Mononegavirales
Encyclopedia
The order
Mononegavirales is the taxonomic
home of numerous related virus
es. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus
, human respiratory syncytial virus
, measles virus
, mumps virus
, Nipah virus
, and rabies virus
. All of these viruses cause significant disease
in humans. Many very important pathogens of nonhuman animal
s and plant
s are also members of this order.
Mononegavirales is a virological taxon
(i.e. a concept
) that was created in 1991 and emended in 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2005. The name Mononegavirales is derived from the Greek
adjective
μóνος [monos] (alluding to the single-stranded genome
s of mononegaviruses), the Latin
verb
negare (alluding to the negative polarity
of these genomes], and the taxonomic
suffix
-virales (denoting a viral order). The order currently includes the four virus
families
Bornaviridae, Filoviridae
, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae
.
, the name Mononegavirales is always to be capitalized
, italicized
, never abbreviated and to be preceded by the word "order". The names of its physical members (mononegaviruses/mononegavirads) are to be written in lower case, are not italicized and used without articles
.
, consisting of many different species
. Subfamilies
have only been established for the mononegavirus family Paramyxoviridae. The order has expanded considerably during recent years due to the discovery of many novel agents that were found to be phylogenetically
diverse from already known mononegaviruses. Novel taxa (genera and/or species) had to be proposed, some of which have by now been accepted by the ICTV, and others that are in various stages of the suggestion/proposal/consideration process. The table below provides an overview of the current composition of the order. Note that this table only lists taxa (concepts), but not their virus members (physical entities).
Table legend: "*" denotes type species; "suggested" refers to taxa that have been suggested by individual researchers but that have not been formally proposed to the ICTV; "proposed" refers to taxa that have been formally proposed; "accepted" refers to taxa that have been accepted by the Executive Committee of the ICTV but that have yet to be ratified; and "tentative" refers to tentative taxa listed in the most recent (Eighth) ICTV Report.
begins with virion attachment to specific cell-surface receptors
, followed by fusion
of the virion envelope with cellular membranes and the concomitant release of the virus nucleocapsid into the cytosol
. The virus RdRp partially uncoats the nucleocapsid and transcribes
the genes
into positive-stranded mRNAs, which are then translated into structural and nonstructural proteins. Mononegavirus RdRps bind to a single promoter located at the 3' end of the genome. Transcription either terminates after a gene or continues to the next gene downstream. This means that genes close to the 3' end of the genome are transcribed in the greatest abundance, whereas those toward the 5' end are least likely to be transcribed. The gene order is therefore a simple but effective form of transcriptional regulation. The most abundant protein produced is the nucleoprotein
, whose concentration
in the cell determines when the RdRp switches from gene transcription to genome replication. Replication results in full-length, positive-stranded antigenomes that are in turn transcribed into negative-stranded virus progeny genome copies. Newly synthesized structural proteins and genomes self-assemble and accumulate near the inside of the cell membrane
. Virions bud
off from the cell, gaining their envelopes from the cellular membrane they bud from. The mature progeny particles then infect other cells to repeat the cycle.
s" have been discovered in the form of mononegavirus gene
s or gene fragments integrated into mammal
ian genome
s. For instance, bornavirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bat
s, fish
, hyrax
es, marsupial
s, primate
s, rodent
s, ruminant
s, and elephant
s. Filovirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bats, rodents, shrew
s, tenrecs, and marsupial
s. A Midway virus "fossil" was found in the genome of zebrafish.. Finally, rhabdovirus "fossils" were found in the genomes of mosquito
es and tick
s.
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
Mononegavirales is the taxonomic
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
home of numerous related virus
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
es. Members of the order that are commonly known are, for instance, Ebola virus
Ebola virus
Ebola virus causes severe disease in humans and in nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen , National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen,...
, human respiratory syncytial virus
Human respiratory syncytial virus
Human respiratory syncytial virus is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication exists for preterm birth infants and infants with a congenital heart...
