely needed. On the other hand, preparations made to institute a call up (which are obvious to adversaries) can be used as a display of determination.Disadvantages
Reservists are usually provided with second line equipment, which is no longer used by the regulars, or is an older version of that in current service. Reservists will also have little experience with the newer weapon systems. Reservists in the sense of retired services personnel are sometimes considered to be less motivated than regular troops. Meanwhile reservists in the sense of civilians who combine a military career with a civilian one, as in the UK's Territorial Army (TA), experience demands on time not experienced by regular troops, and which affects their availability and duration of service. Conducting of exercises involving reservists is expensive, requiring compensation for lost wages, and it is difficult to call up then demobilise reservists again and again, which means that a nation that has called up reservists may be reluctant to stand them down again until the conflict is resolved. This is particularly true in the case of reservists in the sense of retired personnel, less true in the case of a standing force (eg: the TA). In the prelude to World War IWorld War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
, the reluctance of the various antagonists to demobilise reserves once called up, due to the difficulty of remobilisation has been held up as one of the causes why the diplomatic phase escalated so quickly to war.
Brazil
- Brazilian Military Police
- Military Firefighters Corps
Canada
- Canadian Forces Primary ReserveCanadian Forces Primary ReserveThe Primary Reserve is a reserve force of the Canadian Forces. It is the largest of the four sub-components of the CF reserves; those being the Primary Reserve, the Supplementary Reserve, the Canadian Rangers, and the Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service .The reserve force is...
- Canadian Forces Supplementary ReserveCanadian Forces Supplementary ReserveCanadian Forces Supplementary Reserve are inactive or retired members of the Canadian Forces who are willing and available for active service when requested....
- Canadian RangersCanadian RangersThe Canadian Rangers are a sub-component of the Canadian Forces reserve that provide a military presence in Canada's sparsely settled northern, coastal, and isolated areas. Formally established on May 23, 1947, a primary role of this part-time force is to conduct surveillance or sovereignty...
- Cadet Organizations Administration and Training ServiceCadet Organizations Administration and Training ServiceThe Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service is a sub-component of the Canadian Forces Reserve Force whose members have undertaken as their primary duty the supervision, administration and training of cadets and Junior Canadian Rangers....
- Canadian Forces Naval ReserveCanadian Forces Naval ReserveIn the Canadian Forces, the Naval Reserve or NAVRES is the Primary Reserve component of the Royal Canadian Navy.Headquarters for the Naval Reserve is in Quebec City and it oversees the operation of 24 divisions in other cities across Canada....
NAVRES - Canadian Forces Air Reserve
France
- La réserve Marine
- La réserve Air
- La réserve Gendarmerie
- La réserve Armement
India
- Central Reserve Police ForceCentral Reserve Police ForceThe Central Reserve Police Force also known as CRPF is the largest of India's Central Armed Police Forces. It functions under the aegis of Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India. The CRPF's primary role lies in assisting the State/Union Territories in police operations to maintain...
- Indian Territorial ArmyIndian Territorial ArmyThe Territorial Army in India is an organization of volunteers who receive military training for a few days in a year so that in case of an emergency they can be mobilized for the defence of the country....
- National Cadet Corps (India)National Cadet Corps (India)The National Cadet Corps is the Indian military cadet corps with its Headquarters at New Delhi. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis....
Philippines
- AFP Reserve Command, AFPArmed Forces of the Philippines Reserve CommandThe Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command, known officially as the AFP RESCOM or RESCOM, is one the Armed Forces of the Philippines' Major Support Commands created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management, procurement, and organization.-Mission:Their...
- Army Reserve Command, PAPhilippine Army Reserve CommandThe Army Reserve Command, known officially as the ARESCOM or RESCOM, is one the Philippine Army's Major Support Commands created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management, procurement, and organization.-Training:Training is one of the primary tasks that is handled by ARESCOM...
