Lloviu virus
Encyclopedia
Lloviu virus is a newly discovered, uncultured virus distantly related to the well-known pathogens Ebola virus
and Marburg virus
.
"Lloviu cuevavirus
", which was suggested to be included into the suggested genus
"Cuevavirus
", family
Filoviridae
, order
Mononegavirales
. The name Llovius virus is derived from Cueva del Lloviu (the name of a Spanish
cave
in which it was first discovered).
(ICTV), the name Lloviu virus is always to be capitalized
, but is never italicized
, and may be abbreviated
(with LLOV being the official abbreviation).
" is a Lloviu virus if it has the properties of "Lloviu cuevaviruses
" and if its genome
diverges from that of the prototype "Lloviu cuevavirus", Lloviu virus variant Bat86 (LLOV/Bat86), by ≤10% at the nucleotide
level.
, Spain
. It has not yet been proven that the virus is the etiological
agent of a novel bat
disease
, but LLOV was again isolated from deceased Schreiber's long-fingered bats in cave
s in France
and Portugal
, thereby at least suggesting that the virus may be pathogen
ic for certain bats. Cueva del Lloviu is frequented by tourists
, yet no human infection
s or disease
has ever been observed, suggesting that LLOV is the second filovirus
not pathogenic for human
s (the first one being Reston virus (RESTV)
). LLOV has yet to be isolated in tissue culture
or living animal
s, but its genome has been determined in its entirety with exception of the 3'
and 5' UTRs
.
Ebola virus
Ebola virus causes severe disease in humans and in nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen , National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen,...
and Marburg virus
Marburg virus
Marburg virus disease is the name for the human disease caused by any of the two marburgviruses Marburg virus and Ravn virus...
.
Use of term
Lloviu virus (abbreviated LLOV) was first mentioned in 2010 as a single member of a suggested speciesInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
"Lloviu cuevavirus
Lloviu cuevavirus
The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the genus . It is suggested to be the taxonomic home for the recently disovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.-Use of term:The species "Lloviu cuevavirus"...
", which was suggested to be included into the suggested genus
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
"Cuevavirus
Cuevavirus
The genus "Cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the family Filoviridae. It is suggested to include only one species, "Lloviu cuevavirus", as a taxonomic home for the recently discovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg...
", family
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
Filoviridae
Filoviridae
The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous virions. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in...
, order
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
Mononegavirales
Mononegavirales
The order Mononegavirales is the taxonomic home of numerous related viruses. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. All of these viruses cause significant disease in...
. The name Llovius virus is derived from Cueva del Lloviu (the name of a Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
cave
Cave
A cave or cavern is a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. The term applies to natural cavities some part of which is in total darkness. The word cave also includes smaller spaces like rock shelters, sea caves, and grottos.Speleology is the science of exploration and study...
in which it was first discovered).
Note
Lloviu virus is pronounced j’ɔːvjuː vaɪrəs (IPA) or yaw-vyoo vahy-ruhs in English phonetic notation. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of VirusesInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
(ICTV), the name Lloviu virus is always to be capitalized
Capitalization
Capitalization is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule and the remaining letters in minuscules . This of course only applies to those writing systems which have a case distinction...
, but is never italicized
Italic type
In typography, italic type is a cursive typeface based on a stylized form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, such typefaces often slant slightly to the right. Different glyph shapes from roman type are also usually used—another influence from calligraphy...
, and may be abbreviated
Abbreviation
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase...
(with LLOV being the official abbreviation).
Virus inclusion criteria
A virus that fulfills the criteria for being a member of the species "Lloviu cuevavirusLloviu cuevavirus
The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the genus . It is suggested to be the taxonomic home for the recently disovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.-Use of term:The species "Lloviu cuevavirus"...
" is a Lloviu virus if it has the properties of "Lloviu cuevaviruses
Lloviu cuevavirus
The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the genus . It is suggested to be the taxonomic home for the recently disovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.-Use of term:The species "Lloviu cuevavirus"...
" and if its genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
diverges from that of the prototype "Lloviu cuevavirus", Lloviu virus variant Bat86 (LLOV/Bat86), by ≤10% at the nucleotide
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...
level.
History
LLOV was disovered in Schreiber's long-fingered bats (species Miniopterus schreibersii) found dead in Cueva del Lloviu, AsturiasAsturias
The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. It has not yet been proven that the virus is the etiological
Etiology
Etiology is the study of causation, or origination. The word is derived from the Greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" ....
agent of a novel bat
Bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera "hand" and pteron "wing") whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, glide rather than fly,...
disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
, but LLOV was again isolated from deceased Schreiber's long-fingered bats in cave
Cave
A cave or cavern is a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. The term applies to natural cavities some part of which is in total darkness. The word cave also includes smaller spaces like rock shelters, sea caves, and grottos.Speleology is the science of exploration and study...
s in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, thereby at least suggesting that the virus may be pathogen
Pathogen
A pathogen gignomai "I give birth to") or infectious agent — colloquially, a germ — is a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host...
ic for certain bats. Cueva del Lloviu is frequented by tourists
Tourism
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".Tourism has become a...
, yet no human infection
Infection
An infection is the colonization of a host organism by parasite species. Infecting parasites seek to use the host's resources to reproduce, often resulting in disease...
s or disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
has ever been observed, suggesting that LLOV is the second filovirus
Filoviridae
The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous virions. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in...
not pathogenic for human
Human
Humans are the only living species in the Homo genus...
s (the first one being Reston virus (RESTV)
Reston virus
- Introduction and Use of Term :Reston virus was first described in 1990 as a new "strain" of Ebola virus, a result of mutation from Ebola virus. It is the single member of the species Reston ebolavirus, which is included into the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales...
). LLOV has yet to be isolated in tissue culture
Tissue culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar...
or living animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
s, but its genome has been determined in its entirety with exception of the 3'
Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region is a particular section of messenger RNA . It is preceeded by the coding region....
and 5' UTRs
Five prime untranslated region
A messenger ribonucleic acid molecule codes for a protein through translation. The mRNA also contains regions that are not translated: in eukaryotes these include the 5' untranslated region, 3' untranslated region, 5' cap and poly-A tail....
.