, measles virus
Measles
Measles, also known as rubeola or morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses...
, mumps virus
Mumps virus
Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness...
, Nipah virus
Henipavirus
Henipavirus is a genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing two established species, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. The henipaviruses are naturally harboured by Pteropid fruit bats , and some microbat species...
, and rabies virus
Rabies virus
The rabies virus is neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals....
. All of these viruses cause significant disease
Disease
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune...
in humans. Many very important pathogens of nonhuman animal
Animal
Animals are a major group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and...
s and plant
Plant
Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, bushes, grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The group is also called green plants or...
s are also members of this order.
Use of term
The orderInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
Mononegavirales is a virological taxon
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
(i.e. a concept
Concept
The word concept is used in ordinary language as well as in almost all academic disciplines. Particularly in philosophy, psychology and cognitive sciences the term is much used and much discussed. WordNet defines concept: "conception, construct ". However, the meaning of the term concept is much...
) that was created in 1991 and emended in 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2005. The name Mononegavirales is derived from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
adjective
Adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified....
μóνος [monos] (alluding to the single-stranded genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
s of mononegaviruses), the Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
verb
Verb
A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action , or a state of being . In the usual description of English, the basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive...
negare (alluding to the negative polarity
Sense (molecular biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, sense is a concept used to compare the polarity of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA, to other nucleic acid molecules...
of these genomes], and the taxonomic
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
suffix
Suffix
In linguistics, a suffix is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs...
-virales (denoting a viral order). The order currently includes the four virus
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea...
families
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
Bornaviridae, Filoviridae
Filoviridae
The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous virions. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in...
, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms...
.
Note
Mononegavirales is pronounced ˌmɒnəˌnɛgəviː’rɑ:lɨz (IPA) or mo-nuh-ne-guh-vee-rah-liz in English phonetic notation. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
, the name Mononegavirales is always to be capitalized
Capitalization
Capitalization is writing a word with its first letter as a majuscule and the remaining letters in minuscules . This of course only applies to those writing systems which have a case distinction...
, italicized
Italic type
In typography, italic type is a cursive typeface based on a stylized form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, such typefaces often slant slightly to the right. Different glyph shapes from roman type are also usually used—another influence from calligraphy...
, never abbreviated and to be preceded by the word "order". The names of its physical members (mononegaviruses/mononegavirads) are to be written in lower case, are not italicized and used without articles
Article (grammar)
An article is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and some...
.
Order inclusion criteria
A virus is a member of the order Mononegavirales if- its genomeGenomeIn modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
is: a linear, nonsegmented, single-stranded, non-infectious RNARNARibonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
of negative polarity; possesses inverse-complementary 3' and 5' termini; and does not possess a 5' cap5' capThe 5' cap is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5' end of precursor messenger RNA and some other primary RNA transcripts as found in eukaryotes. The process of 5' capping is vital to creating mature messenger RNA, which is then able to undergo translation...
, is not polyadenylatedPolyadenylationPolyadenylation is the addition of a poly tail to an RNA molecule. The poly tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; in other words, it is a stretch of RNA that has only adenine bases. In eukaryotes, polyadenylation is part of the process that produces mature messenger RNA for translation...
, and is not covalentlyCovalent bondA covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms. The stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding....
linked to a proteinProteinProteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of... - its genomeGenomeIn modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
has the characteristic geneGeneA gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
order 3'-UTRThree prime untranslated regionIn molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region is a particular section of messenger RNA . It is preceeded by the coding region....