- Air Reserve Command, PAFPhilippine Air Force Reserve CommandThe Air Force Reserve Command, known officially as the AIR RESCOM or RESCOM, is one the Philippine Air Force's Major Support Commands created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management, procurement, and organization.-Mission:Their mission is to develop, organize, train, equip, and...
- Naval Reserve Command, PNPhilippine Navy Reserve CommandThe Naval Reserve Command, known officially as the NAVRESCOM or RESCOM, is one the Philippine Navy's Major Support Commands created for the sole purpose of Reserve Force management, procurement, and organization.-Mission:Their mission is to develop, organize, train, equip, and administer naval...
Soviet Union
Soviet Union made the largest use of reserves in both senses during the Second World War, having separate and distinct military reserve force formations that included not only conscription reserves of lower readiness category cadre units, but also including the use of Military reserves - reserve Armies and even a Front that constituted the reserve of the High Command.Spain
The 39/2007 Defence law specially reinforces the role of the voluntary reservist, who through authority of the Minister of Defence can be approved for serving in missions abroad. The voluntary reservist is a resource that the Spanish society makes available to the National defence, and their active participation in international peace-keeping missions contributes to improve the levels of social conscience towards the Defence forces. The material contribution of voluntary reservists to the operations in which Spain takes part is based on a model characteristic of similar to those that prevail in other European countries; that of taking advantage from the professional qualifications of the volunteers, as well as of their capacity to communicate, and to integrate themselves in the military units while collaborating actively in different operations. In despite of this, the bulk of Spanish military reserves consist of retired personnel, either approaching retirement age or having left the active army.Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka Army Volunteer ForceSri Lanka Army Volunteer ForceThe Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force is the principal and Volunteer reserve force component of the Sri Lanka Army. It is a collective name for the reserve units and the Sri Lanka National Guard of the Sri Lankan Army. The SLAVF is made up of part-time Officers and soldiers paid at a similar rate,...
- Sri Lanka National GuardSri Lanka National GuardThe Sri Lanka National Guard is the largest regiment in the Sri Lanka Army. It is a Volunteer Regiment made up of 32 battalions coming under the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force.-History:The Sri Lanka National Guard was founded by Lt. Col. D.W...
- Sri Lanka National Guard
- Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval ForceSri Lanka Volunteer Naval ForceThe Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force is the volunteer reserve force of the Sri Lanka Navy. The present headquarters of the VNF is at SLNS Lanka in Welisara. 95% of the members of the Volunteer Naval Force are now in the active service and deployed across almost all Sri Lankan Naval bases, with a...
- Sri Lanka Volunteer Air ForceSri Lanka Volunteer Air ForceThe Sri Lanka Volunteer Air Force is the volunteer reserve element of the Sri Lanka Air Force. Its current mission is to provide trained personnel in support of the Sri Lanka Air Force, specifically No. 3 Squadron, SLAF Regiment and Airfield Construction Squadron...
United Kingdom
- Territorial Army (United Kingdom)
- Royal Auxiliary Air ForceRoyal Auxiliary Air ForceThe Royal Auxiliary Air Force , originally the Auxiliary Air Force , is the voluntary active duty reserve element of the Royal Air Force, providing a primary reinforcement capability for the regular service...
- Royal Naval ReserveRoyal Naval ReserveThe Royal Naval Reserve is the volunteer reserve force of the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom. The present Royal Naval Reserve was formed in 1958 by merging the original Royal Naval Reserve and the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve , a reserve of civilian volunteers founded in 1903...
- Royal Marines ReserveRoyal Marines ReserveThe role of the Royal Marines Reserve of the United Kingdom is to support the regular Royal Marines in times of war or national crisis. The RMR consists of some 600-1000 trained ranks distributed among the five RMR Centres within the UK...
United States
- United States Army ReserveUnited States Army ReserveThe United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the reserve components of the United States Army....
- Air Force Reserve CommandAir Force Reserve CommandThe Air Force Reserve Command is a major command of the U.S. Air Force with its headquarters at Robins AFB, Georgia.It stood up as a major command of the Air Force on 17 February 1997....