-core protein genes-envelope protein genes-RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene-5'-UTRFive prime untranslated regionA messenger ribonucleic acid molecule codes for a protein through translation. The mRNA also contains regions that are not translated: in eukaryotes these include the 5' untranslated region, 3' untranslated region, 5' cap and poly-A tail.... - it produces 5-10 distinct mRNAsMessenger RNAMessenger RNA is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein...
from its genome via polar sequential transcription from a single promoter located at the 3' end of the genome - it replicateReplicateReplicate may refer to:* In biology, replication is a process by which genetic material, a cell, or an organism reproduces or makes an exact copy or copies...
s by synthesizing complete antigenomes - it forms infectious helicalHelixA helix is a type of smooth space curve, i.e. a curve in three-dimensional space. It has the property that the tangent line at any point makes a constant angle with a fixed line called the axis. Examples of helixes are coil springs and the handrails of spiral staircases. A "filled-in" helix – for...
ribonucleocapsids as the templates for the synthesis of mRNAs, antigenomes, and genomes - it encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymeraseRNA-dependent RNA polymeraseRNA-dependent RNA polymerase , , or RNA replicase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template...
(RdRp) that is highly homologousHomology (biology)Homology forms the basis of organization for comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function". Organs as different as a bat's wing, a seal's flipper, a cat's paw and a human hand have a common underlying...
to those of other mononegaviruses - it forms envelopedViral envelopeMany viruses have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids. The envelopes typically are derived from portions of the host cell membranes , but include some viral glycoproteins. Functionally, viral envelopes are used to help viruses enter host cells...
virions with a molecular massMolecular massThe molecular mass of a substance is the mass of one molecule of that substance, in unified atomic mass unit u...
of 300–1,000 x 106; an S20WSvedbergA svedberg is a non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes...
of 550–>1,045; and a buoyant densityBuoyancyIn physics, buoyancy is a force exerted by a fluid that opposes an object's weight. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus a column of fluid, or an object submerged in the fluid, experiences greater pressure at the bottom of the...
in CsClCaesium chlorideCaesium chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula CsCl. This colorless solid is an important source of caesium ions in a variety of applications. Its crystal structure forms a major structural type where each caesium ion is coordinated by 8 chlorine ions...
of 1.18–1.22 g/cm3
Order organization
The order includes four accepted families that include numerous generaInternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
, consisting of many different species
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
. Subfamilies
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to...
have only been established for the mononegavirus family Paramyxoviridae. The order has expanded considerably during recent years due to the discovery of many novel agents that were found to be phylogenetically
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices...
diverse from already known mononegaviruses. Novel taxa (genera and/or species) had to be proposed, some of which have by now been accepted by the ICTV, and others that are in various stages of the suggestion/proposal/consideration process. The table below provides an overview of the current composition of the order. Note that this table only lists taxa (concepts), but not their virus members (physical entities).
| Family name International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to... |
Subfamily name International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to... |
Genus name International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to... |
Species name International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is a committee which authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of viruses. They have developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses and aim to describe all the viruses of living organisms. Members of the committee are considered to... |
| Unassigned | "Nyavirus Nyavirus The creation of a genus Nyavirus was suggested in 2009 for two viruses, Nyamanini virus and Midway virus . According to the suggestion, both viruses would be assigned to species of the same name that would constitute the genus.... " (suggested) |
"Midway virus Nyavirus The creation of a genus Nyavirus was suggested in 2009 for two viruses, Nyamanini virus and Midway virus . According to the suggestion, both viruses would be assigned to species of the same name that would constitute the genus.... " (suggested) |
|
| "Nyamanini virus Nyavirus The creation of a genus Nyavirus was suggested in 2009 for two viruses, Nyamanini virus and Midway virus . According to the suggestion, both viruses would be assigned to species of the same name that would constitute the genus.... "* (suggested) |
|||
| Bornaviridae | Bornavirus Bornavirus Borna disease virus is the virus that causes Borna disease.- Genome :It has the smallest genome of any Mononegavirales species and is unique within that order in its ability to replicate within the host cell nucleus.... |
"Avian bornavirus 1" (suggested) | |
| "Avian bornavirus 2" (suggested) | |||
| "Avian bornavirus 3" (suggested) | |||
| "Avian bornavirus 4" (suggested) | |||
| "Avian bornavirus 5" (suggested) | |||
| "Canada geese bornavirus" (suggested) | |||
| "Canary bornavirus" (suggested) | |||
| Borna disease virus* | |||
| Filoviridae Filoviridae The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous virions. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in... |
"Cuevavirus Cuevavirus The genus "Cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the family Filoviridae. It is suggested to include only one species, "Lloviu cuevavirus", as a taxonomic home for the recently discovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg... " (suggested) |
"Lloviu cuevavirus Lloviu cuevavirus The species "Lloviu cuevavirus" was recently suggested to be included in the genus . It is suggested to be the taxonomic home for the recently disovered agent Lloviu virus . LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.-Use of term:The species "Lloviu cuevavirus"... "* (suggested) |
|
| Ebolavirus Ebolavirus The genus Ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales.This genus was introduced in 1998 as the "Ebola-like viruses". In 2002 the name was changed to Ebolavirus and in 2010 the genus was emended.... |
Bundibugyo ebolavirus Bundibugyo ebolavirus - Introduction and use of term :The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus is a virological taxon that was suggested in 2008 to be included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Bundibugyo virus . The members of the species are called... (accepted) |
||
| Reston ebolavirus | |||
| Sudan ebolavirus Sudan ebolavirus - Introduction and Use of Term :The species Sudan ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Sudan virus . The members of the species are called Sudan ebolaviruses... |
|||
| Taï Forest ebolavirus | |||
| Zaire ebolavirus Zaire ebolavirus - Introduction and Use of Term :Zaire ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Ebola virus . The members of the species are called Zaire ebolaviruses... * |
|||
| Marburgvirus Marburgvirus The genus Marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of one species whose members are two related viruses that form filamentous virions, Marburg virus and Ravn virus... |
Marburg marburgvirus Marburg marburgvirus The species Marburg marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of two related viruses that form filamentous virions, Marburg virus and Ravn virus... * (accepted) |
||
| Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirus Paramyxoviruses are viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.-Genera:*Subfamily Paramyxovirinae**Genus Avulavirus Paramyxoviruses (from Greek para-, beyond, -myxo-,... |
Paramyxovirinae Paramyxovirus Paramyxoviruses are viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.-Genera:*Subfamily Paramyxovirinae**Genus Avulavirus Paramyxoviruses (from Greek para-, beyond, -myxo-,... |
Aquaparamyxovirus (accepted) | Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus* (accepted) |
| Avulavirus Avulavirus The genus Avulavirus is one of seven genera in the family Paramyxoviridae and contains viruses that used to be classified in the genus Rubulavirus, but which infect birds and translate protein V from an edited RNA transcript... |
Avian paramyxovirus 2 | ||
| Avian paramyxovirus 3 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 4 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 5 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 6 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 7 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 8 | |||
| Avian paramyxovirus 9 | |||
| "Avian paramyxovirus 10" (suggested) | |||
| Newcastle disease virus* | |||
| Ferlavirus (accepted) | Fer-de-Lance paramyxovirus* (accepted) | ||
| Henipavirus Henipavirus Henipavirus is a genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales containing two established species, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. The henipaviruses are naturally harboured by Pteropid fruit bats , and some microbat species... |