- United States Marine Corps ReserveUnited States Marine Corps ReserveThe Marine Forces Reserve is the reserve force of the United States Marine Corps. It is the largest command in the U.S...
- United States Navy ReserveUnited States Navy ReserveThe United States Navy Reserve, until 2005 known as the United States Naval Reserve, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy...
- United States Coast Guard ReserveUnited States Coast Guard ReserveThe United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve component of the United States Coast Guard. It is organized, trained, administered, and supplied under the direction of the Commandant of the Coast Guard through the Director of Reserve and Leadership....
- National Guard of the United States
- Army National Guard of the United StatesArmy National GuardEstablished under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the Army National Guard is part of the National Guard and is divided up into subordinate units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia operating under their respective governors...
- Air National Guard of the United StatesAir National GuardThe Air National Guard , often referred to as the Air Guard, is the air force militia organized by each of the fifty U.S. states, the commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia of the United States. Established under Title 10 and...
- Army National Guard of the United States
SFR Yugoslavia
- Territorial Defense Forces (TO)Territorial Defense Forces (Yugoslavia)The Territorial Defense Forces were a separate part of the armed forces of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The forces acted as a Home Guard which roughly corresponded to a military reserve force or an official governmental paramilitary...
See also
- MilitiaMilitiaThe term militia is commonly used today to refer to a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service, in times of emergency without being paid a regular salary or committed to a fixed term of service. It is a polyseme with...
- Home GuardHome Guard-Military:*British Home Guard*Combat Groups of the Working Class *Confederate Home Guard, during the American Civil War*Croatian Home Guard and Imperial Croatian Home Guard*Danish Home Guard...
- National Guard
- Military reserveMilitary reserveA military reserve, tactical reserve, or strategic reserve is a group of military personnel or units which are initially not committed to a battle by their commander so that they are available to address unforeseen situations or exploit suddenly developing...
Further reading
- Losky-Feder, Edna, Nir Gazit, and Eyal Ben-Ari. “Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants: Moving between the Civilian and Military Worlds.” Armed Forces & Society, Jul 2008; vol. 34: pp. 593-614. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/4/593
- Griffith, James. “Will Citizens Be Soldiers? Examining Retention of Reserve Component Soldiers.” Armed Forces & Society, 2005; vol. 31: pp. 353-383. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/353
- Ben-Dor, Gabriel, Ami Pedahzur, Daphna Canetti-Nisim, Eran Zaidise, Arie Perliger, and Shai Bermanis. “I versus We: Collective and Individual Factors of Reserve Service Motivation during War and Peace.” Armed Forces & Society, Jul 2008; vol. 34: pp. 565-592. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/34/4/565
- Griffith, James. “After 9/11, What Kind of Reserve Soldier?: Considerations Given to Emerging Demands, Organizational Orientation, and Individual Commitment.” Armed Forces & Society, Jan 2009; vol. 35: pp. 214-240. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/2/214
- Willett, Terence C. “The Reserve Forces of Canada.” Armed Forces & Society, Oct 1989; vol. 16: pp. 59-76. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/16/1/59
- Ben-Dor, Gabriel, Ami Pedahzur, and Badi Hasisi. “Israel’s National Security Doctrine under Strain: The Crisis of the Reserve Army.” Armed Forces & Society, Jan 2002; vol. 28: pp. 233-255. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/28/2/233
- Dandeker, Christopher; Claire Eversden-French, Neil Greenberg, Stephani Hatch, Paul Riley, Lauren van Staden, and Simon Wessely. 2010. "Laying Down Their Rifles: The Changing Influences on the Retention of Volunteer British Army Reservists Returning from Iraq, 2003—2006." Armed Forces & SocietyArmed Forces & SocietyArmed Forces & Society is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews on civil–military relations, military sociology, military institutions, conflict management, arms control, peacekeeping, conflict resolution, military contracting, terrorism, and...
January 36 (2): 264-289, doi:10.1177/0095327X09344068 http://afs.sagepub.com/content/36/2/264.abstract