Hendra virus* | ||
| Nipah virus | |||
| "Jeilongvirus" (suggested) | "Beilong virus" (suggested) | ||
| "J virus"* (suggested) | |||
| Morbillivirus Morbillivirus Morbillivirus is a genus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Many members of the genus cause diseases, such as rinderpest and measles, and are highly infectious.- External links :* *... |
Canine distemper virus | ||
| Cetacean morbillivirus | |||
| Measles virus* | |||
| Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus Ovine rinderpest, also commonly known as peste des petits ruminants , is a contagious disease affecting goats and sheep in Africa , the Middle-East and the Indian subcontinent. But since June 2008, the disease invaded Morocco , which indicates a crossing of the natural barrier of the Sahara... |
|||
| Phocine distemper virus Phocine distemper virus Phocine distemper virus is a paramyxovirus of the genus morbillivirus that is pathogenic for pinniped species, particularly seals. Clinical signs include laboured breathing, fever and nervous symptoms.... |
|||
| Rinderpest virus | |||
| Respirovirus | Bovine parainfluenza virus 3 | ||
| Human parainfluenza virus 1 | |||
| Human parainfluenza virus 3 | |||
| Sendai virus Sendai virus Sendai virus , also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan , is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, a group of viruses featuring, notably, the Morbillivirus and Rubulavirus genera... * |
|||
| Simian virus 10 | |||
| Rubulavirus Rubulavirus Rubulavirus is a genus of the Paramyxoviridae family of infectious viruses. The genus includes the mumps virus and parainfluenza type 2, 4a and 4b viruses.-External links:* http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Rubulavirus*... |
Human parainfluenza virus 2 | ||
| Human parainfluenza virus 4 | |||
| Mapuera virus | |||
| "Menangle virus Menangle virus Menangle virus is a virus that infects pigs, humans and bats.-History:Menangle virus was first identified in 1997 after a piggery in Menangle near Sydney, NSW, Australia experienced a high number of stillbirths and deformities during farrowing. Two workers at the piggery came down with an... " (tentative) |
|||
| Mumps virus Mumps virus Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness... * |
|||
| Parainfluenza virus 5 | |||
| Porcine rubulavirus | |||
| Simian virus 41 | |||
| "Tioman virus Tioman virus Tioman virus is a paramyxovirus first isolated from the urine of island fruit bats on Tioman Island, Malaysia in 2000... " (tentative) |
|||
| "Tuhoko paramyxovirus 1" (suggested) | |||
| "Tuhoko paramyxovirus 2" (suggested) | |||
| "Tuhoko paramyxovirus 3" (suggested) | |||
| "TPMV-like viruses" (suggested) | "Tupaia paramyxovirus"* (suggested) | ||
| Unassigned | "'Mossman virus" (suggested) | ||
| "Nariva virus" (suggested) | |||
| "Pacific salmon paramyxovirus" (suggested) | |||
| "Salem virus" (suggested) | |||
| Pneumovirinae Paramyxovirus Paramyxoviruses are viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family of the Mononegavirales order; they are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for a number of human and animal diseases.-Genera:*Subfamily Paramyxovirinae**Genus Avulavirus Paramyxoviruses (from Greek para-, beyond, -myxo-,... |
Pneumovirus | Human respiratory syncytial virus Human respiratory syncytial virus Human respiratory syncytial virus is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication exists for preterm birth infants and infants with a congenital heart... * |
|
| Bovine respiratory syncytial virus | |||
| Murine pneumonia virus | |||
| Metapneumovirus Metapneumovirus Human metapneumovirus is a negative single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae and is closely related to the avian metapneumovirus subgroup C. It was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands by using the RAP-PCR technique for identification of unknown viruses growing... |
Avian metapneumovirus* | ||
| Human metapneumovirus | |||
| Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms... |
Cytorhabdovirus | Barley yellow striate mosaic virus Barley yellow striate mosaic virus Barley yellow striate mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Broccoli necrotic yellows virus Broccoli necrotic yellows virus Broccoli necrotic yellows virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Festuca leaf streak virus | |||
| Lettuce necrotic yellows virus Lettuce necrotic yellows virus Lettuce necrotic yellows virus is a plant virus belonging to the virus order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae and genus cytorhabdovirus. It was first identified in Australia in the plant species Lactuca sativa in 1963 by Stubbs et al. Since then it has been identified in many other plant... * |
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| Lettuce yellow mottle virus | |||
| Northern cereal mosaic virus Northern cereal mosaic virus Northern cereal mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Sonchus virus | |||
| Strawberry crinkle virus Strawberry crinkle virus Strawberry crinkle virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Wheat American striate mosaic virus | |||
| "Dichorhabdovirus" (suggested) | "Orchid fleck virus"* (suggested) | ||
| Ephemerovirus | Adelaide River virus Adelaide River virus The Adelaide River virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Rhabdoviridae. The viruses primary hosts are all bovine, including the Domestic Water Buffalo, and Cape buffalo.... |
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| Berrimah virus | |||
| Bovine ephemeral fever virus* | |||
| "Kimberley virus" (tentative) | |||
| Kotonkan virus (accepted) | |||
| "Malakal virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Obodhiang virus" (proposed) | |||
| "Puchong virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Hart Park-like viruses" (suggested) | "Flanders virus"* (suggested) | ||
| "Wongabel virus" (suggested) | |||
| Lyssavirus Lyssavirus Lyssavirus is a genus of viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, in the order Mononegavirales. This group of RNA viruses includes the Rabies virus traditionally associated with the disease.-Structure:Viruses typically have either helical or cubic symmetry... |
Aravan virus | ||
| Australian bat lyssavirus Australian bat lyssavirus Australian bat lyssavirus is a zoonotic virus closely related to rabies virus. It was first identified in a 5-month old juvenile Black Flying Fox collected near Ballina in northern New South Wales, Australia in 1996 during a national surveillance program for the recently identified Hendra virus... |
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| Duvenhage virus Duvenhage virus Duvenhage virus is a member of the lyssavirus genus which also contains rabies virus. The virus was discovered in 1970 when a South African farmer died of a rabies-like encephalitic illness after being bitten by a bat... |
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| European bat lyssavirus 1 | |||
| European bat lyssavirus 2 | |||
| Irkut virus | |||
| Khujand virus | |||
| Lagos bat virus Lagos bat virus Lagos bat virus is a lyssavirus of southern and central Africa that causes a rabies-like illness in mammals. It was first isolated from a fruit bat from Lagos Island, Nigeria in 1956. Brain samples from the bat showed poor cross-reactivity to rabies antibodies but the virus was found to be closely... |
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| Mokola virus Mokola virus Mokola virus is one of four members of the lyssavirus genus found in Africa, the others being Duvenhage virus, Lagos bat virus and classic rabies virus. Mokola virus was first isolated from shrews from Mokola forest, Nigeria in 1968. It has caused two human deaths in Nigeria, in 1969 and 1971... |
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| Rabies virus Rabies virus The rabies virus is neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals.... * |
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| "Rochambeau virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Shimoni bat virus Shimoni bat virus Shimoni bat virus is a lyssavirus which was discovered in Kenya in 2009.It is bears significant similarities to the lyssavirus Lagos bat virus. The virus was isolated from the brain of a dead Commerson's leaf-nosed bat . There have been no reported cases of human infection to date.... " (proposed) |
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| West Caucasian bat virus | |||
| Novirhabdovirus Novirhabdovirus Novirhabdovirus is one of the genera of Rhabdoviridae, along with Vesiculovirus, known to infect aquatic hosts. They can be transmitted from fish to fish, by waterborne virus, as well as through contaminated eggs. Replication and thermal inactivation temperatures are generally lower than for other... |
"Eel virus B12" (tentative) | ||
| "Eel virus C26" (tentative) | |||
| Hirame rhabdovirus | |||
| Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus -Introduction:Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus , is a negative-sense single-stranded, bullet-shaped RNA virus that is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family, and from the genus Novirhabdovirus. It causes the disease known as infectious hematopoietic necrosis in salmonid fish like trout and... * |
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| Snakehead rhabdovirus Snakehead rhabdovirus Snakehead rhabdovirus is a Novirhabdovirus that affects various species warm water wild and pond-cultured fish in Southeast Asia, including snakehead species for which it is named.-Isolation:... |
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| Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus Viral hemorrhagic septicemia Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is a deadly infectious fish disease caused by theViral hemorrhagic septicemia virus... |
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| Nucleorhabdovirus | Datura yellow vein virus | ||
| Eggplant mottled dwarf virus | |||
| Maize fine streak virus | |||
| Maize Iranian mosaic virus (accepted) | |||
| Maize mosaic virus Maize mosaic virus Maize mosaic virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Potato yellow dwarf virus Potato yellow dwarf virus Potato yellow dwarf virus is a plant virus of order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae and genus Nucleorhabdovirus. The virus was first identified in 1922 in the USA by Barrus and Chupp who reported it having an effect on the plant species Solanum tuberosum... * |
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| Rice yellow stunt virus | |||
| Sonchus yellow net virus | |||
| Sowthistle yellow vein virus Sowthistle yellow vein virus Sowthistle yellow vein virus is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.-External links:**... |
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| Taro vein chlorosis virus | |||
| "Perch rhabdovirus group" (suggested) | "Genotype A/Perch rhabdovirus"* (suggested) | ||
| "Genotype B" (suggested) | |||
| "Genotype C" (suggested) | |||
| "Genotype D" (suggested) | |||
| "Sigmavirus" (proposed) | "Culex tritaeniorhynchus rhabdovirus" (suggested) | ||
| "Drosophila affinis sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Drosophila ananassae sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Drosophila immigrans sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Drosophila melanogaster sigmavirus"* (proposed) | |||
| "Drosophila obscura sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Drosophila tristis sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Muscina stabulans sigmavirus" (proposed) | |||
| "Sinistar-like viruses" (suggested) | "Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus"* (suggested) | ||
| "TIBV/CPV-like viruses" (suggested) | "Coastal Plains virus"* (suggested) | ||
| "Tibrogargan virus" (suggested) | |||
| Tupaia virus | |||
| Vesiculovirus | "BeAn 157575 virus"" (tentative) | ||
| Calchaqui virus | |||
| Carajas virus | |||
| Chandipura virus Chandipura virus Chandipura virus is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family that is associated with an encephalitic illness in humans. It was first identified in 1965 after isolation from the blood of two patients from Chandipura village in Maharashtra state, India and has been associated with a number of otherwise... |
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| Cocal virus | |||
| "Eel virus American" (tentative) | |||
| "eel virus European X" (suggested) | |||
| "Grey Lodge virus" (tentative) | |||
| Isfahan virus* | |||
| "Jurona virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Klamath virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Kwatta virus" (tentative) | |||
| "La Joya virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Lake trout rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
| "Malpais Spring virus" (tentative) | |||
| Maraba virus | |||
| "Mount Elgon bat virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Perinet virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Pike fry rhabdovirus" (tentative) | |||
| Piry virus | |||
| "Porton virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Radi virus" (tentative) | |||
| "Sea trout rhabdovirus" (suggested) | |||
| Spring viremia of carp virus | |||
| "Ulcerative disease rhabdovirus" (tentative) | |||
| Vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus | |||
| Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus* | |||
| Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus | |||
| "Yug Bogdanovac virus" (tentative) | |||
| Unassigned | "Durham virus" (suggested) | ||
| Moussa virus (accepted) | |||
| Ngaingan virus |
Table legend: "*" denotes type species; "suggested" refers to taxa that have been suggested by individual researchers but that have not been formally proposed to the ICTV; "proposed" refers to taxa that have been formally proposed; "accepted" refers to taxa that have been accepted by the Executive Committee of the ICTV but that have yet to be ratified; and "tentative" refers to tentative taxa listed in the most recent (Eighth) ICTV Report.
Life cycle
The mononegavirus life cycleBiological life cycle
A life cycle is a period involving all different generations of a species succeeding each other through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction...
begins with virion attachment to specific cell-surface receptors
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, a receptor is a molecule found on the surface of a cell, which receives specific chemical signals from neighbouring cells or the wider environment within an organism...
, followed by fusion
Lipid bilayer fusion
Fusion is the process by which two initially distinct lipid bilayers merge their hydrophobic cores, resulting in one interconnected structure. If this fusion proceeds completely through both leaflets of both bilayers, an aqueous bridge is formed and the internal contents of the two structures can mix...
of the virion envelope with cellular membranes and the concomitant release of the virus nucleocapsid into the cytosol
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid is the liquid found inside cells, that is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into compartments....
. The virus RdRp partially uncoats the nucleocapsid and transcribes
Transcription (genetics)
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes...
the genes
Gênes
Gênes is the name of a département of the First French Empire in present Italy, named after the city of Genoa. It was formed in 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Republic of Genoa. Its capital was Genoa, and it was divided in the arrondissements of Genoa, Bobbio, Novi Ligure, Tortona and...
into positive-stranded mRNAs, which are then translated into structural and nonstructural proteins. Mononegavirus RdRps bind to a single promoter located at the 3' end of the genome. Transcription either terminates after a gene or continues to the next gene downstream. This means that genes close to the 3' end of the genome are transcribed in the greatest abundance, whereas those toward the 5' end are least likely to be transcribed. The gene order is therefore a simple but effective form of transcriptional regulation. The most abundant protein produced is the nucleoprotein
Nucleoprotein
A nucleoprotein is any protein that is structurally associated with nucleic acid .Many viruses harness this protein, and they are known for being host-specific...
, whose concentration
Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is defined as the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Four types can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration...
in the cell determines when the RdRp switches from gene transcription to genome replication. Replication results in full-length, positive-stranded antigenomes that are in turn transcribed into negative-stranded virus progeny genome copies. Newly synthesized structural proteins and genomes self-assemble and accumulate near the inside of the cell membrane
Cell membrane
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell...
. Virions bud
Budding
Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on another one. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical...
off from the cell, gaining their envelopes from the cellular membrane they bud from. The mature progeny particles then infect other cells to repeat the cycle.
Paleovirology
Mononegaviruses have a history that dates back several tens of million of years. Mononegavirus "fossilFossil
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants, and other organisms from the remote past...
s" have been discovered in the form of mononegavirus gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
s or gene fragments integrated into mammal
Mammal
Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...
ian genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
s. For instance, bornavirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bat
Bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera "hand" and pteron "wing") whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, glide rather than fly,...
s, fish
Fish
Fish are a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic vertebrate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups...
, hyrax
Hyrax
A hyrax is any of four species of fairly small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea. The rock hyrax Procavia capensis, the yellow-spotted rock hyrax Heterohyrax brucei, the western tree hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis, and the southern tree hyrax, Dendrohyrax arboreus live in Africa...
es, marsupial
Marsupial
Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central...
s, primate
Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...
s, rodent
Rodent
Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing....
s, ruminant
Ruminant
A ruminant is a mammal of the order Artiodactyla that digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the animal's first compartment of the stomach, principally through bacterial actions, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again...
s, and elephant
Elephant
Elephants are large land mammals in two extant genera of the family Elephantidae: Elephas and Loxodonta, with the third genus Mammuthus extinct...
s. Filovirus gene "fossils" have been detected in the genomes of bats, rodents, shrew
Shrew
A shrew or shrew mouse is a small molelike mammal classified in the order Soricomorpha. True shrews are also not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.Although its external appearance is generally that of...
s, tenrecs, and marsupial
Marsupial
Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by giving birth to relatively undeveloped young. Close to 70% of the 334 extant species occur in Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands, with the remaining 100 found in the Americas, primarily in South America, but with thirteen in Central...
s. A Midway virus "fossil" was found in the genome of zebrafish.. Finally, rhabdovirus "fossils" were found in the genomes of mosquito
Mosquito
Mosquitoes are members of a family of nematocerid flies: the Culicidae . The word Mosquito is from the Spanish and Portuguese for little fly...
es and tick
Tick
Ticks are small arachnids in the order Ixodida, along with mites, constitute the subclass Acarina. Ticks are ectoparasites , living by hematophagy on the blood of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians...
s.